TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT refers to the planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the safe, economic and expeditious movements

s of people and goods through traffic engineering, traffic education and traffic enforcement in a transport system. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING it includes the geometric designs of streets, traffic control devices, and traffic operation thereon. TRAFFIC EDUCATION it includes the teaching and training conducted towards pedestrians, commuters, and drivers to develop them to become courteous disciplines and competent road users. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT it includes the traffic direction and control, traffic accident and apprehension, performed by the police and other agency with authority to induce voluntary compliance. Other factors that affect traffic condition: a. Traffic Environment Ex. Traffic Generators such as malls, public/private markets, schools, churches and terminals (bus, jeepneys, taxis, airports, seaports) b. Enough laws (In the form of legislation both Houses of Congress, Sangguniang Panlalawigan/Panlungsod/Pambayan and Pambarangay.) Elements of Traffic a. Human b. Vehicle c. Road RA 4136 is otherwise known as the Land Transportation and Traffic Code of the Philippines, Vienna Convention of 1968 on International Traffic Signs. RA 6539 is otherwise known as the Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972. RA 7924 Creation of the Metro Manila Development Authority (March 1, 1995 approval, April 15, 1995 - Effectivity) PD 96 Prohibits the unlawful use of sirens, bells, horns, whistles or similar gadgets that emits exceptionally loud or starling sounds and dome lights.

DRIVING to control the course of a car, bus, truck, etc., or an animal drawing a vehicle/to convey (to carry/transport) in a vehicle. VEHICLE any kind of contrivance (a mechanical appliance), on wheels or runners, used to carry people or goods from one place to another over land (e.g. carriage, bicycle, sleigh, etc.) ROAD a strip of smoothed, cleared land, usually provided with a hard surface, for the passage from place to place of vehicles, riders, pedestrians, etc. HUMAN a person (a man or a woman). MOTOR VEHICLE any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the public highways but excepting road rollers. DRIVER every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle (professional, non-professional, student permit and government license). HIGHWAYS every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue, park, alley and callejon but shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges, universities or other similar institutions. TRAFFIC FUNCTIONS Elimination of accident causes and congestion. Identification of potential traffic problems and hazards. The regulation of parking on the street and at municipal facilities. Directing public awareness toward the proper usage of motor vehicles and bicycles. The arrest of offenders. FOUR MAIN TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT FUNCTIONS Directing traffic Detecting and citing violators Investigating accidents Safety education EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT IN TRAFFIC MATTERS Parking enforcement should be done by civilians or traffic wardens. Patrol offenders should be trained in all areas of traffic enforcement, including preliminary accident investigations, use of speed and alcohol detection devices, and knowledge of the vehicle and traffic laws.

Certain officers, according to their interests, should be trained in specialized topics such as traffic planning, fatality investigation, and community awareness programs. SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

Enforcement of driving while intoxicated violations Expressway enforcement Mandatory safety restraints and devices Unlicensed drivers Commercial vehicles Parking enforcement TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS AND TECHNIQUES

1.0

INTRODUCTION

One of the most important factors in effective traffic management is traffic enforcement. Through traffic enforcement the movements of motor vehicles and pedestrians are controlled so that traffic accidents could be prevented and smooth traffic flow be maintained. By observing traffic flow, any obstruction along the highway which impede traffic flow may be removed right away. Unfortunately, the sharp increase in the number of motor vehicles, production of powerful and fast vehicles, man-made obstructions, and narrow roads make traffic law enforcement difficult. The following is discussion on traffic law enforcement methods and techniques. 2.0 OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

Traffic law enforcement is an action taken by the police and other authorized agencies who induce voluntary compliance and compel adherence to traffic laws and ordinance by regulating the use and movement of vehicles along the highway for the purpose of creating deterrent to all potential traffic violators. The following are the objectives of traffic law enforcement: a. Increase safety; b. Increase traffic efficiency; and c. Promote peaceful and comfortable traffic environment. Activities involved in the attainment of the above objectives:

a. Preventive activities mobile patrols plough through major thoroughfares and attend to traffic accidents and problems. They investigate traffic accidents, remove obstructions of any form and insure traffic flow. b. Persuasive activities oral or written warnings of visible patrols c. Punitive activities violators of traffic laws are given sanctions 3.0 TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

The enforcement of traffic law is a complex procedure. There are many methods of enforcement and various methods of evaluating their effects. The major elements in the traffic enforcement system are: a. Enforcement system b. Road users system; and c. Traffic system. Each of these is complete system in itself. The elements interact with one another to form the traffic enforcement system. The enforcement system consists of legislation, police, courts, and penalties. Legislation defines the correct (or incorrect) road user behavior. The police, the courts and to a lesser extent, traffic authorities are charged with the responsibility of insuring that these laws are adhered to. Preventive, persuasive, and punitive techniques are used to induce compliance with legislation.

