Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Advisor: Director General for Urban and Rural Development, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure Director of Human Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency Republic of Indonesia Director of Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Health Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate Technology, Director General on Village and Community Empowerment, Ministry of Home Affairs Director for Facilitation of Special Planning Environment Management, Ministry of Home Affairs Chief Editor: Oswar Mungkasa Board of Editor: Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto Editor: Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto Design: Rudi Kosasih Production: Machrudin Distribution: Anggie Rifki Address: Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Phone: (021) 31904113 e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com redaksi@ampl.or.id oswar@bappenas.go.id

Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome. Please send to our address or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and accompanied by identity.

From Editor Your Voice Main Report Sanitation Underestimated Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH Campaign) Observing MDGs Sanitation Interview Ir. Susmono Sanitation Is More Important Than Electricity Article Ecological Sanitation Lessons Learned From Sanitation Development Drinking Water Service: Sustainability and Its Effect Upon Community Well-Being Community Empowerment and Development System Making Environmental Institutions More Influential, An Idea Reportage A piece of story from Ciliwung river bank Never Drink River Water Manner Phytoremediation An Effort to Process Wastewater with Plant Media Agus Gunarto Household Wastewater Treatment System Telescope Kabupaten Subang: Pioneer in Formulation of Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation Policy H.M. Machri S., Chairman of Bappeda, Kabupaten Subang This is the Communitys Demand Book Info CD Info Website Info Field Visit Waspola AMPL Library Glossary Agenda

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F ROM EDITOR
Dear readers, As time flows we were not aware that this is the moment for us to meet each other again. In the meantime we have done our best to make changes in order to make Percik more enjoyable to read, attractive and it serves as an accurate reference for one observing, studying, managing water supply and environmental sanitation service in Indonesia. We try our best that each edition contains inter-related topics. In the last edition, Percik brought you Millennium Development Goals, in the present it is carrying issues related to sanitation. This topic is important because it represents one of the targets in MDGs that must be achieved in 2015. Moreover, sanitation is one of the nagging problems in Indonesia. In the decade of 1980s there was the Water and Sanitation Decade. But the outcome is below expectation. Various constraints were cropping up. From the community side, awareness and knowledge is wanting. Let alone low income as another major stumbling block. It is aggravated with the outbreak of economic crisis of 1997. Based on monitoring, a nation with a GNP of less than USD 1.000 must have a poor sanitation condition. To this community priorities are many things other than sanitation. From the government side, central as well as regional, budget allocation for sanitation is small. Sanitation is no priority. Whereas to improve awareness level of the community an integrated movement is needed. This is just about the basic sanitation, let alone the environmental sanitation which is way beyond expectation. Therefore, sanitation is not an independent issue and need an involvement of all the stakeholders. It is interesting to learn form ecological sanitation which has been practised in East Asia for hundreds of years. Ecological sanitation is a cycle, or a close loop system which processes human waste as a

In the decade of 1980s there was the Water and Sanitation Decade. But the outcome is below expectation. Various constraints were cropping up. From the community side, awareness and knowledge is wanting.
resource. Human excrement is processed in situ until it is free from pathogenic organisms and then recycled into farming activity. Large scale application of this technology can free soil, river, lake and sea from contamination from human waste. As an interesting solution to basic sanitation question, we are offering you Agus Gunarto's success in developing a

domestic waste processing system. The system has been internationally acknowledged for its "sophistication" and in 2001 won World Technology Award in England. Besides, in a larger scale, it is also advisable to look into waste water management by phytoremediation method, using plants as media for neutralizing heavy metal and radioactive contaminated water. This technology is also recommendable to remedy solid waste disposal site. Dear Readers, Compared from the earlier editions the present Percik is already complemented with an ISSN. Its contents are more varied. There are new columns: Teropong (telescope), Info CD, and Light News. Glossary re-emerges. Wawasan (insight) brings with it more than 2 articles. This is intended to present you with more information. Photographic and cartoon illustrations are inserted in several articles. We hope this serves for your satisfaction. Best regards.

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Y OUR VOICE
Bravo Percik
Inter-agency integration is a prerequisite. This is reflected in Percik. Without integrity it is impossible to have Percik appear before us. Percik which specifically discusses water supply and environmental sanitation issues from top to bottom has been read by all from the high officials to the common people. If I may suggest, aside from the national policy, it might be plausible if Percik also publish WSS related community initiative from various locations that might inspire those who work in the same field. agusto71@yahoo.com NGO activist Thank you for your suggestion. As a new media, Percik will always be open to any input and suggestion. Up to this time we have been trying our best to have the WSS related stories from all over the country, the success and the failure. Yet there is limit to what we get. We will continue to try so that Percik can be better and satisfy your expectation. (Ed.)
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

PHOTOS GALLERY

Additional Article
To begin with, I would like to congratulate for the issuance of Percik bulletin. I have read Percik from 1st through 3rd editions. This bulletin contains a lot of useful information for those who work within the realm of water supply and environmental sanitation. And this can generate interest from those who are not yet interested to water supply and environmental sanitation issues. I would like to suggest the readers would consider adding into it a more academic treatise as a balance to the issues related to water supply and sanitation. In addition, since this bulletin is one of the activities of the WSS Working Group, it might be recommendable to also insert its agenda of activities so that the readers would be aware of how far the Group has tried to respond to the problems related to water supply and environmental sanitation. Fany Weda A Percik reader Jakarta You've made a good suggestion. We will try it in the forthcoming editions as Percik's distribution coverage becomes larger. Up to now the coverage area is still limited so that many of the experts may not be aware of Percik's existence. As for the WSS Working Group agenda we have included it in each edition though not in a complete form. We will try to present the agenda in a better format in the future. (Ed.) time she uses a public toilet. I would suggest to include the expert's opinion in several relevant subject matters, through an interview, for instance, attached to the respective article. The author's opinion should not be too dominant in a reportase writing. And lastly, I am convinced that all Percik Editorial staff would be respectful to a president and vice president candidate who care for WSS issues in Indonesia. Regards. Romli A Percik reader Jakarta In reportase writing we deliberately make it as a light feature story thus inclusion of personal opinion is likely to happen. Your suggestion for inserting an expert's opinion is worth consideration. We all hope that the president and vice president candidates care for water supply and environmental sanitation issues. (Ed.)

Lack of Expert's Opinion

Reading Percik, I am interested in Cermin (mirror) of Edition II/Oct. 2003 and Reportase (Edition III/Febr. 2004) columns. The columns illustrate Indonesian community struggle with the "romantics" of the world of WSS. From Cak Solekhan of Kureksari, Sidoarjo who like "an owl dreaming for a moon" is yearning for a water supply access from the local PDAM network till Ms. Yani of Jakarta who has no objection to pay Rp2.000 each

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SANITATION UNDERESTIMATED
SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

Sanitation does not seem an alien word to us. However, there are perhaps only very few of us who realize how important sanitation is to our life. The importance of sanitation may be appropriately represented by a statement made by Mahatma Gandhi: "Sanitation is more important than independence".

he awareness of the importance of sanitation to the modern society began with a sanitation revolution in the 19th century in London, in 1832 to be exact, when Metropolitan Water Act made it a requirement that drinking water supply must be provided through a filtering process. Soon afterwards, John Snow proved it that after termination of river Thames pumping at Broad Street the prevalence of cholera epidemic in London in 1855 was subsiding. The prevalence of cholera epidemic of Hamburg in 1892 explicitly indicates the correlation between contaminated water with disease. While a routine bacterial examination in water supply service was introduced in London since 1885, and the use of chlorine in processing drinking water was since started, which perhaps represents the most efficient technology at that time. It could be summarized that the awareness of the importance of sanitation started only in the middle of 19th century. However, the awareness was not directly followed with a real action. As an illustration, even in the United States the federal government allocated a subsidy budget for sanitation purposes only as late as 1950s. Sanitation development became a reality only after the establishment of an institution called Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the launching of Water Pollution Act in early 1970s. At the global level, only in 1980s the United Nations proclaimed 1981-1990 as Water Decade which indicates that drinking water and sanitation is acknowledged as an important matter which concerns the nations of the whole world. Since then, drinking water and sanitation is no more the concern of only a few nations.

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From the proclamation of the Water Decade up to now, the time lapsed has been long enough. But a question remains in our mind why up to now sanitation has not been our interest or priority in our daily life in Indonesia. Unlike drinking water which relatively has gained a measurable attention, sanitation here in this country, still remains a subject not worth any consideration. Although Water Decade has long gone behind us, yet sanitation has not received as much attention as drinking has had is also evidenced from the world level policy makers. In the MDGs initial targets setting, sanitation was not placed as an explicit target but rather as a corollary consequence to the management of slum areas. Through an intensive campaign by several water and sanitation activities including Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) it was only in the Sustainable Development Meeting in Johannesburg in 2002 that sanitation became one of the main targets together with drinking water. The Importance of sanitation The role of sanitation in relation to community health has been generally understood. To a greater extent infant mortality rate is caused by a poor water and sanitation condition. The same is said about the prevalence of diarrhoeal case for a specific location. At a global level, WHO estimates that 1,8 million annual death tolls are caused by diarrhea. While approximately 5.500 children die daily from contaminated water and food. The rate of infant mortality in slum areas reaches 121 for every 1.000 child births in 2001. It is estimated that the direct and indirect economic cost from poor sanitation in Indonesia is estimated at 2,4 percent of Gross Domestic Product in 2001 (approx. Rp65 trillion) or Rp180.000 per capita per annum. This amount is considered too high especially when compared with e.g. educational budget which is only Rp15,34 trillion per annum. A study on the impact of sanitation to the economy in the cities of Yogyakarta and Medan in 2000 indicates relatively low figures: Rp100.000 and Rp90.000 per capita per annum in Yogyakarta and Medan, respectively. If poor sanitation charges additional

Water Decade: 1981-1990

In 1980 the UN declared International Water and Sanitation Decade for the purpose of improving the universal access to water and sanitation in the developing nations. Access is determined by each individual nation, but in general it is agreed that each person needs 20 litres of water every day and is taken from a source not more than 1,6 km from where he lives The achievement of Water Decade is determined by an increase of service at an average of 10 percent with the majority takes place in the rural areas Water Decade is considered a failure despite of success in increasing the service but the population growth is bigger in excess of 20 30 percent.

FACTS ABOUT WATER AND SANITATION

Year 2000: 2,4 billion of world population lack access to improved sanitation, and 81 percent of them are in the rural areas. Besides, 1,1 billion lack access to drinking water facility, 86 percent of them are rural population More than 2,2 million people of the developing nations, most of them children, die every year from the diseases related to lack of water supply, poor sanitation and poor hygiene condition Approximately there are 6.000 children die from poor sanitation every day. This figure is equal to the casualties of 20 Boeing aircraft accidents every day An acceptable water supply and sanitation service reduces the prevalence of cholera by 26 percent Poor sanitation reduces attendance of girl students at schools National economic condition is aggravated with the need to allocate additional fund for health care and medication, and the loss of productive hours caused by poor water supply and sanitation.

costs to the economy, this of course will adversely influence economic growth. This is empirically proven from several studies which conclude that good sanitation condition is one of the prerequisites for economic growth. What is less understood is perhaps the effect of water supply and sanitation to direct income improvement through less expenditure for water and sanitation purposes. An acceptable water and sanitation condition also decreases expenditure for health care and treatment of water and sanitation related diseases. Besides, productivity increases because there are less inactive days due to sickness. To state it simply, an improved water supply and sanitation service will reduce poverty, improve health status, productivity, competitiveness, and eventually the economic growth.

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Agreement on Sanitation from Johannesburg Summit 2002
Our challenge in Indonesia is how to replicate the international promotional successes to Indonesian stakeholders. Currently 80 percent of world population (1,9 billion) are without access to sanitation and mostly are the rural population. It is acknowledged that most of the population growth takes place especially in the urban slums, therefore the attention to urban slums is of the same rate as that of the villages. Other matter that must be taken into consideration is that access to sanitation is different among different nations as it is among regions within a nation. This condition makes it necessary for the planners to make implementation priorities so that an investment can be made so as to reach an optimum result. The sustainability of a sanitation program becomes a crucial factor when the availability of drinking water is a constraint. The population growth makes the requirement for drinking water rises sharply, and it is estimated that by 2025 35 percent of the world population will live in the urban areas with drinking water problem. The present sanitation system needs 50-100 litres of water to flush 1-1,5 litres of human waste every day. This system causes a small amount
SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

he provision of an acceptable sanitation facility is necessary to protect the health condition of human being and the environment. For this purpose, we agree to reduce by half, in year 2015, the proportion of population who are without access to basic sanitation, that will cover the following activities at all levels to: i develop and implement an efficient household sanitation ii improvement of sanitation in public institution particularly school iii promote a safe hygienic practice iv promote education to children as agent of change v promote an acceptable and affordable technology and practice in conformance with the local socio-cultural condition vi develop a partnership mechanism and innovative payment system vii integrate sanitation into water resources development strategy

Facts and Global Challenge In September 2000, The UN General Assembly proclaimed the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which consists of targets set by global communities to reduce poverty and improve health and welfare of the whole nation. In September 2002, in the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg the UN reaffirmed the MDGs and put an additional targets specifically pertaining to hygiene and sanitation. This represents the global community resoluteness about the importance of sanitation. It is estimated that by 2015 the world population will reach 7 billion and the majority of the growth takes place in the developing nations. The growth will increase the number of population without access to acceptable sanitation to 3,4 billion by that year. To fulfill the MDGs target WHO estimates that an additional 150 million population have to have access to sanitation each year. Looking at our present capacity the MDGs target can only be reached in 2025. The government and donor institutions and countries must work hard. Why not involve the community to share this heavy burden? The inclusion of sanitation in the MDGs represents a giant step but at the

same time poses a big challenge for the government and the international institutions to reach the target. It is even understood as the most ambitious of all MDGs targets. Presently only 16 percent of the developing nations (cf. 37 percent for drinking water) are considered capable of achieving the targets. With the present level of investment, in Africa the MDGs targets can only be achieved by 2050, Asia 2025, and Latin America by 2040. Without a political will and a real commitment, the targets cannot be realized.

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SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

of human waste contaminates a large amount of water. The need for an alternative sanitation which requires less water becomes the present day challenge. Finding a sustainable and environmentally friendly method in achieving MDGs targets is one of the global challenges. The other challenge is to translate the term sanitation into a commonly and widely understood by all. Take as an example, in Germany there is no such term comparable to sanitation, so that the German use abwasser which means waste water. As a result, there are many who translate the MDGs basic sanitation target as waste water treatment. In Asia and Africa the translation of basic sanitation has nothing to do with sewerage drain. Sanitation is like a double edged sword. It is part of solution but at the same time also as a part of a problem. The use of a large amount of water to flush human excrement contributes to water scarcity problem, while wastewater is one of the causes of water con-

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (UNDP) PRIORITY Improve the local and national capacity in the management of water resources development, sanitation and drinking water supply including the civil society, private and public sectors. Support the community/household through provision of grant to improve water supply and sanitation with specific emphasis on ecological sanitation. Support ecosystem based solution to human waste treatment in the framework prevention of diseases and protection of the environment. Support and strengthen the participation of women in sanitation, drinking water and water source management.

tamination. Developing nations are faced with several problems in the application of flush toilet. Beside water insufficiency, the availability of wastewater treatment system is also problematic. As a consequence, wastewater from a septic tank is disposed of into an improper place. If there were wastewater treatment facility, more often than not it is not functioning properly. Water scarcity becomes a more prominent problem of the world. It cannot be solved only through conservation but must also be supported with reduction in water use. Sanitation is obviously one of the causes since the present environmental sanitation system needs at least 10 litres of water for one flushing, while for daily eating and drinking one person needs only 5 litres at the most. While the more water used for sanitation the bigger the investment is needed to process the waste water. The investment requirement cannot be fulfilled from the local resources, therefore government assistance or subsidy must be provided for. As for the urban areas, the majority of users are the rich, thus most of the assistance or subsidy goes to the well-to-do families. The cost incurred for wastewater treatment is 5-6 times higher than that for drinking water. Difficulty in financing threat has been lingering around sanitation development in the world. Currently the expenditure for wastewater treatment amounts to USD14 million a year while an additional of USD56 million is awaiting if the MDGs targets are to be achieved. Quite a significant additional investment. The target investment could actually be reduced if a less costly appropriate technology becomes an alternative. In addition, another alternative such as ecological sanitation should also be considered.

