Emerging Technologies and Research in Smart Textiles

Aylin Hatice Karahan, Pruthesh Vargantwar Saral kalandhabhatla, Arjun Krishnan, Ravi Shankar Richard Spontak, John Muth, Tushar K. Ghosh North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC
Italian Technical Textile and Nonwovens Showcase, Raleigh, 2009

Context . . . .
w w w w w
Comfortable, Durable, Fashionable, Protective, Maintainable, etc.
Additional Functionalities
n n n n

w Enhanced Textiles with

Medical/Therapeutic, Communication / Computation, Threat detection, Others.

http://www.foster-miller.com
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Smart/Intelligent Textiles
w Textile materials or systems that
are able to sense (and sometimes react in response to) an external stimuli (electrical, thermal, chemical, magnetic or others). w Smart materials have one or more characteristics that can be dramatically altered.
http://www.lord.com/Home/MagnetoRheologicalMRFluid

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Design by Nature . . Really Smart!

w Single cell organisms (slime mold a giant amoeboid cell, species of

autonomously, w Sensors in the outer layer to detect w Signal processing and interpretation w Reaction (movement, etc.)
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algae) work

e.g., Fiber-based sensors, (processor), actuators, . .

Cellular Informatics Lab., Hokkaido University, Japan, http://www.es.hokudai.ac.jp/labo/cell/research_e.html

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Relevant Technologies
w w w w w
Phase change materials Shape memory materials Chromic materials Piezoelectric materials Electroactive materials, etc.

w Electronic textiles
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Phase Change Materials (PCM)

w Materials with high heat of fusion which, melting and
solidifying at certain temperatures, are capable of storing or releasing large amounts of energy.
w Some PCMs change phases within a range that is just above and just
below human skin temperature. (Paraffin, Polyethylene glycol [PEG]) w coating fabrics with PCM
microcapsules w extruding PCMs with compatible polymers to produce PCM fibers

w Applications
n

Heating, cooling
http://www.outlast.com

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Shape Memory Materials

w Shape memory materials
remember their shape or geometry. w After deformation, can regain its original shape by itself through heating (one-way effect).
w Applications
n n

Insulation (PU film) Porosity control (diaplex: Mitsubishi)

Lendlein and Kelch, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2034-2057

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Chromic Materials
w Chromic materials change their color reversibly
w w w w w w

according to external environmental conditions.

photochromic: materials that change color in response to light thermochromic: materials that respond to heat electrochromic: materials that respond to electricity piezochromic materials that respond to pressure solvatochromic: materials that respond to the presence of liquid halochromic: materials that change color when pH changes occur

w Applications
n n n

Fashion Safety Camouflage

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Electroactive Materials
w Electroactive materials modify their shape upon
application of electric field.
w Conducting polymers w Carbon nanotubes w Dielectric elastomers

Applications
n n

Artificial muscles Actuators

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Piezoelectric Materials
w Piezoelectric materials produce a voltage in response to
an applied force. Similarly, a deformation can be induced by the application of a voltage.

w Have two crystalline configurations. One is organized,

while the other is not. Organization of the structure has to do with polarization of the molecules that make up the material.

w Applications
n n

Energy harvesting Actuator

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Electronic Textiles
w Textile products or systems with integrated electronic
capabilities that are multifunctional, adaptive and responsive
w sense (and sometimes respond to) environmental or other stimuli,

w Level of integration may vary;

n n

Materials level (fibers, dyes, etc.) Electronic capabilities designed or fabricated into a textile structure through integration of components. (resistive heaters,

quantum tunneling switches, etc.)

n

Textile products used as platforms to simply carry electronic devices.

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Products in the Market

w LifeShirt collects patient data
using integrated sensors;
n

n n n n

Pulmonary function with respiratory bands Electrocardiography (ECG; electrical activity of the heart) Tracks posture EEG (electroencephalogram) Skin temp, Blood oxygen level Blood pressure

http://www.vivometrics.com

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Products in the Market

w Lumalive: Insertable LED
Technology by Phillips

w Enables clothing and

furnishings to have illuminated displays. powered by a portable battery pack.

Source :http://www.lumalive.com

w LEDS sewn into clothing and

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Products in the Market

w 'Thinking Carpet
equipped with sensors. w Sensors to measure pressure, temperature and motion.
n n n

Climate control, Surveillance, Guidance,

http://www.vorwerk-carpet.com

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Products in the Market

w Backpack with flexible display
n

France Telecom, R & D

Car interior: Tsutani, Japan

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Products in the Market

w Fabric heating pads
(Resistive heating)

w Silver loaded fibers are

integrated in an undershirt power is supplied by a battery.