Road users include pedestrians, pedal cyclists, drivers, and passengers. The road user system can be categorized in terms of knowledge, skill, attitude, and characteristics such as age, sex, health, road experience and others. These factors affect road user behavior, which is in turn influenced by the enforcement system.
The Traffic System is a combination of the entire road network and total number of vehicles. The road user exhibits certain behavioral patterns, which lead to inefficiencies in the traffic system. These inefficiencies can be measured in terms of congested flow and accidents. 4.0 TRAFFIC LAW AND THE ROLE

Enforcement is a complex activity because it deals directly with human behavior. It is concerned with peoples attitude, habits, personality, and motives. In order to deal with traffic law violations effectively, it is necessary to understand something about the following:

a. Why people violate traffic laws. The reasons why people violate traffic laws are varied and complex. Some of these are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. physical disabilities and infirmities ignorance of the law mental disorders lack of training and experience wrong attitude towards driving, risk-taking enforcement and traffic laws 6. habitual traffic violators which make-up about 15% to 20% of drivers 7. system of compensation for public utility vehicle drivers b. Considerations which act as deterrents to motorist and pedestrians: c. How enforcement affect drivers The effects of traffic law enforcement are often subtle and far-reaching. Understanding effects will help provide understanding of the objectives of enforcement clearly. The causes of human behavior can be categorized in two: 1. Positive motives, which cause a person to seek something for the satisfaction it, will or is expected to provide; an example is a strong desire to drive faster than condition would dictate safe. 2. Negative motives that make people avoid actions which they believe and know would have unpleasant consequences; an example is strong fear of being involved in an accident or being arrested for violating the law. If the conditioning motives exist, people tend to rely on the stronger force and sometimes take illegal behavior like driving beyond the speed limit. Enforcement is directed to drivers whose behavior conflicts with the behavior prescribed by law. Enforcement creates negative or avoidance actions in drivers. The principal power of enforcement is the power to punish an undesirable act or make its consequences unpleasant. If enforcement is frequent and the penalty is certain, then strong negative response from committing certain acts is produce. If the negative responses develop through enforcement are strong enough, they will resolve conflicts concerning prohibited actions by making the anticipation of unpleasantness outweigh the desire to behave negatively. 5.0 POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTION

5.1

Definition Police traffic enforcement action is that part of police traffic law enforcement which involves arrest, citation, and warning of persons who violated a law, ordinance or regulation pertaining to the use of traffic ways. Its seeks to: a. Prevent inconvenience and injury to persons and damage to property; b. Prevent continued violation; and c. Discourage future violations.

5.2

Kinds of Enforcement Action 1. Traffic arrest is an enforcement action, which consists of taking a person into custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer for a law violation charge before a court. Arrest is made when the: 1. offense committed is serious; 2. detention is necessary to avoid continued violation; and 3. there is reasonable doubt that the violator will voluntarily appear in court. 2. Traffic citation is a means of having violators appear in court without physical arrest. The issuance facilitation is the most common enforcement action by the police. This is an efficient system since majority of violators with minor offenses are punished immediately by paying fines at an administrative body without having to appear in court. 3. Traffic warning is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone.

Kinds of traffic warning: 1. visual warning 2. verbal warning 3. written warning

6.0

TRAFFIC PATROL

Consists of driving or walking here and there in an area or to and from a road for the purpose of traffic law enforcement and to provide traffic connected services to the public. 6.1 Objectives a. Deter violations and dangerous driving b. Detect and apprehend violators c. Observe and report traffic conditions d. Observe and report road conditions e. Provide services to the public in connection with connection with emergencies and traffic Types a. Line patrol b. Area patrol c. Stationary d. Conspicuous e. Visible f. Concealed

6.2

7.0

PURSUIT DRIVING a. Decision type and seriousness of violation is an important factors to pursue b. Pursuit techniques c. Safety driving pursuit 1. STOPPING and Approaching Violator a. Stopping a violator be done in safety to you, the driver you stopped, to other drivers and pedestrians. b. Approach the violator preferably on the left side from the rear and be alert for the unexpected. 2. Road Check a. Objectives! To detect or inspect 1. faulty vehicle equipment 2. registration and licensing violation 3. intoxicated drivers 4. the load or cargo of commercial or transportation vehicle for load weight b. Types of road checks 1. Physical barriers 2. Officer-direct road checks c. Consideration

1. 2. 3. 4. 8.0

minimum delay to motorist thorough checking procedure protection and safety of both motorist and officers timing, location and frequency

OFFICER-VIOLATOR RELATIONSHIP a. Two objectives in dealing with violators! 1. immediate objective-enforcement action against the driver 2. ultimate objective-change his future driving behavior Officer seldom gets complaints on the violation but usually on the manner in which he treated the violators. b. Important points to remember 1. Violators are vastly different from each other 2. There are many conflicts in the violators as there are in an officer 3. You are professional officer. There are no professional violators 4. Let the violator remember why he was stopped and that he was handled by a professional officer the violator remember why he was stopped and that he was handled by a professional officer 5. Be alert for the unexpected.