Capital intensive sanitation system such as the ones being developed presently is more appropriate for the developed world but not for the developing nations. It has come the time to review the system so far being developed. The basic question is how appropriate is the sanitation and wastewater treatment system development so far being implemented? Whether it is not recommendable to find a water thrifty alternative and apply the recycling principle? The alternative should not be limited for the poor families but must also be applicable to the homes of the well-to-do who in reality are the major users of the present sanitation system. It is recognized that sanitation has not received the proper attention from the whole community therefore it needs a more comprehensive public campaign. The latest anthropological studies indicate that embarrassment becomes the most prominent aspect that motivates behavioural change. Health and hygiene logic has had less influence in comparison to social logic such as reputation or moral logic such as embarrassment in attracting the community's attention to

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the importance of sanitation. This is probably the reason why the present sanitation motto reads sanitation is dignity. This condition may radically change the present conventional campaign format. Indonesian condition Up until year 2002 the proportion of Indonesian population who have access to an acceptable basic sanitation, consisting of drop pit latrine or septic tank, was 63,5 percent. In villages the proportion is relatively lower, only 52,5 percent, while in the urban 77,5 percent. Although the total number of households with access is seemingly high, we have to look more closely into the figure. There is an indication that the actual number might be lower. The number tells us the available facilities without saying anything about quality. It is estimated that at this time many of the basic sanitation facilities should not be used anymore because they do not meet hygiene and environmental requirement. As an illustration, in rural areas the septic tank is located less than 10 m from a water source. In comparison to other S.E Asian countries such as Singapore, Thailand, Philippines the condition in Indonesia is falling behind. Our sanitation condition here equals with that of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, which were just been out from war. Looking extensively at the condition in each province, one will find in many areas a sanitation condition one will be apprehensive about, such as a proportion of households without access to sanitation above 50 percent level. The majority of the areas are in East Indonesia such as NTB, Gorontalo, Maluku, Papua, C. Sulawesi, C. Kalimantan, S. Kalimantan, W. Kalimantan. Some areas in West Indonesia, such as West Sumatra and West Java also have their sanitation SANITATION CONDITION OF RURAL IN SOUTH EAST ASIA Cambodia Laos Vietnam Indonesia South East Asia Myanmar Philipine Thailand Malaysia below the national average. Indonesia is one of S.E Asian countries with the lowest sewerage system coverage. The investment level of investment in sanitation is relatively the lowest in Asia. Only a few big cities such as Jakarta, Medan, Solo, Yogyakarta, Cirebon, Banjarmasin, Balikpapan, Tangerang are with a centralized sewerage system, yet with a limited coverage. In total this covers not more than 2,16 percent of Indonesian population. The absence of formal network and infrastructure has made households and small scale service providers provide the majority of services, including installation and draining off services. It is estimated 73 percent of urban households have on-site sanitation, mostly with underrated septic tank construction. While on the other hand, wastewater disposal system is insufficient including lack of wastewater treatment installation. This condition represents one of the main causes for environmental pollution, both ground as well as surface water which is the primary source for PDAM water. Sanitation is not a priority for the central as well regional governments. Investment for sanitation by central government either through APBN or from loan has not made any meaningful improvement. A loan funded project such as Water Supply and Sanitation for Low Income Communities (WSSLIC)-1 and -2, including a project currently under preparation Community Water Supply and Health (CWSH), though clearly indicates sanitation in the project title, yet in reality sanitation is playing a relatively small portion. Especially after the regional autonomy, with authority now in the hands of the regions, sanitation tends to be underestimated. However, an effort such as Sanitasi oleh Masyarakat

SANITATION CONDITION OF URBAN IN SOUTH EAST ASIA Cambodia Laos Indonesia South East Asia Vietnam Myanmar Philipine Thailand Malaysia Singapore

SANITATION CONDITION IN SOUTH EAST ASIA Cambodia Laos Vietnam Indonesia Asia Myanmar Malaysia Philipine Thailand Singapore

PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLD WITH IMPROVED SANITATION IN INDONESIA

P R O P O R T I O N

Rural

Urban

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(SANIMAS, Sanitation by the Community) Project as well other community based sanitation activities, have at least indicated a promising indication of government and community attention to sanitation. Important Issue and Plan for the Future Although at the national level the access to basic sanitation is relatively high, there is an indication that the data do not represent the actual situation. The coverage data do not mention anything about the quality of the available basic sanitation. The high rate of ground water pollution is hypothetically caused by the low quality basic sanitation facility. It is deemed necessary to develop a more detailed data base to indicate the quality of the available facility. Unlike drinking water, sanitation is not yet an issue. This relates to inequity in demand for sanitation. The community does not consider sanitation as an important demand. When the community does not put sanitation as a demand then the politicians would just neglect it. At the most, though they began to realize it but because of budget limitation they just opt in favour of activities that have been acknowledged as a community demand. The important message is, sanitation must reach the hands of decision makers. In normative term sanitation is important but without any demand pressure from the community sanitation can never be a political issue. Sanitation must be raised to a political issue. Conducting advocacy in order to make the community understand the importance of sanitation can be considered as the initial step. Advocacy can be made in many ways. It is needed to improve the decision making quality and community participation in its process. An effective advocacy does not only come in the form of a promotion on the importance of drinking water supply and sanitation but also include other dimensions such as policy, civil society, democracy, and individual interests. AN IMPORTANT aspect in an advocacy is the participation of the community and advocacy does not only cover changes on program and policy (policy dimension), but also (i) capacity building, organizational skill and empowerment of civil society and its involvement in decision making (civil society dimension), (ii) improve the legitimate civil society and improve the accountability of public institutions (democracy dimension); (iii) improve the poor community's awareness of its right and obligation (individual interests dimension). It has been acknowledged that sanitation does not only relate to technological and environmental aspects but equally important is its relation to changes in behaviour and cultural habit of the community. To change people's behaviour and cultural habit is done through education. Therefore schoolchildren become the most appropriate medium for introduction of the changes. Sanitation should be included within educational curriculum. WASPOLA project has produced a National Policy for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation development, though it is still necessary to undertake a more profound study on the sanitation aspect of policy. Some of the important issues that we need to develop deeper include the strategy in linking household, community, and city wide sanitation systems; coordination among institutions at the central, regional and other stakeholders; decentralization in sanitation management; rural vs. urban sanitation. The investment budget currently available is considered insufficient to cover the whole demand. The investment does not only cover the costs for new construction but also for operation and maintenance purposes. Besides, additional fund is also needed for handling environmental pollution caused by faulty urban sanitation system. Lack of incentive for the local government is one of the reasons. There are a number of questions suggested, among others, (i) how to mobilize fund for city scale sanitation system; (ii) what is the government preparedness for an alternative financing format; (iii) how could the community participation for sanitation system provision be strengthened. Sanitation has an impact to various aspects of human life, including poverty, health, cleanliness, pride, even economic growth, such as mentioned in many reports and studies. Unfortunately, sanitation has not received a proper attention it deserves. It seems there is still a lot to be done before sanitation could win an attention from the government, the private sector and the community. Are we going to remain an idle spectator and do nothing? Everything will depend on all of us. OM

Requirement for a successful wastewater treatment

IN ONE of the reports published by United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) there is a specific mention about several important issues as the main requirements for a successful community level wastewater treatment system, namely (i) political commitment and domestic financing sources; (ii) water supply and sanitation development management is not limited to provision of facility but to also include hygiene behaviour; (iii) environmental aspect represents an integral part of urban water supply and sanitation management; (iv) setting of definite time frame and clear indicator; (v) appropriate choice of technology in order to get an effective and efficient water use through considering environmentally friendly technology alternative; (vi) application of demand responsive approach; (vii) participation of all stakeholders, and application of the principle of transparency in management and decision making.

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Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH Campaign)
When all components within a community are still at a low level of awareness on matters related to sanitation, it is necessary to develop a strategic, effective and easily understood enlightenment measure. One of the global campaign format and worth considering for replication is the WASH Campaign
What is WASH Campaign? WASH campaign represents an effort based on the initiative of several organizations and individuals to make drinking water supply, sanitation, and hygiene as a part of common awareness. WASH Campaign was launched at an international conference 'Freshwater' in December 2001 by Water Supply and Collaborative Council (WSSCC). The main purpose is to improve awareness of the importance of sanitation, drinking water, and hygiene, and obtain a political and social commitment from world leaders. Why campaign is so important? There have been a number of measures taken such as the declaration of Water Decade but the number of population who are without access to drinking water supply and sanitation remains in the staggering height. There are currently 1,1 billion people who are without access to water and 2,4 billion are without access to improved sanitation. These figures will keep growing in line with world population growth. Many decision makers do not realize that sanitation is not a dirty job. They do not realize that provision of access to a relatively cheap sanitation facility can reduce half of the number of death tolls caused by water and sanitation related diseases. Even that drinking water, sanitation and hygiene is an entrance that leads to poverty reduction measures has not been a part of knowledge of the decision makers. One of the reasons is that those who are in demand are the ones with the weakest political status so that the leaders could not gain any incentive from handling their problem. This condition makes several interested parties realize that water supply and sanitation development is not simply a physical construction work. A lot of other activities need be done all of which are aimed at an effort to improvement of knowledge and awareness of the importance of sanitation. One of the activities is a structured and sustainable campaign aimed at all stakeholders both at decision maker and community levels. What is the main theme of the campaign? There are four main themes to go with the campaign: Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene can save human life. Millions of people die each year from dirty environment, and contaminated water and food. Improved sanitation and hygiene condition can save many lives and reduce the prevalence of diseases. Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for the Community: Priority is given to Women and Children. Women and children are more susceptible to the effect of water scarcity, lack of sanitation and poor hygiene condition. Policy reform is important for the improvement of water supply and sanitation service for the poor community. The government, private sector and international institutions must give priority and their resources for institutional reform in order to make the principle of good governance a reality. Drinking Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene represent the entrance to poverty reduction. The main attention in the provision of basic services must be made as the main agenda which is known as poverty reduction and sustainable development program. What can we do? Some of the steps we could take are: Establishment of inter-sector and inter-agency partnership We realize that drinking water supply and sanitation management must be undertaken through inter-sector arrangement therefore the involvement of all stakeholders from the government, private sector, university, NGO, and professional association becomes a prerequisite. Promotion of institutional reform In this case reform is understood as a means to improve public accountability, improve regulation, establishment of effective monitoring effort in order to arrive at a quality service. Sharing of information and experience Establishment of network for sharing of information and experience among stakeholders will improve the quality of water supply and sanitation development implementation. Community mobilization and application of community based approach Using community group network and direct involvement of the community in the campaign process will help in behavioural change process and improvement of the community awareness Collaboration with mass media Mass media plays a significant role in influencing public opinion, and makes a topic frequently presented to eventually become a public agenda. Regular connection with mass media, press conference, dissemination of information, public service advertisement, training for reporters in water supply and sanitation will become an effective means.
(Summarized from WASH Campaign)

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Observing MDGs Sanitation

illennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been agreed by world leaders for the purpose of future development (for details please refer to Percik ed. 3). From 8 goals, 18 targets and more than 40 indicators, drinking water and sanitation is directly related to Goal 7 sustainable environmental management and Target 10 reduction by half in 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation service. Although MDGs represent an agreement approved by 189 countries of the world, and its approval is indicated by placement of signatures directly by 147 heads of state/government, but the goal achieving is not merely the responsibility of the central government but also to include local governments, legislative bodies, civil society, mass media, and all other stakeholders. The goals of MDGs are inter-related. As an illustration, goal 1 eradicate extreme poverty and hunger is closely related to improvement in water safe drinking and basic sanitation . Achieve-

SOURCE: AMPL DOCUMENTATION

ment of water supply and sanitation target will greatly influence well-being of the population. Sanitation Target Setting The proclamation of MDGs was made in 2000, but one should recall that the calculation to arrive at the target setting

INDONESIAN TARGET OF SANITATION IN MDGs

year
Indonesian version NAP version MDGs version

took 1990 as the base year. Besides, MGDs target for sanitation is stated in terms of proportion and is not directly referred to in an absolute number of people. Using the above assumption, the proportion of Indonesian population who had had access to basic sanitation in 1990 was 30 percent. This means that in 1990 70 percent of the population are without sanitation, therefore we come the figure 35 percents which represents the proportion of population who must have service by 2015. This further means that in 2015 the proportion of population who would have improved sanitation service is 65 percent. This target is presented in 'Indonesia Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals' which was published in February 2004 and represents the official document from the Indonesian government. In the meantime the National Action Plan (NAP) on Wastewater Development published in 2003 by Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure Development, there are 2 scenarios. Scenario 1 uses the proportion of world population who are without access to service in year

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2000 as the base for calculation which arrives at a figure 85,75 percent of population to have access by 2015. Scenario 2 uses the proportion of population with access to service in 2000 and the projection of Indonesian population in 2015. This arrives at a figure 70,71 percent of Indonesians who must have access to the service in 2015. The basic difference from the two calculations lies in (i) the difference in base year, NAP uses 2000 as base, (ii) NAP bases its calculation on the proportion of population who must have access using population projection in 2015. Target setting is crucial for MDGs achievement. It is up to the stakeholders to agree on this discrepancy because it will affect the strategy and MDGs achievement planning. If we look back to the 1990s when the access to basic sanitation was only at 30 percent, and compare it with the condition in 2000 in which the figure has risen to 63,5 percent, we could be optimistic that the MDGs sanitation target can be reached. However, the target achievement might be meaningless when we try to delve deeper into the facts behind the figures. As an illustration, one of the result of survey on shallow wells in Jakarta it was found out that 84 percent of the water samples are contaminated with human waste as indicated from the presence of faecal coliform bacteria. This fact confirms the suspicion the basic sanitation facilities especially those in the urban do not function properly. The figure 63,5 percent only indicates the available facility, but the quality aspect has been overlooked. As a result, the contamination aspect is also overlooked. Thus when we think we have reached the MDGs sanitation target the contamination might likely be a bigger problem. The contamination issue must be dealt with properly if the MDGs sanitation target achievement is to be meaningful.

PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLD WITH REASONABLE SANITATION ACCESS BY PROVINSI (2002)

West Nusa Tenggara Gorontalo Maluku W. Sumatera Papua C. Sulawesi Kalimantan W. Java W. Kalimantan S. Kalimantan Bangka Belitung S.E. Sulawesi Jambi Banten C. Java S. Sulawesi S. Sumatera Indonesia Bengkulu E. Java East Nusa Tenggara N. Maluku N. Sumatera E. Kalimantan Bali N. Sulawesi Riau Lampung Yogyakarta Jakarta

Provinsi

PROPORTION

Diversity of condition in Indonesia When setting the MDGs target above, we were speaking at the national level which represents the average regional condition of Indonesia. Each region has its own specific condition, sometimes widely different from the others. For example, NTB reached 41,2 percent when Jakarta was at 93,2 percent. It is interesting to note how we will reach the national target. Are we going to focus on the national target without looking into the targets of each of the individual regions? Or, each region is given opportunity to set her own target based on the regional capacity with respect to the national target. There are other choices to ponder with regard the target achievement. In connection to MDGs target, it should also be borne in mind the Law 22/1999 on Regional Government has clearly stipulated the relinquishment of sanitation service management to the respective regions, therefore the target achievement will obviously depend on regional preparedness. Up to this time the echo on MDGs is still confined within

the realm of the central government. It is therefore necessary to immediately take proper action for socialization in the regions, of course after the central government has made itself ready with a definite socialization strategy. The role of WSS Working Group It should be realized that MDGs Indonesia document which was published recently must be supplemented with MDGs special document on drinking water and sanitation which will serve as a guideline for the stakeholders in MDGs drinking water and sanitation target for Indonesia. The Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) Working Group is expected to play an active role in facilitating for the publication of such a document, which does not only contain MDGs target setting, but also the overall action plan and strategy for achieving the target including monitoring and reporting aspects. A close cooperation with MDGs Indonesia Working Group is unavoidable. (OM from various sources)

Percik 11 June 2004

NTERVIEW

Ir. Susmono

"Sanitation Is More Important Than Electricity"

The mesh entangling sanitation development in Indonesia is way from loosening. Various efforts have been taken by the government to deal with this problem, but the result has not been what is expected. As time proceeds and population increase new constraints continue to crop up one after the other. This can only be solved if all the stakeholders including the community work hand in hand to find the best solution because sanitation is not an issue that stands by itself. This sector must be regarded as government priority since the success in handling sanitation can guarantee the health of the community. Ir. Susmono is one of those who have a keen interest and care in dealing with this sector. He happens to be an official of the Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures and a member of WSS Working Group. In order to shed a light on the sanitation condition in Indonesia and all its details Percik interviewed him some time ago. Here are the highlights:

Presently we are speaking a lot about community based sanitation system. And with this spirit we will re-develop environmental sanitation in Indonesia which has been lagging far behind our neighbouring countries such as Malaysia which started much later than we, in 1980s. Environmental issues are becoming more and more complex which makes it more difficult to deal with. I think we have to exert more effort than we did in the 1980s. But the present situation doesn't warrant for it. What is the main constraint? From my own experience and from observing statistical figures the indicators for community health include infant mortality rate, life expectancy, water borne diseases and their prevention are improCARICATURE BY RUDI KOSASIH

ould you highlight the sanitation condition in Indonesia? We will look back to the colonial time. The Dutch government had given attention to sanitation. Whatever the system was, centralized or localized. We can see the inheritance in big towns. We can find sewerage system in Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Bandung. But this was developed during the colonial time. Naturally, there was a discrimination. In the Dutch quarters this was carefully maintained and protected while in that of the local community this was not so. After independence, apparently this has missed the attention. We did more on road building, drinking water supply, and so on. During the Water Decade in 1981-90 we were startled, awakened, so that within the time lapse and 5 years after there was a significant sanitation development in line with the increase in GNP. When the economic crisis knocked us over we seemingly fell asleep again and concentrate ourselves with the economic, political and social crisis, although some sanitation development works were still continuing such as Denpasar sewerage, Surakarta sewerage. But this is not a priority. When MDGs

were proclaimed we were shocked again. But the condition was not as favourable as it was during the decades 1970 - 80s. During that time the economy was in an excellent condition. There was a lot of money.

