1-I TRODUCTIO

National Thermal Power Corporation is a big name in power generation world. It is government undertaking company in India which is among world largest and most efficient power generating company. In forbs list of worlds 2000 largest companies for the year 2007 NTPC Ltd. Occupies 4th place and glowing everyday to become a power plant. It is main power generating unit in India feeding approx 60% of the total needs. It has total installed capacity of 29,344 MW. It has 15 coal based power station (23395MW) and 7 gas based power station (3955 MW) and 4 power station in joint venture (1794MW) . The company has power generating facility in all major region of the country. It plans to be 75,000MW producing company by 2017. NTPC has gone beyond the thermal power generation. It has diversified into hydro power. Coal mining, power equipment manufacturing, oil and gas exploration, power trading and distribution etc. NTPC is now in the entire power value chair .

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2-ABOUT TPC KAHALGAO

NTPC Kahalgaon is one of the project in eastern region contributing to NTPCs good health its unit in Bihar was set up in the year 1987 with the technical collaboration with USSR. It is situated at Kahalgaon 30 km from Bhagalpur town. The nearest airport to it is in Patna which is the capital if state Bihar. The total land acquired by NTPC Khstpp is 3360 acres among which 883 acres for plant,432 acre for township,522 acres for MGR. 1395 acres for DYKE, 28 acres for makeup water, 70 acres for system approach and 30 acres for other. It is a thermal power plant that uses coal, as fuel. The coal fields (ECL, LALMATIA, ASANSOL and MCL) which supplies India l Bituminous coal whose calorific value varies between 2700 kcal per kg to 3000 kcal/kg and water requirement is met from the river Ganga. 80% of total power generated is supplied to west Bengal, 15% to Bihar, 5% to Jharkhand. There are total 10 lines outgoing from plant. 4lines to Bihar Shariff, 2 lines to Patna, 2 lines to naithan and 2 lines to Farakka.

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3-OVERVIEW OF TPC KAHALGAO

Location : Bihar, Dist. Bhagalpur, P.O. Deeptinagar

Installed Capacity : 1840 MW

Area

: 3360 Acres

Configuration

: Stage-I : Stage-II Phase-I : Stage-II Phase-II

4X210 MW 2X500MW 1X500MW

Source of Fuel

: Rajmahal Hurra, Chuperbita of the Eastern Coalfield Ltd.

Fuel Requirements : Stage-I Stage-II

4.1 MT/Yr. 6.62 MT/Yr (phase-I) 3.07 MT/Yr. (Phase-II)

Makeup Water

: 7500 M3/Hr (Stage-I) 6000 M3/Hr (Stage-II)

CW System

: Closed Cycle, Induced Draft, Cross Flow Cooling Towers

Beneficiary States : The states and Union Territories of NR, WR, ER, & SR.

Approved Project Cost I) 6330 Crors (Stage-II) Synchronization : Unit-1 Unit-3 1992 1995

: 1715 Crors (Stage-

Unit-2 Unit-4

1994 1996

Commercialization : Unit-1 Unit-3 Unit-5

Jan 1995 Feb 1996 1st Aug 2008

Unit-2 Unit-4 Unit-6

April 1995 Aug 1996 30th2008

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4-BASIC FU CTIO OF THERMAL PLA T

Figure No.1(basic function of thermal plant)

4.1) COAL TO ELECTRICITY:
The thermal power plant uses a dual (vapour +liquid) phase .It is closed cycle to enable the working fluid to be used again and again. The cycle used is "Ranking cycle "modified to include super heating of steam, regenerative feed water heating and reheating of steam.

4.2) BOILERA boiler or steam generator essentially is a container into which water can be fed and steam can be taken out of desired pressure, temperature and flow. This calls for the application of heat on the container. For this boiler should have a facility to burn a fuel and release the heat. The function of boiler or steam generator thus can be stated as I. II. To convert chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy. To transfer this heat energy to water for evaporation as well to steam for superheating.

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4.3) ECO OMIZERThese are provided in the boilers to improve the efficiency of the boiler by extracting the heat from flue gases and add it as either sensible heat alone or sensible heat or latent heat to the feed water before the water enters the evaporating surface of the boiler Provision of economizer in a boiler has two advantagesi) As the economizer recover the heat in flue gas that leaves the boiler and transfer to working fluid there will be savings in fluid consumption. ii) As the feed water is preheated in the economizer and enters the boiler tubes at an elevated temperature the heat transfer area required will be reduced considerably.