9.0

ENFORCEMENT RELATED TO ACCIDENTS Whenever a police officer in the course of a traffic accident investigation discovers evidence of a law violation of any kind, it is his duty to initiate enforcement actions against the offender or offenders. a. Three kinds of offenses 1. Simple traffic law offenses Ex. Overloading, oversize, etc. 2. Complex traffic law offenses Ex. Reckless driving 3. Non-traffic offense Ex. Vehicle belt

10.0 ENFORCEMENT INDEX 10.1 Definition Convictions with penalty for hazardous moving violators per motor vehicle traffic accident resulting in injury or death. If the number of accidents at a particular location is high in comparison to other locations, the number of citations should also be high.

Example: 20,000 convictions with penalty H.M.V. = Enforcement Index 1,0000 fatal and Injury Accidents 10.2 Application Experience has shown that the optimum of Enforcement Index is near 20. Enforcers should maintain Enforcement Index around 20. Generally, the number of accidents ay any given location will tend to decrease as enforcement action increases. 11.0 DIRECTION/GUIDE TRAFFIC 11.1 Definition of Traffic Direction The part of police traffic supervision that involves telling drivers and pedestrians who, how, and where they may or not may move or stand at a particular place, especially during periods of congestion or in emergencies. 11.2 Normally directing traffic is needed at a. Accident scenes b. Emergencies c. Planned Special Events d. Regular point and intersection control e. Directing pedestrian movements 12.0 TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT METHODS 12.1 Hit and Run Evading Responsibility Is a term commonly applied to a traffic accident in which a driver fails to comply with any of the duties required as stopping, giving aid, and revealing identity. a. A good record of bringing hit-and-run drivers to justice! 1. increases public support for traffic work 2. enable people to appraise result to traffic law enforcement 3. provides victims a chance to receive compensation for injuries and losses. b. Sec. 55 of RA 4136. Duty of driver in case of accident. In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver

should stop immediately and if requested by any person present, shall show his drivers license, give his true name and address and also the true name and address of the owner of the motor vehicle. No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicle accident shall leave the scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except under any of the following circumstances: 1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by and person or persons by reason of the accident. 2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law, or 3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim. 13.0 RECKLESS DRIVING It is primarily dangerous drivers conduct and attitude, which indicate a lack of concern a. What has to be proven? To initiate enforcement action for reckless driving under the provisions of the standard law, three things must be proven. 1. The person was driving 2. a vehicle 3. with willful intent or wanton disregard for the safety of person or property. Reckless driving therefore is nor a specific act in itself, but manner and character of driving indicating the drivers indifferent state of mind with regard to consequence. b. Sec. 48, of RA 4136 No person shall operate a motor vehicle on any highway recklessly or without reasonable caution considering the width, traffic grades, crossing, curvatures, visibility and other conditions of the highways and the condition of the atmosphere and weather or so as to cause excessive or unreasonable damage to the highway. c. Detecting An officer must prove that the driver drove in a manner in which an average, reasonable on would realize to be highway dangerous and of a character likely to result in injury or damage. d. Elements of proof. 14.0 RIGHT-OF-WAY OFFENSES

a. Right of way means the right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or pedestrians. A high percentage of all collisions occur at intersections. Many of these may be attribute to drivers uncertainty or failure to observe the rules of right-or-way. b. Section 42, 43, 49 of RA 4136 c. Detecting violations 1. Non-collision 2. Collision d. Position for observations 15.0 PEDESTRIAN OFFENSES a. General Pedestrian safety is primarily an urban traffic problem for instance, accident statistics indicate that 68 percent of all fatalities in Manila in 1979 involved pedestrians. b. Ra 4136, Sec 42 (c) c. Vienna Convention Art 20, 21 d. Manila Ordinance No. 7425 e. Necessity Enforcement Action has been directed towards motorists rather than pedestrians. Enforcement Action against pedestrians is unpopular but necessary. f. Program of pedestrian enforcement 1. Campaign 2. guiding on the spot 3. warning ticket 16.0 PARKING OFFENSES a. General Road space for movement Parking problems cause many problems: 1. Reduction of street capacity 2. Unfair use of street space 3. Creation of hazards b. Types of parking Offenses 1. time limit violation 2. place restriction violation 3. manner restriction violation 4. purpose restriction violation c. d. e. f. Sections 46, 47 of RA 4136 Special Order No. 5 MMC Ord. No. 5 Enforcement

1. impartial enforcement 2. enforcement technique 3. enforcement action Warning Citation Removal of parked vehicle