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NTERVIEW

ving although we do not handle sanitation in a proper manner. This means that each individual is handling these in his own way. I feel, as once I used to work together with the program at village level to educate women on various aspect of family welfare (PKK), the role of housewives is quite significant in improving the figures. Why? Because, their knowledge is steadily improving. Many printed materials came to their hands and they read them. It is this knowledge that indirectly helps them to have a toilet built. It is not the national movement that motivates them. This means that if it is complemented with the national movement which we have started in 1990s, the result probably will be better. Otherwise it will be decreasing or at the most it will remain as it is today. To boost the development what constraint is to be faced? Improvement of income. It is quite obvious that people with very low income they do nt care about sanitation. As their income improves and they become better knowledgeable and start thinking, but in the beginning it is self protection. What is important one's own good, home and immediate surrounding. Outside that it is none of his business. While those who live from hand to mouth, their whole effort is to find food. For that purpose road and market are priorities. Drinking water to follow next. As for defecating, it can be done anywhere. From the data I come up with, a nation with a good sanitation after it reaches USD2.000 GNP. Below USD1.000 sanitation is not a subject to be discussed, it is considered as something not worth talking about and in the government it is given a very low budget allocation. So if you want to deal with sanitation, first do something about income and education. In addition we need health service, such as local government clinic (puskesmas). In short, speaking of sanitation there are 4 influencing factors to take into consideration: environment, heath infrastructure, individual genetic characteristic, and cultural habit. What steps does Ministry of Settlement & Regional Infrastructure take to improve sanitation condition in Indonesia? We are preparing National Action Plan, though it has discussed only twice and this year it is undergoing revision. However, we have been collecting data or consolidating during 1990 up to 2000. The National Action Plan has completed up to final draft. This year it will be brought to discussion with colleagues at the regions, Bappenas, and others in order to reach an agreement from all by the end of the year. If we could arrive at an agreement and together with the Law on Water Resources and Government Regulation on Drinking Water and Sanitation which is said are to be combined, all of it will become a national priority and each province will prepare its local regulation based on the central guideline. We are currently waiting for Government Regulation which is now in process. In the meantime, we are also conducting socialization of National Action Plan on waste-

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

water management to the provinces What is the linkage between National Action Plan with MDGs? As benchmark we refer to MDGs. We try to translate the MDGs target into our goal. Is MDGs sanitation target realistic? In the document there is a mention of adequate sanitation. This term can be brought up or down. But in Surabaya Mrs. Erna Witoelar herself said something else. She changed it into basic sanitation. With basic sanitation, we think we can do it. But with adequate sanitation, it will be difficult. What is the difference? Basic sanitation intends to protect human being, while in adequate sanitation there is additionally environmental factor to be considered. Speaking of environment implies a high budget requirement. The net calculation is the adequate. What result we get by the end of the year, we don't know yet. As for basic sanitation we can go with large scale promotion and we could expect 80 percent of urban population will have access to toilet of some kind. But don't ask what will happen to the rivers.

Percik 13 June 2004

NTERVIEW

What do you think about NGO facilitated community based sanitation management? I have done it 20 years ago during the Water and Sanitation Decade. But my target groups then were the "arisan" group, dasawisma. They were doing quite well, but later there was a reorganization and shifting of responsibility, I have no information what has happened with them. What is called now NGO is actually not a new thing to us. What the NGOs are doing are actually the same old thing. What I noticed in the field are fresh wrappings of an old thing. It is apparent that when the community is better enlightened they are willing to share and they care. Once again, the emphasis is on enlightenment. Therefore I am quite pleased to see that they clad it in a new wrapping. What other approaches are there beside community based management? If we are speaking of sanitation, this can be divided into two categories. One belongs to community's responsibility and the other that of the government. We cannot rely entirely on the community. That is where the institutionally based comes in. Whether both of them are contained in the National Action Plan? Both of them are. But what is presently being handled is the community based. And motivating the community will need more than just dissemination, socialization, advocacy, and so on, but also to include legislation. This will be deduced from law on natural resources and

environment. As we all know there are people who are capable, but not willing. Which one has a higher priority, the community based or the institutionally based? Must be developed in a symbiotic relationship, they are not just moving side by side. Otherwise, they won't do. The government cannot walk alone. Both must be interconnected into one system. How to sew it, we will see later. In National Action Plan we haven't come to such a detail. It is different from solid wastes where we have completed to the details. With wastewater we are in short of data, therefore we have to use assumption and it is time consuming. That is why we have done only up to the main points. Hopefully by the end of the year we can finish with the details. The management of community based sanitation development seems partial. How can we make it more holistic? Admittedly not yet. Take for instance, there is a pilot project in a certain town. But after the project is over, both the community and the local government remain silent. This of course needs a push to make them expand it. If they don't move, well, perhaps there is a need

for a legislation. It happens quite often. What is the influencing factor? Because sanitation is not a priority. Therefore it has never been considered as having any significance. If something new happened such as an outbreak of muntaber (diarrhoea and vomiting) we will then remember something. But afterwards it is forgotten again. It happens time and again. Perhaps other sectors are more important. For me, sanitation is more important than electricity. In a town number one is road, number two water supply, third sanitation, then come the others, electricity, telephone. On the contrary, now there are those who have a hand phone but having no toilet. How can the knowledge of the community be improved? We will start with inserting it into school curriculum, then into the printed materials for women to read. We do promotion activity, campaigning. But do we have someone who is capable and willing to motivate a campaign movement? If not, it will be difficult because it is from there that we expect a behavioural change to take place.

Which target community should be prioritized, urban or rural? I think it does not make SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA any difference. Recorded access to sanitation in the towns is approximately 89 percent. But the number of population who has an acceptable disposal facility is only about 70 percent. In the villages the recorded number of access is 63 percent. Here the coverage of disposal facility is something around 35 percent. Villagers prefer to defecate in rivers, gardens or fields because they have enough space. For townspeople this is not possible. (MJ)

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Ecological Sanitation

he conventional sanitation technology is based on the flow from flush toilet, drainage conveyance, treatment installation, and disposal. To some environmentalists this technology tends to cause environmental pollution. There is an indication that the available system (flush toilet and wastewater treatment) is not a solution but rather it is a part of the environmental problem. In conventional approach sanitation means adding nutriments into the environment and disrupting the nutriment cycle. The basic concept which says that human excrement is a non useful waste is misleading. Such an approach has caused a new pollution problem. In nature nothing is called waste, each product of life is used as raw material for the others. Recycling of human excrement and urine through sanitation process and return it to the soil to recover the natural cycle of materials is disrupted by the existing sanitation practice. Starting from this concept, it is deemed necessary to find an alternative solution that takes into consideration the ecological aspect. One of the alternatives is called ecological sanitation, abbreviated ECOSAN. This terminology means an economically and ecologically sustainable sanitation system. ECOSAN does not refer to any specific technology but rather it refers to all technologies and international regulations in dealing with water scarcity and sanitation issues in a better way. ECOSAN includes a closed loop wastewater

treatment system directed towards reuse of water and nutriment and reduction of clean water consumption. The environmental sanitation presently being practiced is actually based on the concept of keeping the environment clean, safe and free from contamination. This includes wastewater treatment and prevention of disease. In reality, however, it turns out to cause environmental pollution. ECOSAN, on the other hand, is based on the recycling principle. This means maintaining the ecological cycle in a closed sanitation loop. Besides it saves energy consumption through the application of natural processes. Ecological sanitation is a cycle, or a closed loop system that processes human excrement as a resource. In this system human excrement is processed in situ until it is free from pathogenic organisms. Then the sanitized waste is recycled by applying for agricultural purposes. The main features of ecological sanitation are (i) prevention and pollution and prevalence of diseases caused by contamination from human waste; (ii) processing of human waste as a resource rather than as useless waste; (iii) recovery and recycling of nutriments. ECOSAN is based on traditional science in the form recycling and composting of waste materials, but it is combined with modern science and the use of flush toilet. The principle of ECOSAN is not new, it has been practiced in East Asia for hundreds of years even in China it has been

THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE CONVENTIONAL SANITATION SYSTEM

Uncontrolled disposal of more than 90 percent of world wastewater A large amount of clean water is needed to flush off the waste Needs a large amount of investment, O&M costs, and energy

THE ADVANTAGES OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION

Quality improvement of community health through minimizing the mixing of human excrement with water Natural resources conservation through less water consumption, minimizing water pollution Maintain soil fertility and increase agricultural productivity Wastewater is not disposed of but rather it is reused

practiced since thousands of years ago. It is important to note that this system is not meant as a simple alternative just for the sake of the poor. ECOSAN principle is applicable in a wide variety of social economic conditions and in every nation. In many countries the application of farm manure from human excrement is a rare practice. The more human excrement disposed of into rivers the more is the degree of environmental pollution. It is therefore recommendable to using the closed loop system in order to prevent bacterial or virus contamination and production of farm manure. If ECOSAN could be adopted in a large scale, soil water, rivers, lakes, and seas are protected from human waste contamination. Less water is used. The farmers use less inorganic fertilizers. Prolonged use of inorganic fertilizers has been the contributor of environmental degradation. ECOSAN concept is supporting the MDGs target achievement. The application of ECOSAN can significantly reduce water consumption so that more could have access to water. However, we must realize that many challenges are awaiting before ECOSAN could be brought into the mainstream of sanitation management, among others (i) rejection to new idea because one is used to an old practice; (ii) ECOSAN is a decentralized system so that the cost is borne by the user; as an example, the user must set aside some time to handle his own waste; (iii) financially the application of ECOSAN is a burden especially in locations where a conventional system has been used because one has to consider the amount investment that has been put into the existing system. The application of ecological sanitation concept in Indonesia is not impossible. But, of course, we need a thorough study before we could determine the advantages derived from its application. This is a matter of choice. Whether this system could become one of the choices in our community? This is indeed a tickling question. (OM from various sources)

Percik 15 June 2004

A RTICLE

Lessons Learned From Sanitation Development

nlike in Indonesia, where sanitation development is not properly documented, in other countries the document pertaining to sanitation is well kept so that we could pick some lessons out of it. Lessons from foreign countries can, for example be obtained from various sources among others Learning What Works for Sanitation. Revisiting Sanitation Successes in Cambodia, WSP-EAP, 2002; Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion in Lao PDR, WSP-EAP, 2000. However, documents about experience in Indonesia can also be found in Myth vs. Reality in Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion, WSPEAP, 2000 and Achieving Sustained Sanitation for the Poor, WSP-EAP, 2001. The following are several facts and lessons learned from Indonesia as well Cambodia and Laos as summarized from the above documents: Stimulating Factors From the experience in Cambodia, Vietnam and Indonesia, there are several factors known as stimulating the demand for toilet, namely (i) an experience in seeing and using a toilet in some other place, such as in town or at a neighbour's; (ii) availability of and ease in obtaining construction materials, availability of experienced construction workers; (iii) decreasing of woodlands, gardens, rice fields

areas as a traditional place for defecating; (iv) a better knowledge in hygienic life; (v) social status; (vi) improvement in welfare. Any of the above factors is not working alone but they tend to work together in stimulating the demand for a toilet. Identifying all the factors is one of the keys to motivating the community in using toilet.

Construction of a toilet does not necessarily change hygiene behaviour. Some practical considerations are still shedding a dominant hue into the daily habit. Though toilet is already there.
Unlike stimulating factor, the inhibiting factors of Cambodia, Vietnam and Indonesia indicate a national variation. In the three nations the dominant inhibiting factor is low financial capacity of the community. The poor tend to choose to pay in kind (labour or material). Other inhibiting factors are, (i) lack of, even it tends to be predetermined, informed

choice. The facilities offered to the community are produced in far away places using a material that is difficult to find at the locality. In Indonesia and in Vietnam the design and technology that are contrary to the local practice add to the inhibiting list. The community uses human waste to feed animal and fishpond, thus a design which makes extraction of excrement difficult will certainly be rejected; (ii) lack of communication with the community about the advantages and disadvantages of having a toilet; (iii) water scarcity or water source is too far away from the toilet; (iv) previous negative experience in relation to a toilet. As an example, dirty water flaring out from a toilet. Lack of technical assistance being one of the reasons; Change in behaviour From a population survey in Cambodia, it was revealed that although most of the people own a toilet but this does not necessarily change their behaviour. This is indicated from the fact that the community is still defecating anywhere

Why does the community need a toilet?

A SURVEY to households in the villages of the Philippines reveals the main reasons why a toilet is necessary. In order of importance they are as the following: (i) reducing the swarming of flies; (ii) cleaner environment; (iii) privacy; (iv) prevent embarrassment when there is a guest; (v) reducing prevalence of disease. The list indicates that hygiene reasons are less important than considerations for pride, comfort, and social status. (WHO)

STIMULATING FACTORS Increased awareness Availability of material & skilled worker Social status Lessening in open space areas Welfare status Government promotion Availability of land space Availability of technology choices Availability of micro credit

CAMBODIA

VIETNAM

INDONESIA

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they feel comfortable. When in the rice field they defecate among the paddy, in spite of each of them has built a toilet at home. When comes the season when water is difficult to get they go to defecate near the water source. Practicality is more dominant than community health related consideration. Acceleration in behavioural change depends on (i) availability in choice of design and the appropriate cost in accordance with life style, capacity of the community, and availability of water; (ii) availability of materials and skilled workers. Advantages From the result of surveys it was concluded that the communities in the three countries gain advantages from the availability of toilet in several different ways. The most important being cleanliness around their homes and freedom from stench odours. Then follows comfort, such as saving time, easy access. Next come safety, prevention of disease and hygiene behaviour, privacy and pride, economic gain (compost, cost saving) and others.
INHIBITING FACTORS Capacity of the community Choice of design and technology Negative experience Scarcity of water Lack of socialization Lack of land space CAMBODIA VIETNAM INDONESIA

Lessons learned Based on the above facts some implications can be suggested as the following: Demand will increase if the community has for itself seen and experienced the advantages. A negative experience will grossly reduce the demand. Provision of a suitable information and intensive socialization will stimulate the growth of interest in the community. Direct personal approach can be very effective, so that employment of local native as motivator or facilitator should be recommended. The construction of a toilet does not necessarily change hygiene behaviour. Practicality is more dominant in influencing their daily habit. In spite a toilet is ready for use at home they still go anywhere they feel comfortable to defecate (such as in the rice field when they hap-

SANITATION PRACTICE IN AFRICA

Toilet is built outside the house, so at night one would defecate in a barrel to be emptied the next morning Another way is by "flying toilet". The faeces is put into a plastic bag and then dump it somewhere (garbage bin, river, garden).