4.4) BOILER DRUM-

Figure no.2 (boiler drum, superheater, reheater, and economizer)

In a sub critical recirculation boiler, the drum plays an important functional role in the erection of power boiler; the lifting of the boiler drum is the first milestone. The fictions of drum are:a) Separation of saturated steam from the steam-water mixture produces by
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the evaporating tubes. b) Mixing feed water from economizer and water separated from steam -water mixture, are re-circulated through the evaporating tubes. c) Carrying out blown down for reduction of boiler water salt concentration d) Treatment of boiler water by chemicals. As the quantity of water contained in the drum below the water level is relatively small compared to the total steam output, the function of water storage in drum is not significant.

4.5) SUPERHEATERSSuper heaters are provided in the boiler to raise the steam the steam temperature above the saturation temperature by absorbing the heat from the flue gas . It has many advantagesi) By increasing the temperature of the steam , the useful energy that can be recovered economically increases thus the efficiency of the cycle. ii) Superheating of steam eliminates the condensation of steam during transporting of steam in pipelines and inside the early stage of turbine which is harmful to the turbine blades and the pipelines. iii) Limits the work done by turbine stage to avoid excessive erosion of blades.

4.6) REHEATERS Development of large capacity steam turbines with more number of stages posed a problem of retaining the steam with vapor phase till the last stage. It is because even with a larger steam turbine the inlet steam temperature is kept at 540 C only due super heater limitation. To overcome this problem it becomes necessary to raise the temperature after part of energy is extracted from it in the steam turbine This is called reheating of steam which increases the cycle efficiency .This reheating of steam is done in the boiler which supplies the superheated steam to the turbine , itself at the heating surfaces called Re-heaters.

4.7) FORCED DRAUGHTIn this system a fan called forced draught fan is installed at the inlet of boiler . This fan forces the atmospheric air through the boiler furnace and pushes out the hot gases from the furnace through super heaters, re heaters, economizers, air heaters etc. to the stack . This steam is under a positive pressure. Utmost care is necessary to seal all the openings of the boiler so that the hot gases inside the boiler do not leak out.
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4.8) I DUCED DRAUHGHTHere a fan called induced draught fan is provided at output of the boiler that is just before the chimney .This fan sucks the hot gases from the furnace through the super heaters, repeaters, economizer's air heaters etc and discharges the gases into the chimney. This results the furnace pressure lower than the atmosphere and effects the flow if air from outside the furnace. In induced draught system the entire boiler is at pressure below atmosphere. Due to this air can be drawn into the boiler setting. This leakage of air into the boiler is known as air ingress.

4.9) TURBI E-

Figure No.3 (turbine and generator)

A turbine a form of engine requires in order functioning a suitable working fluid, a source of high grade energy and a sink for low grade energy. When a fluid flows through a turbine, a part of energy content is continuously extracted and converted into useful mechanical work. Steam and gas turbines use heat energy, while water turbine uses pressure energy. A steam turbine has two main parts are cylinder and rotor. The cylinder (stator) is made up of steel or cast iron housing usually divided at horizontal centerline. Its halves are bolted together for easy access. The cylinder contains fixed blades, vanes and nozzles that direct steam into the moving blade carried by the rotor. Each fixed blade set is mounted in diaphragms
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located in front of each disc of the rotor, or directly in the casing. A disc and a diaphragm pair is one stage. Steam turbines can have many stages. The rotor is rotating shaft that carries the moving blades on the outer edges of each disc or drum. The blades rotate as rotor revolves.

4.10) CO DE SERThe steam after condensing in a condenser is known as condensate, is

Figure No.4( condenser)

extracted out of the condenser hot well by condensate pump and taken to the dearator, through ejectors , gland steam cooler and series of LP heaters.

4.11) COOLI G WATER SYSTEM-

Figure No.5(cooling water system) 4.12) CO DE SATE PUMPSThe function of these pumps is to pump out the condensate to the deaerator.
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4.13) DEARATORIt is used to remove unwanted gases which are mixed in cold water during condensing of steam.

Figure No. 6(Dearator) 4.14) BOILER FEED PUMPFrom the condenser the condensate is pumped through low pressure heaters by the extraction pump, after which its pressure is raised to boiler pressure by the boiler feed pump. It is passed through further heaters to the economizers and the boiler for reconversion of steam

5-IT DEPARTME T
IT department was formerly known by EDP. EDP is abbreviated from of Employee Data Process. IT department deals with IT requirement setup and day to day maintenance within the whole plant. Network of fiber cable has been laid in the whole plant to perform the required function. It has a built in server to cater to its IT requirement. Different system is there which are used to help various departments in their effective functions of routine tasks so as to help in faster and effective decision making. 5.1) FU CTIO S OF IT DEPARTME T1. System investigation 2. System analysis 3. System design. 4. Programming 5. System implementation
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6. System maintenance 7. Prototyping of systems developed at corporate. 8. Maintaining data base system 9. Hardware selection 10. Software selection 11. Computer security