Source: http://www.warmx.de/

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Products in the Market

w Textile switches using
quantum tunneling composite w Becomes electrically conducting upon pressure
http://www.peratech.com/jacketsbags.php

http://www.fibretronic.com/
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Dielectric Elastomer Based Prototype Fiber Actuators

Sohil Arora, Cuneyt Akbay

Long-term Goal
w Fabrication of actuators substantially in the
form of textile fibers using electroactive polymers (EAP).

w Requirements are large displacement and

moderate to low stress,
n

Focus on dielectric elastomers.

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Electroactive Polymers
w Electroactive polymers (EAP) respond to
external electrical stimulation by displaying a significant shape change.
n

Ionic: Ionic Polymer Gels, Ionomeric Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC), Conducting Polymers,
Carbon Nanotubes

Electronic: Ferroelectric Polymers, Electrostrictive Polymers, Dielectric Polymers

n

n n n n

Actuators Artificial Muscles Power harvesting Many others

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Dielectric elastomers (DE) constitute an imporrtant class of EAPs

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Motivation: Natural Muscle

w Natural muscle present in animals
from elephants to butterflies
n

Outstanding performance (energy density) Soft but strong Resilient, fracture tolerant, noiseless Scalable: regardless of the size, the building block (sarcomere) is the same

n n n

w No existing actuator technology compare in

overall performance

w If invented can find wide applications

including many in textile products

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Actuation Mechanism of DEs

w Dielectric elastomers with low elastic modulus
show large actuation strain when subjected to an electrostatic field in a parallel plate capacitor with the dielectric material as the medium.

P is the Maxwell pressure is the relative dielectric constant 0 is the permittivity of free space E is the applied electric field V is the applied voltage z is the film thickness

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Actuator Fiber Prototype

w Inner electrode

: Low viscosity conductor w Dielectric polymer: Silicone/Polyurethane w Outer electrode : Graphite loaded silicone
r

z = pr / 2t

= pr / t

w To control anisotropy w Axially Strained w Uniformly Inflated

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Uniaxially Prestrained
w Axial Strain up to 7%: Relatively higher strains in silicone w Radial strain up to 18%: Higher strains in silicone based prototypes
8 Axial Strain (%) 6 4 2 0

20 Radial Strain (%)

50% 100% 150% 200% 250% Silicone

15 10 5 0

50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

Silicone

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Applied Electric Field (KV/mm)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Applied Electric Field (KV/mm)

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Uniformly Prestrained
w Axial actuation strains up to 7.5% w Radial actuation strains up to 7%.
r

z = pr / 2t

= pr / t

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Actuation Strain

w Uniformly prestrained (6.62 psi) silicone

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Electrically Actuated Nanostructured Polymer (ENP)

Ravi Shankar, Arjun Krishnan, Pruthesh Vargantwar

ENP: Tri-block-copolymer
w If the A endblocks are "hard" (glassy/crystalline) and
The endblocks behave as physical crosslinks that can be heated into the liquid state. the B (a, b, and c) midblock is "soft" (rubbery), then the material behaves as a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE).
n
A

w If an ABA copolymer is swollen in

a B-selective solvent, then the A blocks can micellize to form crosslink sites and, hence, a physical gel.

a bridged midblocks b coronal midblocks c dangling ends

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Mechanical Behavior: Tunable

w Elastic modulus can be
controlled through MW and copolymer content. tunable

w Strain energy density

SEB217
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SEB161
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Actuation Behavior of ENPs

w Tunable electro-mechanical behavior
Mol. Wt. 217000 g/mol Solvent Content- 95 wt. % Electrode Silver Grease Prestrained (x,y)- (300,300) Break-down field- 18.8 MV/m Areal Actuation- 245% Linear Actuation-85%

w Easy impedence matching

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Fabric Porosity Control: Using Actuator Fibers

w Imagine if the fiber diameters can be changed on demand!

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Composite Print Media for Electronic Textiles

Aylin Karahan, Saral Kalandhabhatla

Long-term Goal
w Develop lightweight, conformable sensory
materials that are compatible with electronic textile (E-textile) products including body-worn sensors.
n

Use screen-printing to deposit an elastic and conductive nanocomposite layer on fabric to fabricate piezoresistive strain sensors as well as transmission lines.

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Materials
w Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) w Dioctyl sebacate (DOS) w Carbon Nanofibers (CNF) w Epoxidised Soybean Oil (ESO) w Binder (Binder 2001)
w Thermal stabilizer w Plasticizer

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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

w PVC resins used are Solvin
367, 372, and 376 form Solvay Corp.

w Nominal molecular weight

of 41, 50, and 60 kg mol1,

w Particle size of 0.1-3 m.

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Carbon Nanofiber (CNF)

w Vapor-grown CNF obtained from the Showa
Denko Corp.
n n n n

Fiber diameter: 150 nm Fiber length: 10 - 20 m Aspect ratio: 10 - 500 Specific surface area: 13 m2/g

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Morphological Characterization
w Good dispersion. The fiber dia range from ca. 150-350 nm. w The PVC particles are seen mostly in clusters and the
individual particle sizes range from ca. 50-700 nm. w Texture of the fracture surface indicates good adhesion between the particles and the matrix.