THE ADVANTAGES OF HAVING A TOILETBASED ON THE PERCEPTION OF THE COMMUNITIES OF CAMBODIA, VIETNAM AND INDONESIA

A Environmental cleanliness B Comfort C Prevention of disease D Economic Gain

E Safety F Privacy G Others

pen to be there). The communities consider that the advantages gained from having a toilet is more from the aspects of environmental cleanliness, safety and comfort. The aspects of prevention of disease, reducing flies and hygiene are less important. A sanitation promotion strategy must be based on introducing the community with the advantages gained from having a toilet. It is recommendable to avoid using tailor made promotion format, but rather make adjustments in accordance with the local condition. The community should be offered with as many choices as possible, design, cost and payment system. This will help to generate more interests especially from the poor class. A specific strategy must be applied to attract the poor such as through a non costly design, payment in installments over an extended period, common use of a toilet, or a micro credit scheme for toilet construction. The demand for a toilet is highly influenced by the community habit. Changing habit takes a long period of time. Sanitation program implementation should be set for a longer period of time than that for other programs. (OM)

Percik 17 June 2004

A RTICLE
Drinking Water Service:

Sustainability and Its Effect Upon Community Well-Being

t is noticeable that sustainability and effective use of a water supply facility has won a major attention from the promoting institutions for the water supply development for the poor, especially those in the villages. In several activities, WSP-EAP (an institution under the World Bank which handles water and sanitation) frequently emphasizes the importance of sustainability and effective use of a water supply system. A conceptual scheme on sustainable water supply was later becoming very popular and frequently brought forward to a training and a workshop. The scheme is visualized as a water supply sustainability pentagon. There are five variables, each one of them is systemically inter-related with the others; those are institutional, financial, environmental, technological and socio-cultural aspects. Even with a simple general reasoning the sustainability conceptual scheme with its five variables is easily understood and accepted. However, will the conceptual scheme be applicable to the actual condition of community in which the water supply service is to be developed? In other words, whether the five variables do indeed determine the sustainability of a water supply service facility universally, regardless of time and place, or will it be applicable only at a certain condition? Is there any study to test the sophistication of this model? Sustainability Variables of Water Supply Facility There is a considerable number of studies have been done on water supply. One of them is Flores Revisited: Assessment of Selected Site in Flores, on the initiative of WASPOLA and conducted by the Pradipta Paramitha Foundation. The main information produced consists of

By Alma Arief 1) and Hery Widjanarko 2) sustainable water supply service, positive and negative aspects influencing water supply service, effective use of water supply service, community participation level, policy support, technology appropriateness, and others. Regarding sustainability of water service, the determining variables, according to the findings of this study, are in general institutional and financial. All water supply services which are functioning well are located in a community who cares to maintain the facility through establishment of a management team responsible for managing the operation and maintenance of the facility, including collection of monthly contribution. In terms of statistical measurement, the strength of relation between institutional activity and willingness to contribute regularly with sustainability-measured with spearman rho correlation-are 0,752 and 0,514 respectively. There is also a strong tie between management institution with monthly contribution. The spearman rho correlation coefficient between both variables is 0.63. Fund availability is prerequisite for sustainability of the facility, especially for the procurement of supplies for maintenance and repairs, and for system expansion including home connection. In Flores Timur, the capacity of users for monthly contribution is quite limited. In Rawabeling village, for instance, they can only pay Rp200 per capita per month. This means a family of seven will only pay Rp1.400 per month. Because of such a small contribution, there is only very limited capacity for expansion and improving level of service. They will not be

able, even for a small repair they do not have enough fund. In a study conducted in 50 villages, it was also revealed that sustainability is correlated with socio-cultural variable, but this is only true as it relates to the poor class of the community. As the study finds out, for the poor the higher the level of water sufficiency the higher is the sustainability of the service. This indicates that the poor play a significant role in the maintenance of the facility. This is quite logic, because it is the poor who will suffer most when there is a water shortage, they won't be able to individually fulfill their own need. Effect upon community well-being In general, the villages with a facility used to be a place where water is always in short quantity, and water taking for daily consumption is a laborious job which consumes a lot of time and energy. From this study in Flores it was revealed that 202 user groups from 52 sample communities feel strongly the benefit of a water supply facility. Of all the benefits the most frequently mentioned is "nearer to take water from." Since the distance is shorter, there is consequently a change in their water related daily habit and a development of derivative benefits, directly as well as indirectly, which was unimaginable before. The benefits may be felt both by the rich as well as the poor, men or women. Consistently women-rich and poor-feel a more benefit than do their men (rich and poor). This is probably because women have more direct concern in the fulfillment of the need of their families for water. For a clearer picture please see the following table:

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Community Group Nearer Cooking Drinking 26 28 20 22 96 Save Energy 21 26 21 22 90 Cleaner Save Time 26 29 25 23 103 Bath More Often 26 31 23 29 109 Can Build Toilet 35 20 25 34 114 Total Community 49 52 49 52 202 Rich Man Poor Man Rich Woman Poor Woman Total 23 27 31 35 116 21 28 31 32 112

The above table indicates only the benefit of water supply, felt by all community groups in study sites. The casuistic field findings are not included here, such as for instance a certain location the benefit includes drinking water for cattle, mopping tile floor, brick baking, cement mixing for concrete house, watering vegetable garden, can build and flush toilet, increase family income, eradication of diarrhoea, and so on. Beside a positive benefit there are also negative impacts from the availability of water. This was unthinkable before, whereas the impact may sometimes become very serious. The negative impact includes e.g. the spread of malaria (which was never been there before) from the development of ponds of stagnant water. There is additionally conflict with neighbouring village, or other user group whose water tap does not work, and so on. In spite of the weakness, in general the communities feel that the positive benefit outweighs the negative impact. Therefore, all feel that water supply service benefits the improvement of their well-being. Conclusion Beside the wealth of information and benefit of research from the academic aspect as well from practical purposes, Flores Revisited: Assessment of Selected Site in Flores, has not completely explained the factors influencing the sustainability of water supply service. This is because the methodology design-applying participatory assessment methods (Methodology for Participatory Assessment)-does not put the conceptual scheme of water supply sustainability into operational within the research tool. This Flores study does not reveal the effect of environment and technology choice on the sustainability of the facility. Besides, the

socio-cultural aspect only brings with it one sub-variable into the study, i.e. sufficiency of water for the poor group in its relation with sustainability (actually there is also gender equity with sustainability, but the correlation is unclear). In Flores Timur, in many locations the obstacle to sustainability are the environmental condition, social-culture, and technology, but the nature is case by case. The same situation is with Kab. Sumba Timur (in another study case) where environmental, technology choice and socio-cultural variables represent the main obstacles to sustainability, in addition to the above mentioned variables (institutional and financial). In Flores Timur, for village Lewolaga for example, environmental aspect is the determining factor to sustainability. One the service had to stop operation for a considerably long time because the conveyance pipe which goes through a woodland was severely damaged by a fallen tree, and in another case the unsuspended pipe was cut off and washed down in a flash flood. In the village of Wonda, Kab. Ende, one the pipe was crushed in a landslide. In Kab. Sumba Timur, the technology choice must be made in such a way so to enable to serve scattered user settlements (to the extents of kilometers apart). Besides, grazing animals (cattle, buffalo, horse) might trample and break a pipeline, therefore the pipe must be properly buried. An overly sophisticated technology which is introduced in Sumba Timur is now broken without chance for repair. There are 10 windmills (to take water, electric generator, and ice making), and over 15 solar panels to generate electricity for water pumping all were broken not long after they were running for the first time; all was caused by incapable human resource. Socio-cultural issues in Flores as it is in Sumba Timur are so complex and this cannot be monitored by simply using

MPA in a rigid manner without any indepth interview. In Lewolaga, in order to have an access to a water source it must be preceded with a traditional marriage between the community governing a water source with the community who wishes to access its service. There is also a possibility a conflict between the community in whose land the pipeline will pass and the community using the service. Frequently the pipeline was cut off on purpose. Also in the village of Balaweling II, 5 villages which use water supply service have to pay in cash an amount of Rp1.250.000 per year to the community governing the source. Tension would readily arise with water source owner will cut the pipeline as a threat if the payment is not made on time. While in Sumba Timur, all the systems designed to sustain could be in vain because socio-culturally the community still observes caste distinction and is strictly closed. There will be no sustainable water supply service for the poor without honouring the local socio-cultural system. All the authority concerning the poor, especially the group called Ata (body as well as soul are in service to the Umbu) rests solely with the masters, and must go through the masters. There is no such thing as gender sensitive equity, there is no voice for the poor. Beside, the poor will never be able to pay, because practically they have nothing. All what is in one's hand belongs to his masters. The MPA methodology is indeed capable of providing a big amount of information, but there are aspects in which it indicates a weakness. It seems that it needs an improvement, if one intends to have an in-depth study result.
1) Researcher at the Science and Technology Research Centre, Directorate of Research and Public Service, University of Indonesia, and a WASPOLA Consultant 2) Activist for the Pradipta Paramitha Foundation

Percik 19 June 2004

A RTICLE
Community Empowerment and Development System
By Salusra Widya mpowerment now is becoming one of the most popular terms when one speaks of development and community interaction. Almost all development activity inserts or even makes empowerment as a compulsory word. This is to indicate that the activity the word implies concurs with the present development philosophy and objective i.e. involvement of the community beginning from planning, implementation and sustainability of service. The role of the government or the development agency has changed from executor to facilitator in exploring and stimulating community participation. Today a user community is the owner and at the same time also the executor of a development activity. Theoretically in general a development activity will be successful if it is supported with extensive community participation. A community with capability can be illustrated as one with sufficient knowledge on what is needed and what action must be taken in order to fulfill the demand in a sustainable manner. The emergence of empowerment issue is influenced by several factors. Firstly, many people considered community as a "static" institution which passively receives anything given by the development implementer. As a result, what was given did not always conform to the demand and capacity. The popular term for this kind of development is "supply driven." The development planner and implementer supply the community with a development activity according to their own criteria and standard, with standard implementation procedure for each location all over the country. Whereas the condition varies extensively from one site to another and consequently the

demand and its implementation might be entirely different. Some activities might prove excellent in one area but a failure in another. That is why, it is necessary to look for a different approach, one that is more oriented to the demand of the user community, and is known as demand responsive approach. Secondly, the choice on what to begin with, is identical with the question what comes first, egg or chicken. In a condition where community well-being and capacity are limited and the facility is insufficient, to begin community empowerment is the best choice. The multiplier effect of an enlightened and strengthened community far exceeds the effects produced by initiating other sectors. Third, there are many activities which are not progressing nor they are sustainable, because of the limited capacity of the community, knowledge, economic status, etc. As a result, the beneficiary community is always dependent on subsidy. If the subsidy is taken away, the community will be declining. Beside the three issues above, there is another major factor influencing community development. It includes a number of components like the community itself, community institution, government institution, market institution, etc. Each component must play a proportional part so that the overall development process works properly. From experience it is obvious that the components of the community are not placed in the right position so that their involvement in the whole system does not indicate a good performance. Meanwhile, in certain condition some component may be too strong so as too dominating. Consequently, many development undertakings do not produce the result as expected because the component of the whole system, namely the community, is not up to what it should be.

In this condition, learning process becomes an important issue within the community and deserves a serious attention from all concerned. Many activities can start from community empowerment and when the community has been sufficiently strengthened it will be able to join in determining the type and format of development activities that should take place in the region. A properly placed community participation as a system component will guarantee a development process to work properly. That is why all the components must be identified and each of the position in the process is well understood. A well functioning component of the community may change the role and proportion of other components so that a development system could function in a balanced and proportional manner. Consequently, we have to start to pay a serious attention to position of a component of a proportional development system, in order to prevent any component lagging behind, one in competition with another, or even being weakened. In formation of a service management team, for instance, this new institution should not compete with the existing formal or informal institution. Therefore, we are already in the right track when we decided to apply community empowerment as an approach in our development system. This approach is excellent. Nearly all development stakeholders have realized this issue. But in practice the role and position of each of the components does not show proportionally. However, a priority for community empowerment may become an excellent start for an overall improvement of development in the communities.
Staff of the Directorate of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas and Member of WSS Working Group

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A RTICLE
Making environmental institutions more influential, An Idea
nvironmental condition in Indonesia is worsening from time to time. Excessive natural resources exploitation without comparable management effort has caused a regular disaster as well as unexpected natural calamity. Forest fires in Kalimantan and Sumatra, heavy metal poisoning in Central Kalimantan, drought in Cilacap, and landslides in many parts of the country could be cited as the most recent actual examples. This condition is complicated with we try to link it with high population growth, which means an increasing social economic burden. Environmental sustainability is threatened if the population growth is not counter-balanced with the correct measures towards improvement of community well being. Needless to say that it is deemed necessary to call those responsible for environmental protection and the related stakeholders to establish a regular communication, coordination and mutual confidence regarding environmental management, the more so in a situation where the enforcement of environmental law is still quite weak. Regional Autonomy and National Target The implementation of regional autonomy which is now entering the fourth year does not go beyond the realm of political aspect. The economic aspect is lagging far behind. The regional community well being hasn't made any improvement. Whereas the United Nations compels its member nations to achieve the following goals in 2015: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/Aids, malaria and other diseases

S. Budi Susilo Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development Such a difficult task and it is not easy to achieve the above goals. The role of the community and the regional government, especially kabupaten/kota is extremely important. This is where the regional government sensitiveness in identifying the issues and together with the community and other stakeholders find the solution.

reau. With this condition it is of course difficult for the regions to undertake and sufficiently play the role as environmental guardian and protector to eventually answer the challenge posed in the MDGs. Based on the theory of organization, a subordinate staff is doing his job to assist a superior. Because his function is simply assistant to a superior then the environmental institution is not more than a secondary objective and the staff has a limited authority and deficient of opportunity to take a quick decision. Similarly, a chief of Environmental
ILLUSTRATION BY RUDI KOSASIH

Unfortunately, the status of regional level institutions is not uniform. In some sectors, such as health for instance, nearly all of the regions have this organized as a line agency, at a dinas level; but this does not happen with environment. Some use the Bapedalda nomenclature, other use Dinas Lingkungan Hidup, and Bagian Lingkungan Hidup. Based on the Data from Directorate of Environment and Spatial Planning, Directorate for Regional Development in 2001, from 19 provinces and 119 kabupatens/ kota there are environmental institutions which are manned by a staff level, under the Development Bureau or Economic Bu-

Bureau or Head of Environmental Division cannot make any immediate decision should there were any breach in regulation or technical deviation without previous consent from his superior. Therefore, the environmental institution should be made a line organization such as dinas, badan or any similar terminology. With such a format it is expected the performance will improve in handling regional environmental issues to eventually produce an excellent implication towards the achievement of MDGs.
A staff of the Directorate of Regional Development; member of WSS Working Group

Percik 21 June 2004

R EPORTAGE
A piece of story from Ciliwung river bank

Never Drink River Water

SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

The time showed 2.30 PM. Bonah was just finished with her dish washing when Percik came to visit her "home" under a concrete bridge somewhere in Central Jakarta. "Sorry sir, it's sort of messy around here," she said smiling.

er son who is now at second grade of primary school was sleeping at a sort of cradle made of cloth tied to a loft. The youngest daughter about 3 years old was plying alone. Her husband Aceng who spent a good part of the morning "scooping" plastic bottle and mineral water containers from the Ciliwung, was now sleeping soundly. The "house" was filled with all sort of used materials. The floor is made in three stages. The lowest touches the water with a hole in the middle for defecating. The second stage is for washing and relaxing. The uppermost is the bedroom and for keeping their clothing and other belongings. All is made from wooden waste materials. The bridge serves as the roof. There are no walls, and anyone entering the house must bow his head. Almost all day long, Bonah who admits as a Betawi origin depends her life on the Ciliwung. How indeed, most of her income comes from collecting waste materials in the river. "During flood season like this we can collect around Rp150.000 a week," says the woman who says that she was born in 1951. Otherwise, when water is low our income drops to Rp70 90.000 a week. To support their lives, the children would go out begging for alms at a street corner by a traffic light not far away. Although they live under the bridge they never drink water from the river. "Loathsome", she says. As a substitute Bonah buys water from a water seller at Rp1.000 per container. Two containers a

Although they live under the bridge they never drink water from the river. As a substitute Bonah buys water from a water seller at Rp1.000 per container
day. "This water is for drinking and cooking" says Bonah who admits that she live under a bridge since childhood. Water requirement for bathing and washing is taken directly from the river. But they let the water to settle in a pail and use it after it becomes clearer. "Let it sleep overnight," that is how she puts it. Up to this time Bonah says that her family is quite healthy. Even she says that bathing in the river is more comfortable than with well or PAM water. "River water is more refreshing, this water is from the mountain, isn't it?" she adds later. That is Bonah and her family's daily

routine when Ciliwung is in a normal condition. But during high water Bonah does not touch the Ciliwung. Her home is flooded. Bonah has to use a public MCK a few meters away from the bridge. This is where she and her family take a bath, wash and defecate. For this purpose she has to spend Rp500 per head, a relatively big spending because there are 8 members in the family. Additionally she has to buy boiled water for drinking because she has no place to cook by herself. About 5 km from where Bonah lives, Mbah (literally grandma) Kasiyem is sitting alone, musing. The elderly single woman is taking a rest after scooping in the Ciliwung. "Leave me alone and do me no harm, yes" says Mbah Yem, that's how her friend use to call her, in front of her 1,5 m by 1,5 m hut. The hut is made of used plastic sheet. Inside there is a make do bed for sleeping. In front of the hut is a pile of used plastic mineral water containers swarmed with green flies. "Yes, this is how I lead my daily life", mbah Yem starts telling her life story. For the elderly woman who admits that was from Solo, Central Java, living in a riverbank is

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R EPORTAGE
SOURCE: MUJIYANTO

a choice. "I have children and grandchildren at home, but I cannot stand living with them. It is better down here," says she. Just like Bonah, mbah Yem also never drinks water from the Ciliwung. Why? "Hiii" that was her expression while shrugging her shoulders. For her water requirement is obtained from someone who lives not far from the riverbank. "That's him who owns the restaurant," while pointing her finger to a foreign food restaurant across the street. For bathing and washing mbah Yem depends herself on a water spout. It is said that the spout comes from a leaked PAM pipe passing through the area. The water looks clear and clean. Below the spout there is a small enclosure for defecating. This is all confirmed by Jaja Miharja one of the dominant figures living in the riverbank. However, the water from the spout is not too clean because it is already mixed with water from the drain. "Sometimes there is a worm in it," he tells us further. But when compared with river water, this spout is much better. Although using a relatively inferior water quality, Jaja says that it is very seldom for some 20 families living in this location suffer from itch or other skin disease. There has never been any massive diarrhoeal disease. "If anyone gets sick he will be taken to the nearby puskesmas," says the man who came from Haurgeulis, Indramayu. Before there was the spout, according to him further, the inhabitants of the plastic huts were bathing in the Ciliwung. "Well, we just submit to God's will. But thanks to Him we are always in healthy condition," he tells us then saying that he has been living in this area for almost 20 years now. Not all of the inhabitants, Jaja continues, rely their lives on livelihood from the Ciliwung. Some are working as labourers somewhere. "I am also employed as a helper in an office," says the father of four children. As a side job, the riverbank inhabitants, who are mostly

migrants are planting bananas, or raise chicken. Unlike Bonah's family the children of this area are not required to do alms begging. The children live normally as any other children though their living standard is different. "My children even belong to the highest rank at school," says Jaja proudly.

They have some knowledge about water good for drinking purpose.
What happens with Bonah, Mbak Yem, Jaja and their families does not entirely reflect the condition of all of the population inhabiting the banks of the Ciliwung that splits the city of Jakarta beginning from Depok. This fact indicates that not all the time the riverbank inhabitants are in contact with river water. They have some knowledge about water good for drinking purpose. Although economically in a very limited condition they try to look for drinking water. Even if they have to spend money. From hygiene point of view, their life

is below any normal standard. They admit this. But they argue that this is their fate. "Of course we want a better life. Even I wish to build a more permanent cottage here. But if it is eventually to be pulled down, then what is the use? says Jaja. Being in shortage does not make them surrender. A gleam of hope is still shining in their eyes. Men of the edges are not necessarily be pushed around. The men should endeavour to gain attention from the government, especially in relation to their daily need. It would be recommendable to take a look at what Peter Gleick says in a UNESCO conference in 1998 entitled Water: the Looming Crisis. He defines water requirement for human being as "access to drinking water and water for sanitation needs". At that time Peterson also recommends UNESCO to take 50 l/day of water as the basic human needs consisting of drinking 5 l, sanitation 20 l, bathing 15 l, and food preparation 10 l. If that is the basic measurement, how far is these riverbank inhabitants from the standard. Then whose responsibility is the provision of access to drinking water and sanitation. Of course, to all of us. (mujianto)

Percik 23 June 2004

M ANNER
An effort to process wastewater with plant media

Phytoremediation

astewater treatment using plant media which is known as phytoremediation has long known in human history, and is even used to treat toxic and radioactive material. Phyto is derived from Greek phyton meaning plant. Remediation comes from Latin remediare (to remedy) to heal/recover or clean something. Thus phytoremediation is a system where a plant together with microorganism within a media (soil, corral, and water) are used to transform a contaminant (pollutant) into a less poisonous and even an economically useful material. The transform takes place in a natural process in six stages: 1. Phytoaccumulation or phytoextraction, in which the plant attracts the contaminating substance from the media to be accumulated in the root zone area. This process is also called hyperaccumulation. 2. Rhizofiltration (rhizo = root), adoption or deposition of the contaminating substance to the root. This process has been tried with sunflower plant at Chernobyl, Ukraina. 3. Phytostabiliation, sticking of some contaminant onto the root if the root is unable to absorb it. The materials sticks firmly on the root and cannot be washed by a running water. 4. Rhizodegradation which is also called enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation or plant- assisted bioremediation degradation, a decomposition process of contaminant by microorganism such as yeast, fungi and bacteria. 5. Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation), a process within a plant tissue to breakdown the complex chain of contaminant molecules into non dangerous substance with a simpler molecular com-

SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

Remediation comes from Latin remediare (to remedy) to heal/recover or clean something. Thus phytoremediation is a system where a plant together with microorganism within a media (soil, corral, and water) are used to transform a contaminant (pollutant) into a less poisonous and even an economically useful material.

position that may be useful to the plant itself. This process may take place within the leaf, stem and root, or outside the plant around the root with the help of an enzyme produced by the plant itself. Some plant may produce an enzyme to

speed up the degradation process. 6. Phytovolatization, a process consisting of pulling and transpiring of contaminant substance by a plant, break it down into non dangerous substance and finally release it together with water vapour into

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M ANNER
the atmosphere. Some plant species are capable of releasing from 200 up to 1.000 litres of water vapour per individual plant per day. Plant species used for phytoremediation The species that are frequently used for phytoremediation technique are among others: Red/yellow Anthurium, yellow/violet Allamanda, fragrant grass, water bamboo, red/yellow/white Canna, Dahlia sp., red/green Dracenia, yellow/red Heleconia, dotted/black Caladium, red/white Kenyeri, yellow/red lotus, red onje, red/white pacing, grass plants, papyrus, banana plant, ponaderia, red/white sempol, spider lily. Field application The technique has met with sufficient successes in field application, such as: 1. Eradication of heavy metal from soil and ground water in Opotiki, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Cleaning soil from cadmium (Cd) contamination as a side effect of prolonged use of pesticide. 2. Cleaning soil and groundwater from the effect of explosives (TNT, RDX and military ammunition) in Tennesse, USA using wetland method, consisting of a pond corral as media for aquatic plants to grow. Contaminated water is them let to flow into the pond. The plant species consist of sagopond (Potomegeton pectinatus), water stargas (Hetrathera), elodea (Elodea Canadensis). Domestic wastewaster treatment using phytoremediation technique is applied in a number of locations in Bali and is called wastewater garden (WWG) or better known as Taman Bali (Bali Park) and can be found at the Kuta Kecamatan Office, Sunrice School, and Governor's Office. Wetland Planning Concept Some of the rules to be borne in mind are as the following: 1. Wetland Unit must be preceded
SOURCE: BAMBANG PURWANTO

with a settling pond in order to avoid clogging of big particles in the corral media. 2. The pond is made of waterproof concrete walls one metre deep. 3. An inlet and an outlet pipes. 4. The pond is filled with corral media (pebbles or gravels) with diam. 8-10 mm to a depth of 80 cm (from the bottom). 5. It is then planted with a mixture of aquatic and other plants at a sufficiently dense spacing. The plants are kept in place by digging the media up to 40 cm deep. 6. Wastewater is let to flow into the pond and is kept at 70 cm deep (from the bottom) by adjusting the outlet. This makes water level stay at 10 cm below the top of the corral. 7. The pond is designed in accordance with the BOD of the daily inflow divided by the general loading rate. For North America = 32,10 kg BOD/ha/day. In the tropical climate it is approximately 90 kg BOD/ha/day. Summary and Recommendation 1. Phytoremediation is a considerably effective and efficient means for handling heavy metal and poisonous substance pollution so that it could be used to reclaim a waste disposal area by growing plants on top layer of the disposal area or applying wetland method for a leachate pond. 2. The wetland method is recommendable for a settlement area with max. 2.000 population and office or school building because the method needs a relatively big area, i.e. 1,25-2,5 m2 per capita compared to optional pond which only needs 0,2-0,5 m2 per capita, or one fifth of the wetland requirement. 3. The amount of investment varies relative to availability of land, in a small scale the method is quite economical as long as land is available. 4. The O&M cost is very low, what it needs is only leaf pruning and cleaning. 5. At a domestic scale this can be built in lieu of a resorption pit.
Bambang Purwanto D. G. TPTP, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure

Domestic wastewaster treatment using phytoremediation technique is applied in a number of locations in Bali and is called wastewater garden (WWG) or better known as Taman Bali (Bali Park) and can be found at the Kuta Kecamatan Office, Sunrice School, and Governor's Office.

Percik 25 June 2004

M ANNER
"Agus Gunarto" Household Wastewater Treatment System
n early 1980s the village of Tlogo Mas in Malang, East Java, was very clumsy without anything attractive at all. At that time none of its households have a toilet. The population defecated directly in the Brantas or wrap it in a plastic bag and threw it into the river; sometimes the "package" got stuck in a bamboo grove and sending a stench odour into the surroundings. Most of its population (70 percent) were employed as construction rock breakers or other informal sector. The situation engulfing the 70 households inhabiting the village moved Agus Gunarto (AG) to find a way out. An idea came out starting from improvement of household wastewater disposal by way of common activity. In the midst of negative whispers AG continued to make his dream to make a community household wastewater disposal system a reality. Finally the dream comes true. The success has turned the face of the village cleaner and finer. Each household has built a bathroom and toilet. None of the population is now labouring in collecting rocks. Life is becoming better off. Boarding house becomes a new business opportunity. Visitors are continuously coming from foreign countries such as S. Africa, England, Japan, United States, Canada, China, Austria, Australia, Brazil, S. Korea, Belgium, Netherlands, India, Finland, Spain, Kenya, Sweden, and Russia. AG's ingenuity for 10 years has made him selected as National Pioneer Youth in 1996. The following year he received Kalpataru Award for Environmental Service. He also received Asian Innovation Award (1998) and was named Heroes of Today by a magazine published in Hongkong. In 1999 Agus Gunarto was invited by the World Bank to visit Washington DC to share his success story with representatives from many countries. In the same year he visited the Netherlands and Switzerland. In 2001 he excelled 200 participants from all over the world and received World Technology

Award in England. Unfortunately he hasn't yet received the prize money amounting to USD50.000. The purpose The construction of household wastewater disposal system is intended to: Improve the community's care about environmental conservation and control against pollution generated from improper household wastewater disposal Help in changing community habit to treat wastewater in a proper manner Improve local economic capacity Make the community used to a clean, beautiful, hygienic and comfortable environment (environmentally oriented) Help in decreasing the pollution rate of the Brantas river through disposal of only a completed treated wastewater.

Ventilation Closet of tank

tank and 2 m height, pond 1 as initial settling (optional), ponds 2,3,4 as advanced settling, ponds 5,6 as maturation ponds, from where the water is disposed of into the Brantas. The whole process uses gravitational flow. All the waste materials produced in a household, from the kitchen, bathroom, and toilet are made to flow gravitationally into one AT Treatment Tank to decompose naturally. The construction materials are easy to obtain, at a relatively cheap price and the construction is done by the community itself. AG Treatment tank does not require a large space. What is most important is that the community is involved beginning from planning, construction work, and O&M activity. In terms of finance, the investment is genuinely funded by the community of RT03/RW07 Tlogo Mas Malang where each family contributes Rp 150.000 payable in installments for 2 years (about Rp6.500/family/month). O&M contribution amounts to Rp750 per month to be used for: 60% for operator's salary, 30% for O7M management contingency fund, 10% salary for collector. Challenge, Opportunity and Threat The challenge being faced today is the increasing demand for an independent, non costly and relatively simple technology community level wastewater treatment installation. The barrier for such an installation lies with the difficulty in mobilizing community fund and with the topographical condition where gravitational flow does not allow such a construction. However, this facility has a big opportunity for application because it is relatively non costly, applying simple technology, using easily obtainable materials and the implementation can be done through communal activity. Its O&M management is relatively simple and does not take a lot of money. Additionally, it can improve income of the community.
Bambang Purwanto Directorate General for TPTP, Ministry of Settlement & Regional Infrastructure

Pipe from household Filter of waste Found partition to destruction

Wall of tank

Pipe to reservoir

Technical Construction The construction of AG Household Wastewater Treatment tank can be explained as follows: The AG household wastewater treatment system is made up of the following construction: 4 in. PVC central conveyance pipe as feeder into the AG Treatment Tank, 3 in. PVC connecting home to the central conveyance, 2 in. PVC pipe from bath room, toilet and kitchen into home connector. A 1,2 m diam. septic

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T ELESCOPE
Kabupaten Subang:

erhaps Kabupaten Subang is currently the only regional government with a water and environmental sanitation policy in Indonesia. Its title is "Regional Policy for Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Development." This policy was born from the collaboration of a number of kabupaten level agencies and offices comprising: Badan Pengawasan Lingkungan Hidup (BLH, Environmental Control Body), Badan Pembedayaan Masyarakat (Bapemdes, Community Empowerment Body) Local Government Water Company (PDAM), Local Government Development Planning Agency (Bappeda), Public Works, Health Agency. According to Mr. H.M Machri S, the Chairman of Kabupaten Bappeda, the formulation of the policy was based on demand for improvement of community well being through provision of access to an acceptable WSS facility in an equitable, and sustainable manner and in support the "Healthy Subang 2008" program. "This policy is one No. of the regional government efforts 1. for stimulating and developing various sectors into an optimum 2. 3. growth", he says. Based on this policy, the role of the government is more as a facilitator and motivator. The community, including the private sector is becoming more significant. Through this pattern it is hoped that most of the difficulties such as insufficient government fund can be solved. Flashback Before 1998 WSS development was very much dependent upon the government. The community played only a negligible part. Many of the central government and donor funded projects were implemented in a top down approach without sufficient inter-agency coordination. Community empowerment, socio-

Pioneer in Formulation of Drinking Water and Environmental Sanitation Policy

cultural and gender sensitiveness in program planning were almost entirely alienated. As a result, many of the programs/activities such as public toilet (MCK), pipe conveyance system, household toilet were left unattended. During the period 1998-2002 there was no significant changes, though subsidy to regional government was considerably reduced. If any, it was only as a stimulus. This condition was able to stimulate the community to become more active and self reliant in WSS development. The demand for drinking water supply keeps growing especially in the northern plain and coastal areas where ground water is distasteful due to salt water intrusion. Drinking water supply is provided for through health sector projects in the forms of pit well, shallow well pumping system, deep well pumping system, arteavailable, lack of awareness, no open space, lack of fund, technical difficulty because of marshy condition. Specifically with environmental sanitation, the progress is far from pleasing. The total population with a household toilet was still 41,56 percent and those who have a drainage was only 37,09 percent. The inhibiting factors are similar with water supply, beside a traditional habit of the population to defecate in the river, garden, rice field, etc. In general, the inhibiting factors to water supply and sanitation development consist of human, economical, and natural aspects. The key factor is of course human being. Therefore, a change must start from man and his family. In this case the role of women becomes very important.

Vision and mission The vision of the policy is "Establishment of Healthy Water Supply Coverage Based Subang 2008 trough the provion Service Provider sion of access to an acceptable Drinking Water Provider Coverage Remarks WSS facility in an equitable, and including urban areas Self Reliant/Household 58.90% sustainable manner". Its misincluding urban areas PDAM 12.24% sion is to improve the access to 10 villages BPABP 4% water by the poor families, represents 953.750 persons improve community awareness Total 74.33% to hygiene behaviour, to urge community self reliance, conservation of water source areas and protect them against pollution, develop altersian well, reservoir, and piped water. native funding sources, improve manageWells are also excavated by the communirial skill of the management team, goty members from their own sources. vernment employees, and WSS related Some of them are managed by the Badan facilitators. Pengelolaan Air Bersih Perdesaan (BPABP, Village Water Supply ManageStrategy and Implementation ment Body). To achieve the vision and mission a The condition of water supply degeneral and specific strategies are formuvelopment at the end of 2003 can be illuslated. The strategies are summarized into trated as the following: 36 priority programs. For evaluation The remaining 25,67 percent or purpose, there are also macro indicators 375.000 people were without access related to water supply and environmenbecause of one or several of the following tal sanitation development. (mj) reasons: abundance of surface water

Percik 27 June 2004

T ELESCOPE
H.M. Machri S., Chairman of Bappeda, Kabupaten Subang

"This is the Community's Demand"

C
ould you elaborate the background of the policy? We, the regional government together with the involved agencies saw it that in the previous years the coverage of drinking water service Kab. Subang has been not more than 12,24 percent, covering only the major towns. The self reliant service is bigger, i.e. 58,9 percent. If the government has to serve the whole population, just like PDAM is doing, it would take a long time. Besides, we have the potential for the community to manage. That is how we put up a vision and mission for a community based drinking water and sanitation development before we venture into a larger program. ern part, they are quite obvious up there. That is why in our policy we divide the region into zones: north, south and the plains. Each with its own characteristic and consequently the respective policy is also different. In the northern part, for instance, our intervention is bigger than in the others. The south can almost go on its own because the natural potential is also supporting. How will the implementation be done? First of all the budget, we have it prepared. The second is the selection of priority villages where the policy will be applied, and at the same time as pilot villages. Gradually from these priority villages we move into the surrounding neighbours. We will select based on the level of willingness of the population to work communally. The higher the level the more the program is regarded as a demand. If there were a village though with potential but remains silent we will keep the implementation until later. If we put too much pressure, then it will become a government project. Once there were some movement, then we will render our help. Has the policy been field tested? Naturally. We have done it in several villages in a number of kecamatans. The result is sufficiently pleasing. That is why this community based approach is being widely used; and the government is in short of fund. The advantage is, the community does not rely on the government for its maintenance. The community is capable of doing it on its own. The people's motto is 'we are progressing not because of we have been assisted, but we have been assisted because we are progressing'. That is where the previous community participation was based. This means that the community based management has been existing in Kab. Subang? There are many. Especially in the southWhat does the linkage between this regional policy and the national water supply and sanitation development policy? What comes from the central government is top down, while our policy here is indeed what comes from the grass root. What we are doing is just providing stimulus to what should be done by the community. In terms of physical development both are the same especially when synergy in field implementation has been developing. Is this policy final or is it still open for improvement? This is just conceptual. We will put it into practice and in the field there will be some adjustment with the national level policy. What is your prediction regarding implementation in the field? I am quite confident and optimistic that this will be implemented effectively in the field because this is what the community really needs. I believe the result will be great. Based on the existing condition, whether the 2008 target could be achieved? We can hope this will be achieved. Through the Kabupaten level inter-agency coordination, common understanding among stakeholders at the kecamatan and village levels for the improvement of community well being, I think this will work out fine. Even this concept is applicable for other program/policy. (MJ)

When was the formulation started? We started it in 2002. But this consists of several activities which were conducted simultaneously. Actually, long before that we have done something. The community has made some activities in water supply and sanitation management. Only afterwards, realizing that what is being done is a demand of the community at large, we have to wrap up what has been happening in the community into a policy which will then become the umbrella to similar activities at a larger scope. The formulation process, what does it look like? First we were exploring the community. We, the involved agencies and the community were discussing on the experience in water supply and environmental sanitation management. The ideas were summarized into the formula. It can be seen from there the policy is actually not from us. All is extracted from the community. To arrange it into a policy was also done through seminars and workshops which were attended by representatives from the central and provincial level governments. Our job was putting the ideas together into one formula.