X-Sec. Image-1000x (8% CNF 50/50 PVC/DOS)

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Surface Image-500x

Surface Image-20000x

(8% CNF 50/50 PVC/DOS) (8% CNF 50/50 PVC/DOS, printed)

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Youngs Modulus
w Youngs modulus
increases significantly from 2.1 Mpa without CNF to 6.9 Mpa with 8% CNF for 50/50 plastisol

w The rise seems to be more

rapid beyond percolation threshold of ca. 5wt%
Youngs modulus as function of CNF content for various composites

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Secant Modulus
w Significant increase is
observed
Secant modulus (0-150%) as function of CNF content for various composites

w No significant increase is

observed w Indicates matrix dominated finite deformation

Secant modulus (150-250%) as function of CNF content for various composites

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Piezoresistive Behavior
w Piezoresistivity describes the dependence of electrical
resistance of a material on applied deformation.
w The resistance R of the conductor can be expressed as,
where is the specific resistance or resistivity, L is the length, and A (= w x t) is the cross-section area of the conductor.

The terms , and represent the geometrical and material components of piezoressitivity
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Electrical Behavior
w Higher percolation
threshold for increasing DOS content.

w Percolation threshold
ca. 5 wt% for 50/50 composite, slightly higher (6 wt%) for 35/65.

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Printed Fabric
w Composite is screen-printed on fabric (Woven;
98% Nylon, 2% Spandex) for further evaluation.

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Electrical Behavior of Printed Fabric

w Printed fabric shows ohmic
(linear relationship I-V) character. w No evidence of Joule heating
I + V November 12, 2009 Smart Textiles 43

Piezoresistivity of Printed Fabric

w Under uniaxial strain
resistance increases. w Gauge factor (G)

w L/L = Strain w R = Change in strain gauge resistance w R = Unstrained resistance of strain gauge

8% CNF 50/50 PVC/DOS (long. direction)

w Calculated Gauge factor is 5.6

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. . Thanks for your attention

Questions? Comments?
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Areal Actuation Strain of ENPs

w The maximum areal
actuation strain goes down with higher co-polymer content

w Dielectric breakdown

strength is higher for higher co-polymer content.

w Electro-mechanical coupling
factors compare very well other dielectric EAPs.

SEB217
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SEB161
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Uniaxially Prestrained: Blocking Force

w Decrease in blocking force with increased prestrain w Higher blocking force in polyurethane based prototypes
n

Higher dielectric constant of polyurethane

60 Blocking Force (cN) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

50% 100%

Polyurethane

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Applied Electric Field (KV/m)

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Dioctyl Sebacate (DOS)

w Dioctyl sebacate (DOS) manufactured by
Acros Organics with the molecular weight of 426.68 g mol-1 and density of 0.910 g/cm3

Ritchie, P. D., Plasticizers, Stabilizers, and Fillers, Plastics Institue, London ILIFFE Books Ltd., 1972 November 12, 2009 Smart Textiles 48

Other Additives (ESO and Binder)

w Epoxidised Soybean Oil (ESO) as a thermal
ESO does not affect viscosity of the plastisol.

stabilizer and used as obtained from Spectrum Chemical Mfg Corp.

n

w Binder 2001 (a member of Aromatic Polyisocyanate

family), obtained from Nazdar SourceOne, is one of the common binders used for plastisol printing of polyester, polyamide or aramid fibres.

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Sample Preparation
w Preparation of the plastisol composite was carried
out in three steps.
w Mixing was carried out
in a high-shear planetary mixer (Mazerustar KK-50S)

DOS + ESO [Mix 60 sec.] Add CNF & PVC [Mix 60 sec.] Add Binder [Mix 60 sec.] Composite for Printing

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Composite Film Composition

w Composites with four levels of PVC/DOS ratios
(50/50, 45/55, 40/60, 35/65), and eight levels of CNF concentrations from 0 up to 10 wt% are prepared.

w The composite was compression molded into

0.7-1 mm thick films under static load at 160C for 30 min.

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Morphological Characterization
w SEM studies of film
surfaces and cryofractured surfaces w Specimens, coated with 1213 nm of gold were examined in a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM: JEOL 6400F).

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Electrical Behavior: Measurement

w Four-point probe using set-up
consisting of a current source (Keithley 6221) and a nano-voltmeter (Keithley 2182A). Model 8009 Resistivity Test Fixture) for high-resistance. specimens, 50mm long and 25mm wide were used. strain rate of 0.02 min-1.

w Electrometer (Keithley 6517B and

w For piezoresistive behavior strip-like

w The test sample was deformed at a

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