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B OOK INFO
Progress Report on the MDGs

his book contains MDGs implementation progress in Indonesia since the signing of the Millennium Declaration in September 2000. This initial report discusses the condition in Indonesia during the period of 1990 till 2003, and a prediction up to 2015. This book is very useful for policy makers, government institutions, members of parliament, NGOs, community organizations, the community, and international organizations. The information contained can be used in accordance with the demand and goals of various stakeholders at the respective levels. The contents of the report indicate the national goals and targets that have been achieved and not the planning framework as it relates to national targets. The report to UN is based on data produced from a social economic survey (Susenas) conducted by the Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS, Central Bureau of Statistic). However, for several indicators, there are only institutional data available. It is not surprising these data are not complete, especially after the regional

Indonesia, Progress Report on the Millennium Development Goals

Publisher: Government of Indonesia Published: February 2004 Pages : 155 pages

autonomy. Besides, many of the data reflect the general condition at the provincial level. It would be more meaningful if the records are made at the kabupaten/kota level. With regard Target 10, i.e. reduction to half, in 2015, the proportion of population without access to drinking water sup-

ply and basic sanitation facility, this book only discusses in two sections, water and sanitation. Indonesia is still facing a problem with the low coverage of piped water supply system, without saying anything about water quality of PDAM water. The quality of water supply does not meet the standard set by the Ministry of Health. It is also sad to say that the government has not made water as a priority policy in spite the world sustainable development conference it is mentioned that water is a right for all human being. Regarding sanitation, the data indicate that community access to basic sanitation facility is around 64 percent (78 percent in towns and 52 percent in villages), but this does not reflect ownership by the community. Similarly to water, the central government, the local government, including the legislative do not pay any attention to this sector. This is evidenced from the low budget allocation. This condition is aggravated with lack of community awareness, especially in towns, about the importance of sanitation is to our health. (mj)

Integration of Household and Communal Wastewater

T
Sustainable Sewerage, Guidelines for Community Schemes
Author: R. A. Reed Publisher: Intermediate Technology Publications, in association with the Water, Engineering and Development Centre, 1995 Pages: xiv + 97 pages

his book intends to provide an explanation about household and communal wastewater drainage. According to the author, this subject is interesting to discuss because it represents the most important of the wastewater drainage network and the easiest to make improvement. Besides it is the most part that draws user's interest. What makes this book different is that the discussion on domestic wastewater is not separated from that of a communal system. The author divides the book into 8 chapters, namely (i) why wastewater drainage is worthy of consideration by the community and the constraints; (ii) metho-

dology in selecting a community that needs a wastewater drainage; (iii) conventional design of wastewater drainage system; (iv) new method for minimizing the costs for wastewater drainage construction; (v) problems in conventional wastewater drainage and their solution; (vi) O&M issue and to overcome it; (vii) setting of optimum tariff; and (viii) combining financial, O&M and lack of community interest through a real example. This book becomes more interesting because it is easy to understand and provides a way out to the difficulty in sanitation being faced by the community. (OM)

Percik 29 June 2004

C D INFO
Reducing Energy Cost in Municipal Water Supply Operations

his CD-ROM discusses the benefit of energy monitoring and target setting (M&T) in preventing leakage and cost for water supply in the urban towns of the developing nations. The World Bank produced CD-ROM discusses a study conducted by two partner institutions in two provinces in Brazil for reducing electric power consumption. The two partners enjoy an impressive success. One of them was able to save 50 percent of the cost and put it up for investment in the following 3-4 years. It also explains several important notes about reduction of energy consumption in urban areas, including the application of M&T plan, and a list of low cost or no cost actions to save energy. The need for saving energy is based on the considerations that water use is dependent on the capacity of the commu-

nity to cover the operational costs and overcome incidental loss; participation of the private sector which might be necessary to expand the water supply service network; the steps to improve the service efficiency especially in the light of improvement of the access of the poor to water supplies; experience indicates how to improve the effectiveness of low cost information technology to reducing energy consumption for water supply service. Rationally, water use considers energy consumption as an overhead of water treatment and pumping operation. The cost for electricity usually varies between 10-30 percent of the operational cost, most of which goes to treatment process. While energy lost in the treatment process is around 30-50 percent. But many would include electricity as a vari-

able cost rather than fixed cost. Anyway, the content of this CD-ROM is very important for stakeholders related to drinking water treatment. It is obtainable at the WSS Working Group Secretariat and the supply is limited.

Water Supply and Sanitation for Small Towns and Multi-village Schemes, Proceedings of International Conference
mall Towns are important for policy makers, water and sanitation experts for two reasons: 1) they can calculate the growth of population without access to water and basic sanitation; 2) we know a little about how to determine water supply and sanitation demand. In reality, most of the Millennium Development Goals in relation to water supply and sanitation are applicable in small towns. The experts and national policy makers would need a substantial amount of field information about management pattern and other effective support and a better knowledge about as key to successful water supply and sanitation service. A good knowledge about small towns must be explored from various experience and field activities. For this reason

the conference of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 11-15 June, 2002 which was attended by more than 200 practitioners and discussed 30 cases, becomes a place of invention for this purpose. The CD contains the proceedings of

the conference and is divided into 3 sections: 1) Summary of the Conference; 2) Presentation; 3) Posters. The Summary is presented in two languages, English and French. In it contains the recommendation of the conference and the reports of the working groups, review from the participants, and the related networks. In the Presentation we can see what the speakers brought forward both at the conference and during the working group. The Presentation can also be accessed through organizer's website. In it we can find posters from Indonesia about community based sanitation, the experience from Aquanet/Mitra Tirta Program. This CD is collection of the WSS Working Group Secretariat. Any one interested please contact the Editor. (MJ)

30

Percik June 2004

WE B S I T E I N F O
Sanitation Connection
www.sanicon.net

WHO Publications on Sanitation and Health

www.who.int/pub/en HO is a trustworthy source for sanitation and health related information. For more than 54 years it has been producing bibliographical publications. Some of the bibliographical publications are (i) human waste disposal dry toilet and water carried method; (ii) reprocessing method and disposal of waste materials (domestic and commercial); (iii) 'do-it-yourself' guidelines on how to design, construct, rehabilitate, and maintain a drainage system within a

anitation connection is a website based network related to environmental sanitation. From technological, institutional as well as financial aspects this website can be regarded as the most complete source of information in the world. The information available is supported with various international institutions in managing and providing the suitable data for a specific need. Some of the important subjects that are available include cost and cost recovery, sanitation promotion, sanitation in school, waste material management, low cost wastewater management and drainage. It is interesting to note that this website also provides a complete data and information requirement from Help Desk as well as Online Databases facilities. In online databases there are Inter WATER which provides list of organizations dealing with drinking water and sanitation in the developing nations; IRCDOC provides bibliography database on drinking water and sanitation in the developing nations; maestro II provides information about environmentally friendly technology. This website was launched in November 2000 and represents an easily accessible gate way. This website is maintained by World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSCC) and the International Water Association (IWA).

munity leaders in making water, sanitation, and hygiene in a common attention; influence behavioural change through various information and communication channels, hygiene promotion in schools, training and improvement of communication capacity and network improvement, and research activities.

List of Related Websites

WaterAid
http://www.wateraid.org.uk/ WaterAid is a non government organization specially operating in drinking water supply, sanitation and hygiene education to poor communities of the world. low income sector of an urban area; (iv) financial arrangement in the management improvement of drinking water and sanitation service, large or small scale, urban as well as rural; (v) successful approach for involvement of the community in promoting hygiene behaviour; (vi) training manual for performance improvement in drinking water and sanitation project through a better O&M management system; (vii) articles and cases studies on sanitation.

The Freshwater Action Network

http://www.freshwateraction.net/ The Freshwater Action Network is a global network of non government institutions specializing in environment and development as well as community based organizations working together to strengthen the participation of civilian community in formulating international scale water policy.

NETWAS. Network for Water and Sanitation

http://www.netwasgroup.com/ NETWAS is an information and human resources development network operating in Africa especially in drinking water, sanitation and environment. Its scope of activities includes training, research, information network, advocacy, consultant service.

WASH Campaign
http://www.wsscc.org/ ater, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) Campaign was introduced by Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) in International Conference in Bonn, Germany in 2001. WASH intends to improve the commitment of the politicians and com-

Ecological Sanitation
http://www.ecosan.org/ One of the websites specializing in ecological sanitation. This website is maintained by International Water Association.

Percik 31 June 2004

F IELD VISIT
WSLIC-2 Changes the Life of Kedungbanjar Community
cash) and Rp32 million in kind. From the unknown and waste materials budget Rp144 million is allocated for the are thrown anywhere. It is development of piped water supply sysunsurprising that during 2002 tem to cover 100% of the village populathere were 18 cases of diarhoea tion, Rp35 million for environmental sawith infants, 84 cases above the nitation system development, and Rp16,5 age of five and 4 cases of lepmillion is set aside for hygiene behaviour rosy. education in the community and in This fact has made Kedungschools. As operational budget of the banjar village qualified for an Community Working Team an amount of assistance from WSLIC-2 proRp5 million is provided for. gram. Especially with the Up to this time several constructions existing potentials, i.e. availability of water WATER SUPPLY CONDITION source, willingHamlet Number of Water Source Remarks ness to particihouseholds Pit well Reservoir pate and proviKedungbanjar 150 20 (13.3%) V On dry sion of contribuseason Kedungpari 74 14 (18.9%) V tion both in cash all of and in kind, availMloso 87 42 (48.2%) V well are ability of electriciRambit 153 81 (52.9%) V dry ty, relatively good Total 464 157 (33.8%) access road, availability of skill are already in place, one (i) unit of pump worker, and relatively high house, one (1) water tower, one (1) deep spirit in community work (gotong rot was unimaginable before that the well, 3.377 km of piping network, one (1) yong). community of Kedungbanjar, Kec. production unit, and fourteen (14) public Accompanied by Community FaciliSugio, Kab. Lamongan, East Java taps. The piping network is to provide tator Team (CFT) the community worked would ever had access to a water supply service to all of the population. The out a community plan with a budget service. None of its community is left out. WSLIC-2 project has been officially handamounting at Rp20o million (approxiLife has changed remarkably. ed over to the community. Other side mately). This amount comes from Rp144 Before that, the village with 2.064 effect of the activity is skill improvement million represents village grant fund, population (503 households) consisting in financial management, know how in regional government of Lamongan Rp16 of 4 hamlets, Kedungbanjar (150 housetechnical operation and maintenance, million, the community Rp8 million (in holds), Kedungpari (78 households), and the technical aspect in Mloso (93 households) and health related extension activity. Rambit (170 households) was in a ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CONDITION A health related program poor condition both in terms of consisting of water sampling and water supply and environmental Hamlet Number of households WC Remarks examination, soil sampling and sanitation. As is evident from the Percent Absolut examination, fecal examination table water supply facility barely Kedungbanjar 82 54.7 The other people of primary schoolchildren, sufficient, even worse during the Kedungpari 25 33.8 mired on worm treatment for primary dry season. Consequently there Mloso 25 28.7 the schoolchildren, renovation of 3 was only few who have built houRambit 38 52.9 garden bathrooms and toilet and consehold toilet. Total 170 36.6 struction of 6 washbasins at This condition is made even school, and health extension worse with the absence of wasteThis fact has made Kedungbanjar activity to the community. As for water disposal system. Nearly all village qualified for an assistance toilet revolving construction of the houses do not have any from WSLIC-2 program activity is just beginning. (MJ) drainage canal. Garbage bins are
SOURCE: AMPL DOCUMENTATION

32

Percik June 2004

F IELD VISIT
Failure Due to Wrong Technology Choice

angkatani village, Kab. Singkawang, West Kalimantan is one of the villages selected for assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) project from 1996 - 2000. The village chose a technology base on gravitational flow for their water supply system. The facility is presently not functioning well. Water tank is not being used because the users are tapping the main conveyance and connect it to their homes. The taps are not closed after use so that a lot of water is wasted. The pressure drop caused by this action prevent water from flowing farther, therefore many of the tail end users have to use water pump to get water. The irony is, this village is the site of a bottled water industry which takes water from the same spring. Some sort of conflict may likely arise in the future knowing that water discharge is falling during dry season and the number of population is growing steadily. Additionally, the kabupaten has a bright market prospect for bottled water. In Sebawi, still in Singkawang, the choice of filtering technology with sand media is also a failure. Filtering river water takes a long process, the amount is enough only for 5 households. On the other hand the cost for electricity to run the pump is considerably high. This technology is not feasible for application in a low income community. The community cannot operate it any-

SOURCE: RHEIDDA PRAMUDHY

more, now that the village level management team is dormant. Beside water supply, the area needs an environmental sanitation system through the construction of MCK, household and public toilets. The facilities are not functioning because of water scarcity. The lessons learned from this experience are among others a discrepancy between technology choice and the community proposal and capability leads to failure, there is a need for a formal regulation that regulates division of water in order to prevent conflict, there is a need for a professional village level management team, and sanitation development must consider water availability as a determining factor. (Rheidda Pramuddhy)

The people of Aikmel No Need To Wake Up At Night Any More

he people of North Aikmel, Kec. Aikmel, Lombok Timur, NTB can now sleep peacefully. They do not have to wake up at 3 in the morning to take water from a source 2 km from the village. The WSLIC-2 project has changed the routine. The village headman expressed his thankfulness for selecting the village as a project site. On 12 July last, the Bupati of Lombok Timur, handed over the project assets to the local community that was represented by the community facilitator team. The Bupati hopes the community would understand what the direct transfer means and later manage and maintain the facility properly. He respects highly the community approach applied by the project and promises to replicate it into projects in other areas. The handing over of the WSLIC-2 project assets is done on the sites which has established its manage-

CARTOON BY RUDIKOSASIH

ment team, the facility is completely built, and willingness of the community to pay contribution. In the village each family is required to pay Rp1.000 a month. The total amount collected is Rp300.000 a month from 300 families of the village. Not all of villages in Aikmel has this project because the project is restricted with Rp200 million budget ceiling. Commenting on the

condition, Sucipto of WSLIC-2, indicates that budget ceiling can be made flexible if there is a communication with the central government. While the Chairman of Bappeda promises to provide a financial assistance, but only at a limited amount. In the meantime handing over was also made in Batu village, Kec. Lumbung, Lombok Barat on 13 July. This was done by the Deputy of Bupati Lombok Barat. In his speech he asks the community to maintains the assets and prevent the failure such as the CARE project which fails to sustain.During 2003 , there were 30 villages in Lombok Barat completed physical construction consisting of 49 gravitational flow piping system, 720 pit wells, and revolving fund sanitation development system. In 2004 eight villages are still in the development process. (Archianti Musama)

Percik 33 June 2004

WASPOLA
Lessons Learned from SANIMAS
(Sanitation by the Community)

SOURCE: AMPL DOCUMENTATION

anitation development in Indonesia, especially the community sewerage system has not reached most of the urban poor. This has been brought to the attention of the government so that beginning from the decade of 1980s the kampung improvement program (KIP) includes decentralized sanitation system as one of its components. However, the top down approach applied in KIP has neglected the element of community participation the program does not perform satisfactorily especially in terms of sustainability. For the purpose of improvement of decentralized sanitation system development, the Australian government through AusAID in collaboration with WSP-EAP of the World Bank and Indonesia government launched SANIMAS project. This project is a part of the activities conducted under the Water Supply and Sanitation Policy Formulation and Action Planning Project (WASPOLA) project. What is SANIMAS? SANIMAS is abbreviation of SANITASI MASYARAKAT (Community Sanitation), an initiative designed to promote a community based sanitation system as an alternative for the poor communities of the urban Basic Concept SANIMAS is designed to strengthen the poor community of the urban in order to enable them select their own sanitation system, formulating a set of action plans, organize a group, and manage the physical construction, including its O&M activity. In SANIMAS sanitation is focused only to human waste. The strategy of SANIMAS includes determining, planning, constructing, maintaining and managing a system by themselves, with facilitation and assistance from non government organization. The regional government is involved in

facilitating the community initiative, but not in management of the system. This program is designed as a demand responsive and the communities qualified for participation will compete for a program support through evidence of its commitment and preparedness in running in accordance with their own choice. The decision making lies entirely with the whole community. The role of SANIMAS, NGO and the government is only as a facilitator. SANIMAS support consists of: Recommendation in terms of technical, institutional, financial, social and environmental from a set of choices, in accordance with the need of the interested stakeholder and the choice of the community. Suggestion in relation to the most suitable process in selecting the best system that would gain the community support Packages of information, education and communication Limited financial support for procurement of materials Training.

Institutional Aspect At the community level there are two (2) SANIMAS related institutions, Development Committee and Management Team. The Development Committee is responsible for activities from preparation till completion of construction. The Management Team is responsible for post construction O&M and maintenance of wastewater treatment installation Community Action Plans Community Action Plans are made up from Construction Plan, Community Contribution Plan, and O&M Plan. The formulation of Community Action Plans is assisted by a SANIMAS consultant and is conducted with the application of Community Participatory Approach (CPA). Training is provided for in 3 formats (1) technical training for skilled workers, construction hands and operators; (ii) management training for community self reliant group; and (iii) community health related training. The topic of each individual training is designed based the need of the respective community. O&M plan includes contribution

34

Percik June 2004

W ASPOLA
SOURCE: SANIMAS DOCUMENTATION

arrangement, operator, and maintenance schedule. Contribution Mechanism Development budget comes from the contribution of the community, the regional government, and the SANIMAS. Community contribution was collected directly by a Development Committee and deposited to a bank account of the Development Committee. The contribution from the regional government and the SANIMAS were transferred directly to SANIMAS Development Committee. Disbursement is made based on the SANIMAS Construction Plan as proposed by the SANIMAS Development Committee. Implementation Process and Post Construction Plan In the beginning the SANIMAS concept was offered to some thickly populated urban regions of East Java and Bali. The response was there were 8 regions indicated interest in the project. Later, one of them withdrew because of disapproval from the legislative body. The remaining seven consists of the towns of Kediri, Pasuruan, Blitar, Mojokerto, Pamekasan, Denpasar and Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Later SANIMAS failed to continue implementation in Pamekasan because the community members could not reach an agreement among themselves. Some kampungs with a population of 50 -100 were selected by the local government and after an internal selection process, i.e. decision of the kampung/village which was taken through an agreement among the population, and when it is done the kampung is definitely selected as a participant. Then socialization process followed, and finally with the assistance from a facilitator the community made discussions to formulate Community Action Plans. Financing Aspect The funding sources for SANIMAS come from the regional government, the community (in-kind), and grant from AusAID and BORDA. The total fund is Rp1,548 billion comprises regional government contribution Rp986 million (63,6 percent), SANIMAS Rp398 million (25,7 percent), the community Rp84 million (5,5 percent) and BORDA Rp80 million (5,2 percent). In-kind (material and labour) contribution from the community represents 2-3 percent of the total cost. Comparing the amount of costs and the total coverage on the average the cost per household comes to approximately Rp2 million. System and Service Coverage The system selected by the communities is either a public MCK or a communal system. An MCK consists of toilets, a washing floor and a wastewater treatment installation. A communal system consists of a pipe connecting a household toilet to a wastewater treatment installation. The total population covered in SANIMAS project is 2.564 of which 914 are served with MCK and 1.650 with communal system Construction and Operational Cost and Contribution The total budget allocation amounts to Rp1,272 billion. The construction cost of a communal system is relatively higher than that of an MCK, but its operational cost is lower. Each community decides its own level of contribution, for an MCK system it ranges between Rp200 - 300 per month, while for a communal system between Rp2.200 - 3.100 per month per

Short Description of SANIMAS

SITE RW II, Kel. Sukorejo, Kec. Sukorejo, Kota Blitar RT 2, RW I, Kel. Balongsari, Kec. Magersari, Kota Mojokerto RT 4-5, RW 2, Kel. Bakalan, Kec. Bugul, Kota Pasuruan RT 8-9-10-11, RW V, Kel. Balowerti, Kec. Kota, Kota Kediri RT 21, RW V, Kel. Sidokare, Kec. Sidoarjo, Kab. Sidoarjo Pucuk Sari Selatan Banjar Batur, Kec. Denpasar Barat, Kota Denpasar TOTAL KK = household SYSTEM COSTRUCTION COST Rp. 236 million Rp. 151 million Rp. 238 million Rp. 209 million Rp. 169 million Rp. 269 million Rp. 1,272 billion COVERAGE OPERATIONAL COST Rp. 186.000/month Rp. 785.000/month Rp. 186.000/month Rp. 765.000/month Rp. 785.000/month Rp. 302.000/month CONTRIBUTION

Komunal MCK Komunal MCK MCK Komunal 3 MCK 3 Komunal

85 KK/750 person 50 KK/250 person 83 KK/400 person 450 person 214 person 100 KK/500 person 2.564 person

Rp. 2.200/KK/month Bathroom and WC Rp. 200/used Washing Rp. 300/used Rp. 2.200/KK/month Rp. 5.000/KK/month ;Rp 200/used Rp. 200/used Rp. 3.100/KK/month

Percik 35 June 2004

WA S P O L A
household. But in the town of Kediri for an MCK the contribution is determined at Rp5.000 per household. Management A communal system and a system which is managed by a team selected by the community. The contribution is used as salary for the communal system operator (pipe inspection, cleaning of control boxes, and maintenance) or the operator of an MVK facility (O&M of MCK and wastewater treatment installation), and emptying the installation once in two years. Effluent test is made one in 6 months. In communal system, the toilet, the pipe connecting the toilet to the main conveyance and the control box is the user's responsibility. Lessons Learned The main issue that crops up during the SANIMAS project implementation is the availability of land for the construction. This issue is brought forward in relation to the willingness of anyone to volunteer to be in immediate neighbour with the sanitation facility. In many cases the NIMBY ('not in my back yard') attitude is prevailing. This attitude is quite obvious in the town of Pamekasan. The families in immediate neighbour to the MCK or processing facility express their objection to the project because they feel worried about the adverse effect from the placement of the facility near their homes. In connection with land availability there is still a question about the status of the land. It is recommendable that prior to conducting Rapid Participatory Appraisals (RPAs) the status of the land must be made known and confirmed. In the case of Pamekasan, it becomes interesting to note that because of one family has objection, the whole participatory decision making process was annulled and the project could not proceed.
SOURCE: SANIMAS DOCUMENTATION

The said family previously expressed agreement but later withdrew it. The issue was then expanded to become decision making process. It would be worthwhile to consider whether a decision is a total pronouncement in acclamation or it is just be based on the majority of votes. It should also be advisable to consider a compensation for the ones having objection for the reason of inconvenience (unpleasant smell, wastewater). As a consequence to the disagreement the SANIMAS implementation in Pamekasan is discontinued. While in the towns of Kediri and Pasuruan there were also some objections but the project managed to find alternative locations. In the town of Mojokerto and Kab. Sidoarjo though there was no dislocation but the project managed to make design revision because the initial design could not be applied in the available land space. The community based sanitation approach represents a new method especially for the community itself. The information transmission tends to be confusing because of the terminologies which are foreign to them. There is a need for a simple and easy to understand transmission system and employment of a more suitable facilitator. A better and more effective information transmission strategy needs be designed. Repellence and skeptical attitude by

the community during the early stages of SANIMAS was because of the unfavourable experience with similar activities in the past. It has been a general notion in communities that sanitation is always identical with something dirty and smells bad. The communities have an impression that SANIMAS implementation is time consuming. This perhaps is because of the heavy involvement of the community in the entire process, climatic factor that caused some construction delays, and the complicacy in government disbursement procedure. The fund that comes from various sources such as grant from donor countries, the local government, and NGOs have made it important to determine the status the facility, to whom it belongs. The mechanism related to transfer of asset and community representation in the transfer process has not been sufficiently dealt with. Although SANIMAS is considered successful, but for a replication in other locations special attention must be paid with regard the flexibility in project implementation. As an illustration, the implementing agency may be different in a different location, in some it may be Public Works, in others Environmental Agency, and Bappeko. Future Agenda The on-going activities till the end of 2003 are carried over to 2004 for completion, the central government continues collaboration with BORDA for the implementation. In 2004 some improvement will be made based on the lessons learned during the previous year implementation. It is hoped that the two consecutive year SANIMAS implementation will provide a meaningful input for the sanitation development in Indonesia. (OM)

36

Percik June 2004

WA S P O L A
Workshop on Understanding the National Policy and Its Implementation Facilitation Process in the Regions

he National Policy for Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Development has been successfully formulated. According the planning, the policy will be put into implementation beginning from 2004 through a series of facilitation process in selected regions, namely Kab. Sawahlunto Sijunjung (W. Sumatra), Kab. Bangka Selatan (Bangka Belitung), Kab. Lebak (Banten), Kab. Kebumen (C. Java), Kab. Lombok Barat (NTB), Kab. Pangkajene Kepulauan (S. Sulawesi), and Kab. Gorontalo (Gorontalo).

For this purpose WASPOLA organized a workshop entitled Workshop on

Understanding the National Policy and Its Implementation Facilitation Process in the Regions. The purpose SOURCE: WASPOLA DOCUMENTATION of the workshop is to provide a better understanding to facilitators about the policy and prepare a detailed work plan for the implementation facilitation process in the regions. The workshop was held in Purwakarta on 24-27 May 2004 and attended by 20 participants consisting of facilitators, WSS Working Group, WASPOLA, and WSP-EAP of the World Bank. (OM)

MPA Orientation Workshop

or three days, 12-14 May 2004, 32 participants from Bappenas, Ministry of Health (Depkes), Ministry of Home Affairs (Depdagri), Regional Government of Sukabumi, WASPOLA and WSP-EAP World Bank consultants assisted by 4 facilitators, attended an orientation workshop about Methodology of Participatory Assessments (MPA) at Lido, Sukabumi. The opening and short description about the workshop was given By Mr. Basah Hernowo, Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas. The topics discussed in the workshop consisted of Gender Equity, Sustainability, Demand Responsive Approach, MPA Framework and concluded with introduction to MPA tools. A field visit was made to Kutajaya village, Kec. Cicurug. The result of the visit was presented as a material for discussion. During the orientation process the participants and the community are placed in an equal position, together in

discussing the problems of the village. Direct communication with the community has inspired the participants about the fulfillment of community demand. Understanding about the tradition, terminology used, and local characteristics becomes a key into understanding the demand of the community. Until 2002 Kutajaya village received a Depkes facilitated project and the facility constructed is now still functioning and used by the community. According to the community, the involvement of all components of the community, rich, poor, men and women; provision of responsibility to make decision, construction of facility in accordance with the demand and serious facilitation from the project, has stimulated the growth of community commitment in management.

In this occasion, MPA orientation was focused on the tools for project evaluation purpose. There are other tools namely for planning and supervision. However, this orientation has given the participants a new perspective to listen and apply demand responsive approaches and seriousness in conducting MPA processes and community involvement. (dorman)
SOURCE: WASPOLA DOCUMENTATION

Percik 37 June 2004

A MPL
Seminar on Water Supply and Sanitation Service under a Recurring Drought Condition

"Water Supply and Sanitation Service Must Be Improved"

SOURCE: OSWAR MUNGKASA

r. Suyono Dikun, the Deputy for Infrastructures Development of Bappenas reminds all the stakeholders to pay attention to sustain the quality of water supply and sanitation service, through the solution to microcosmic or macrocosmic problems. This statement was delivered in a Seminar on Water Supply and Sanitation Service Under a Recurring Drought Condition at the J.W. Marriot Hotel, Surabaya, 6-7 May 2004. According to him, microcosmic and macrocosmic disasters are equally dangerous to humanity. He cited the studies conducted by Hans G. Peterson from the Safe Drinking Water Foundation who concluded that there are at least 26 diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, 22 caused by fecal viral pathogens, not including those caused by protozoa and

"All stakeholders, whether they want or not, prepared or unprepared, must agree that nature as water holder for human need which is now in a poor condition must be repaired as an effort to sustain human culture."
algae/cyanobacteria because of poor water quality or insufficient quantity. Microcosmic damages will lead to macrocosmic disasters. This can be seen from the declining environmental condition in countries that have problems with human resources, like Indonesia. Unfulfilled microcosmic demand will cause men to disrupt upon nature, directly or

indirectly, to fulfill their need. Based on the existing data during the last 10 years the amount of forest areas in Indonesia is decreasing by 1,6-2,4 million hectares each year. The impact is missing aquifers, decreasing water table, changes to climatic condition, increasing of drought areas, increasing of flood areas, increasing the occurrence and areas of landslides, and so on. "All stakeholders, whether they want or not, prepared or unprepared, must agree that nature as water holder for human need which is now in a poor condition must be repaired as an effort to sustain human culture," says him. This seminar is divided into 2 sessions. In session I, Mr. Arum Atmawikarta, the Director of Health and Community Nutrition, Bappenas delivered his paper entitled 'The impact of drought upon health and human resources' and Mrs. Erna Witoelar, the UN Special Ambassador for MDGs in Asia and the Pacific, her paper entitled 'The impact of disasters to the achievement of MDGs.' In session II, Mr. Rahmat Karnadi, Director of Central Region Urban and Rural Development, Depkimpraswil presented his paper entitled 'Overcoming the Community of the Drought Sensitive Areas in Getting Water'; and Mr. Hening Darpito, Director of Hygiene Water and Sanitation presented his 'Anticipation of the Impact of Drought from Health aspect'. On the day before the opening the participants made a visit to the site of a community managed WSS facility at the village of Kedungbanjar, Kec. Sugio, Kabupaten Lamongan, E. Java. This village received project assistance from the WSLIC-2. (MJ)

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A MPL
Water Week: Diving Into Implementation

n the third week of February 2004, the members of WSS Working Group were invited to attend Water Week, representing an annual agenda of the World Bank. This year's specific topic was Diving into Implementation. The Indonesian delegates consist of Mr. Basah Hernowo (Director of Human Settlement & Housing, Bappenas), Mr. Oswar Mungkasa (Bappenas), Sucipto (Ministry of Health), Djoko Wartono (Ministry of Health), and Zainal Nampira (Ministry of Health). Some of the valuable results are presented in the articles below. The topic Diving into Implementation is intended to provide a better insight to (i) more than just a promise but a direct action; (ii) more than just strengthening institution of capital investment but venture on a learning by doing; (iii) instead of a mere rethoric try to give a pragmatic answer; and (iv) instead of fragmentation try to cooperate. The topic is divided into three sub-topics, namely (i) funding and cost recovery; (ii) the role of public and private sectors; and (iii) the big challenge to hygiene and sanitation. All of which are divided into 29 parallel sessions. The Indonesian delegates in session Institutional Change: Scaling up Drinking Water Services: The cases of India,

Indonesia, China, and South Africa have had a chance to present their paper on the national policy formulation for community based WSS development in its relation with regional autonomy/decentralization in Indonesia (for further reference please visit www.worldbank.org/waterweek or www.ampl.or.id). Jamal Saghir (Director of Energy and Water of the World Bank) in his opening speech made some interesting remarks, (i) the debates on whether the water supply and sanitation is privately or publicly managed is actually insignificant. What is most important to note is who is capable of providing a sustainable, and non-costly especially to the poor, water supply and sanitation service regardless of private or public entity; (ii) the processing of drinking water and sanitation treatment cost a lot of money. Questions now arise as to what is meant by cost recovery which relates only to explicit costs covering investment, and management and maintenance costs, while the implicit costs for water provision, interest and other costs are not accommodated; (iii) the change in paradigm from supply driven into demand driven up to its implementation will take a long period of time and highest level of patience; (iv) the discussion about international differences in indicators is necessary but what is

more important is an agreement to the minimum indicators which serve as benchmark for water supply and sanitation management. There was also some mention about the World Bank business strategy which relates to water supply and sanitation namely increasing the coverage for the poor community, improvement of services performance, improvement of access to rural drinking water supply and sanitation, and effective water resources management. It is realized that drinking water and sanitation sector is important especially as it relates to the global agreement of MDGs which are focused on poverty reduction. Drinking water supply and sanitation development will directly influence the economy, improvement in health, environmental sustainability, better education, all of which will converge to reduction in number of poor population. In drinking water supply and sanitation services, the responsibility for policy formulation and stipulation of regulation is imposed on the public sector. The role of private sector is as proprietor of asset, supervision, and provision of service. In the latest three functions the government can always play a certain role, or even establishment of a public private partnership (PPP). (OM)

WSS Development Experience from Uganda

n relation to WSS development the Ugandan government has been successful in formulating several policies and legal frameworks, such as (i) Uganda Water Action Plan (1995); National Water Policy (1999); Water Statute (1995); and their supporting regulations Water Resource Regulation (1999) and Sewerage Regulation (1999). Othe related regulations are among others The Environmental Management Statute (1995), National Health Policy and Health Sector Strategic Plan (1999) and the National Gender Policy (1997). As compared to Indonesia, Uganda seems more advanced in gender regulation. The institutions related to WSS management are, (i) Ministry of Water, Lands, and Environment (MWLE) responsible for policy formulation, determining standards and priorities in water resources management; (ii) Directorate of Water

Development (DWD) which represents the main institution and responsible body for water resources management, coordination and control sector activities and facilitation to local government and other support services; (iii) National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), represents an independent institution responsible for provision of drinking water supply and sanitation service to 15 big cities; (iv) the regional governments and the communities are responsible in the implementation, management and maintenance of their respective facilities (except thos managed by NWSC). Constraints A few constraints face up by Uganda, obviously quite similar with Indonesia, which are (i) lack of fund; (ii) unsufficient human resources capacity in both local and central level; (iii) poor attentiveness

for maintaining the system. WSES Development Framework The WSES development frameworks was develoved based on (i) Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP). Three main components which related with WSES sector were economic growth, incremental of poor family income, improvement of poor people quality of life; (ii) water sector reform, which was begun in 1997. The rural WSES strategies, which basically are not quite different with our strategy, are (i) demand driven approach; (ii) integrated approach, meaning that all development processes starting from planning until maintaining integrated in one package; (iii) integrated management; (iv) community based management system (CBMS). OM

Percik 39 June 2004

A MPL
Individual On-Site Treatment

Is Suitable for Jakarta

n 17 June last, National Workshop on Domestic Wastewater Management was held at Ancol Jakarta. One of the working papers was one presented by Tan Sri Dato Ahmad bin Johan from Malaysia entitled 'Management of Domestic Waste Water, Malaysian Experience'. He revealed that communal septic tank was introduced in Malaysia during the decades 1970-80s after individual septic tanks could not hold any more. At the same time the related master plan and policies were developed. One of the policies is prohibition to dispose of black water (from toilet) and grey water (from kitchen) into a drainage before it is treated accordingly. Early 1990s was the beginning of regional treatment facility development and provision of a bigger role to the private sector. The critical condition during the late 1990s has urged the application of a cheaper technology and a more practical concept in domestic wastewater treatment facilities. The result is that 80 per-

SOURCE: SPECIAL

cent of Malaysian population since 2000 has enjoyed domestic wastewater treatment services through a variety of tech-

WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS USED IN MALAYSIA

NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. TYPE OF FACILITY CODE IST CST IT OP AL EA HK SATS OD AS BF BS TF AB RBC SBR LEA NO. OF FACILITIES 822.639 3.862 928 648 75 581 2081 4480 102 151 100 65 40 43 32 15 95 NO. OF USERS 5 132 759 4.282 20.490 2.204 750 80 4.848 2.685 3.347 3.568 2.372 564 3.224 3.055 1.110 TOTAL COVERAGE 4.133.190 509.784 704.352 2.774.736 1.536.750 1.280.524 1.560.750 358.400 494.496 405.435 334.700 231.920 94.880 24.252 103.168 45.825 105.450

Individual Septic Tank Communal Septic Tank Imhoff Tank Oxidation Pond Aerated Lagoon Extended Aeration Hi-Kleen Sewage Aeration System Oxidation Ditch Activated Sludge Bio Filter Bio Soil Trickling Filter Active Bio Rotating Biological Contractor Sequencing Bath Reactor Loyal Extended Aeration/Other

nologies such as presented in the table. It seems that individual septic tank (IST) is the most favoured by the Malaysian community (28,11%) and this reflect a similar picture to a study conducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers in US in 2000 which reveals that 25% of the American communities prefer IST rather than CST or other types, so it predicted that the use of IST is increasing and more dominant especially in the less densely populated areas. In Malaysia the use of communal septic tank (CST) as a decentralized treatment system is more recommendable than a centralized treatment system. The workshop finally recommends that in the context of domestic wastewater technology, the most potential for application in Jakarta and in Indonesia generally is the decentralized concept and the technology to be applied is Individual On-Site Treatment (IST) and Communal/Decentralized Treatment System.
(Agus Suswanto)

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MI N O R N E W S

World Environment Day

n the commemoration of World Environment day, 5 July 2004 the government bestowed Piagam Adipura upon 10 kabupatens. This occasion is a part of Bangun Praja Program which is designed to help the regional governments (Kabupaten/Kota) to improve their respective environment towards Good Environmental Governance. The Bangun Praja Program was launched on the same commemoration day of 2002 in Denpasar, Bali. The ten cities are City of East Jakarta, City of Semarang, and City of West Jakarta, each as metropolitan city category. While for big city category the plaque was bestowed upon Denpasar City. For medium city the plague went to Pare-Pare and Binjai. For small towns the plaque went to Kabupaten Bangli, Sabang town,

Sibolga, and Kabupaten Muara Enim. President Megawati kindly bestowed the plaques at the State Palace on 7 July. In the meantime, in connection with the commemoration the NGO activists under the coordination of WALHI/FoEIndonesia urge the government and the private sector to return and recover the life supporting resources that have been indiscreetly seized from the people. These activists also demand the government to acknowledge natural resources management by the community, and to as soon as possible find solution to natural resources conflicts. The government is urged to as soon as possible ratify the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and ILO

Convention No. 169 year 1989 on Indigenous and Traditional Communities in Independent Nation. In addition, the activists also demand that forceful action by state apparatus and criminal act against civilian be put to an end. In this connection, the activists demand that the involvement of and the business entity of Indonesian armed forces and the state police related to exploitation of natural resources be terminated and resolved. Specifically with the president and vice president candidates the activists demand that they declare their initial 100 day plan in environmental recovery action plan and other major programs related to sustainable and equitable environmental management. (MJ)

AMPL website will change face

hortly, the Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan (water supply and sanitation, WSS) website www.ampl.or.id will appear in a different face. The whole design structure will be changed. The contents will remain the same but with a simpler grouping system. While in a major reshaping, the website is not disappearing. Visitors can always visit it and explore the data contained therein through the old appearance. It is estimated this improvement can be completed by end of July 2004 and relaunching will take place early August. The new WSS website development is based on the parameter used in the evaluation of government website, i.e. speed, homepage, contents, context, usability, readability, data mobility, accuracy, public service, hits, platform used.

SANIMAS Seminar
Bali, 27-29 April 2004
n 27-29 April 2004 a seminar related to the implementation of SANIMAS was held in Bali. The topic of the seminar is: "Mainstreaming the community based Sanitation Approach: Lessons from SANIMAS Experience". The seminar took place at the Sanur Paradise Plaza Hotels & Suites and was opened by Putu Cahyata, Chairman of Development Planning of Bali Province. After the opening a press conference was held by Richard Pollard (WSP-EAP Regional Director), Zabeta Moutafis (First Secretary Australian Embassy), and Basah Hernowo (Director of Human Settlement & Housing, Bappenas). The seminar was filled with presenta-

tion and discussions as well as field visit. At the end of the seminar, the participants were divided into several groups to discuss sanitation strategic plan within the issues: (i) the applicable potentials in the implementation of community based sanitation for a city sanitation planning; (ii) the knowledge that builds barriers to mainstreaming community based sanitation. The presentation of the field experience was conducted by BORDA, a non government organization that joined in handling the SANIMAS implementation and the representatives from the cities of Denpasar, Kediri, Mojokerto, and Blitar, the sites of SANIMAS project implementation. (MJ)

Percik 41 June 2004

L IBRARY
STUDY
Water Supply and Sanitation in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) Initiatives. A Desk Review of Emerging Experience in Sub-Saharan Africa SSA) WSPEA, 2002.

WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Management of City Waste Materials Guidelines for Implementers Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development, Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2003 Management of City Waste Materials Guidelines for Regional Government Executive or Legislative Officials Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development, Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2003 Basic Concept in the Formulation of Standard for Water Supply Service Ministry of Settlement System and Regional Infrastructures Development, Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2004 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Management in a Densely Populated Settlement Area. Ministry of Environment, 2003.

PROCEEDING
Proceeding of World Water Day National Seminar 2004. Water and Disasters. World Water Day National Committee, 2004 Monitoring and Evaluating Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Projects. Proceeding of the Monitoring and Evaluation Workshop, Jinja, Uganda. WSP-ESA, 1997. Ecosan - closing the loop. Proceeding of the 2nd International Symposium on Ecological Sanitation, Germany, 7-11 April 2003. International Water Association (IWA) and Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ).

GUIDELINES
National Action Plan - Water Supply Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development, Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2003. National Action Plan - Waste Water Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development, Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2003. National Action Plan - Solid Wastes Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development, Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2003.

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DCV

VCD

Methodology for Participatory Assessments (MPA). Private Infrastructure for Poor People. A Working Resource Guide. The World Bank and Public Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF).

DATA
Inventory and Evaluation of the Implementation of Basic Infrastructures and Facility Development in Urban Settlements, 1992-2002. Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development, Directorate General for City Planning and Rural Planning, 2003.

PROCEEDING
SANIMAS National Seminar. Mainstreaming Community Based Sanitation Approaches. Lessons Learned from the SANIMAS Experience. Bali 27-29 April 2004. Government of Indonesia, AusAID, WSP-EAP, BORDA.

LEAFLET
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation: A Community-Based Approach in Ethiopia. Field Note. Water and Sanitation ProgramAfrica Region (WSP-AF), 2002. Identifying Demand Drivers for Sanitation Technologies. The Case of Ecosan in Africa. Water and Sanitation Program-Africa Region (WSP-AF), 2001.

ACTIVITY
MCK Plus. Community Based Sanitation Program. Bina Ekonomi Sosial Terpadu (BEST).

GLOSSARY
Advocacy Originally it means speaking on behalf of another. But presently the meaning has shifted into a process in managing information and strategic knowledge to change and/or influence a policy and implementation that influences the life of the community (especially the disadvantaged group). The change can take place in the form of: (i) attitude and political will; (ii) policy and decision making; (iii) monitoring and policy implementation; (iv) community awareness of a policy and its implementation; (v) sensitivity and participation of civil society. Drinking water Processed or unprocessed water that meets health standard and may directly be taken for drinking (Ministry of Health Decision No 907/ 2002). Clean water Water that may be used for daily activity that meets health standard and after boiling may be taken for drinking. Environmental sanitation An effort to prevent the prevalence and contamination of disease through provision of basic sanitation (toilet), domestic wastewater treatment (including wastewater piping network, drainage canal, and solid wastes. Community based drinking water supply and environmental sanitation It is a management that places the community as the decision maker and the responsible party, the management is the community of an institution selected by the community, that does not need a formal legalization, the beneficiary are mainly the local community, and the investment may come from any source (group, community, government, private sector, or donor).

TYPES OF SANITATION SERVICE

Toilet A construction built to contain human waste in order to prevent direct contact with human being, animal, and insect. On-site system Is a wastewater processing facility constructed within house compound consisting of a pit, septic tank and a small scale processing package. Pit or open pit It is a facility to process human waste and urine into compost. A pit uses only a small quantity of water, simple technology, and a cheap investment. One of the weaknesses is it requires a certain level of soil percolation rate and depth of water table. Also it cannot include wastewater from the washing, bathroom and kitchen. Septic tank Septic tank is a structure to contain wastewater and excrement where anaerobic decomposition process is to take place. Septic tank can also hold wastewater from the washing, bathroom and kitchen. Black Water Processing Facility (Instalasi Pengolahan Lumpur Tinja) It is a facility to process black water coming from individual septic tanks which are periodically emptied. This processing is intended to kill bacteria, virus and worm eggs originating from the septic tanks. Off-site system It consists of conventional sewerage supplemented with black water processing facility, shallow sewer and small bore sewer to drain wastewater within a limited capacity and specified service area. Conventional sewerage A waster processing system consisting of home connection, a network of collector pipes, conveyance pipe, pump station, and a processing installation which is concentrated in an within one or several locations of a city. This system applies self cleansing method so that the drainage must be inclined to a certain necessary gradient. Shallow sewer It represents a wastewater processing facility built with a low investment and covering a limited service area. This system is not supplemented with a manhole but a control box instead. It needs the participation of the community to regularly cleanse the drain by flush water, because the small pipe gradient does not permit self cleansing. Small-bore sewer A wastewater processing that permits only effluent to flow from the septic tank, and collects into as centralized wastewater installation. The black water within the septic tank must be emptied off and transported by a truck.
(Types of sanitation service is summarized from National Action Plan, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructures Development, 2003)

Percik 43 June 2004

GENDA

Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Agenda

Date
1 2 4 7 9-10 10 11 15 15-17 16 16-18 23-25 23 24-25 28&30 28-29 30 1

Month
June June June June June June June June June June June June June June June June June July

Activity
Review of CWSH basic concept Review Meeting re: WASPOLA Work Plan 2004 Review Work Plan re: Basic Sanitation Stimulant Assistance for Kab. Subang Review Meeting: Sanitation Development Implementation in SANIMAS Pilot Project National Workshop: National Policy for Flood Mitigation Meeting: CWSH Project Design Meeting: Preparation for WASPOLA Activity 2004 Review TOR for Water Resources Conservation Seminar Meeting: Preparatory for TOT for Policy Implementation Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Kebumen Workshop on Advocacy of Concept and SPAR Completion CWSH Project of Jambi Review of Proposal for WASPOLA 2 Grant Amendment Workshop: Advocacy of Concept and SPAR Completion CWSH Project of Bengkulu Workshop: Advocacy of Concept and SPAR Completion CWSH Project of W. Kalimantan Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Pangkajene Kepulauan Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Banten and Kab. Lebak Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Babel and Kab. Bangka Selatan Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Sumbar and Kab. Sijunjung Workshop: Advocacy of Concept and SPAR Completion CWSH Project of C. Kalimantan Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Central Java Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Kebumen Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. NTB Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Gorontalo Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Kab. Lombok Barat Workshop WASPOLA Work Plan 2004 Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. Gorontalo Presentation of National WSS Policy Implementation at Prov. S. Sulawesi Meeting re CWSH Project Preparation Presentation and Review of Pedum Proair Concept Review of WSS Database Trial and Public Campaign TOT MPA/PHAST Facilitator for National Policy Implementation WSLIC-2 Technical Team Meeting Preparation for WASPOLA Board of Directors Meeting Finalising SPAR CWSH Project National Policy for Institutionally Based WSS Working Team Meeting Meeting re Preparation of Exhibition WASPOLA Board of Directors Meeting

3 6-8 7 8 9 12 13-16 16 20 21-24 26 10

July July July July July July July July July July July August

Nusantara Water 2004

n 19-20 August 2004 Perpamsi, an association of Indonesian drinking water producing companies, will organize Nusantara Water 2004 conference and exhibition at the Assembly Hall, Jakarta Convention Centre. This activity is intended to show the public what, within 59 years, the drinking water companies have produced; to invite the interest of foreign investors; and to serve as an opportunity for experts within this subject to meet each other and share information.

World Water Week, Stockholm 16-20 August 2004

Water for Life Decade (2005-2015)

he UNO has declared 2005-2015 as Water for Life Decade and has made several agendas focused to water related issues.

he 14th World Water Week is scheduled to be held in Stockholm on 16-20 August 2004. The activity will be filled with a series of symposia and seminars attended by experts from all over the world. The topic is "Drainage Basin security-Regional Approaches for Food and Urban Security". There are 6 seminars in the schedule. Those interested to please contact the committee secretariat at the Stockholm International Water Institute, Hanwerkargataan 5, SE-112 Stockholm, Sweden Telephoe: +46 (0) 8 522 139 74 Fax: +46 (0) 8 522 139 61 Email: sympos@siwi.org or visit www.siwi.org. (MJ)

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