THREE MAI PART OF IT DEPARTME T1. Satellite communication 2. Networking 3. Telephone exchange

5.2) SATELLITE COMMU ICATIO The origins of Satellite Communication can be traced back to an article written by Mr. Arthur C. Clarke in the British Radio magazine Wireless World in 1945. Satellite communication began much latter in October 1957 with the lunch by U.S.S.R. of small satellite called Sputnik I. The first true communication satellites, Telstar I and II, were launched in July 1962 and May 1963. Since then there has no looking back. Satellite communication offers a great number of advantages over terrestrial links, that is why, it is preferred over terrestrial communication, namely :1-High availability minimal/nil fading. 2-No last mile problem. 3-Extensive coverage-Hemi/Zonal/Spot. 4-Broad cast nature allows easy point to multipoint links. 5-Easy scalability and expandability of network. 6-Security and secrecy can be adequately addressed. 7-Less prone to failure due to natural calamities. The disadvantages being:1-High up- front investment in ground segment. 2-High recurring cost on satellite segment. A Sattcom exchange has also been provided in NTPC-Kahalgaon, which caters to the communication needs all its 96 employees. The outdoor unit basically consists of the Antenna. The indoor unit comprises a modem, multiplexer, router, DAMA, DTE, EPBX.The users can connect to the worldwide web or the companys internet using this system. Using a PC the users can connects to the company LAN via
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a modem and then via server all the outside mails are router to the Proxy server. From the router the data is routed to the multiplexer from where it goes to the RFT via a modem. The data is transmitted via the antenna and the satellite to the NTPC earth station at Muradnagar (now NOIDA). To connect to the Corporate Center a 2Mbps micro wave link is used. A proxy server is also present in the Corporate Center from where it connects to the Internet world via CGI and MTNL/BSNL server.

5.21) PRIVATE BRA CH AUTOMATIC EXCHA GEThe EPBAX connects to the main plant telephone exchange as well as a member of subscribers. These provide the facility of voice communication via satellite to the users. This is particularly useful in case of terrestrial links, which are much more damage prone. GDAMS data is also sent to the corporate centre using this link, as is illustrated in figure. A brief description of the component is given below:-

5.22) SATELLITEThe third transponder of INSAT-3E with a bandwidth of 18MHz has been allocated to NTPC to cater to its communication purposes. The bandwidth was updated to 27MHZ on 19th of July, 2005.The Kahalgaon satellite Communication Plan is given below: Satellite Location Transponder No. Transponder Bandwidth : : : : INSAT 3E 55 DEG EAST 3 27MHz 6039.00MHz) Beacon Frequency Polarization : : 4190.97MHz E/S U/L LINEAR HORIZONTAL E/S DN/L LINEAR VERTICAL MCPC Stn. Spt Tx. Setting MCPC Stn. Setting : : 6025MHz 3800MHz (6012.00MHz-

5.23) A TE

A-

The antenna is of CASs grain configuration using shaped reflector technique to optimize receive gain to noise ratio and the corrugation technique for primary horn feed to get better symmetry and minimum side lobe of the radiation pattern. The antenna specification is given below:[11]

Type Feed And Reflector

: LIMITED STEERABLE AZ-EL MOUNT : 7.5M dia. CASSEGRAIN WITH SHAPED

REFLECTOR Tracking : MANUAL DRIVE, AUTO STEP TRACK EL +5deg - +90deg AZ -20deg - +20 deg TX 5.850-6.425GHz Rx 3.700-4.200GHz Polarization : LINEAR ORTHOGONAL AND CIRCULAR 6GHz BAND- 51+20logf/6 dB 4GHz BAND 47.5+20logf/4dB Power Capacity Antenna Weight : 9 TONNES (Approx) Handling : 5KW C W

5.24) TRA SCIEVERThe AAV680 C-Band single Package Transceiver ODU interfaces with the 70MHz/140MHz Indoor Unit having bandwidths of + 18MHz. In Single Package RF Transceiver there 70 or 140 MHz if input from the indoor modulation to an RF signal in the C-Band, transmission via antenna and down convert the L-Band signal (950 1450 MHz) to an IF signal of 70/140 MHz for the demodulator. It designed as a single PCB. All SSPA configurations are designed as soft boards bounded onto aluminum base plates. A low noise amplifier is provided which receives the weak downlink signal (3.625-4200MHz) and amplifies it to the correct level before sending it to the SPT for frequency down conversion. It uses HEMT devices to achieve low noise, high gain and low distortion amplification features. A Booster is provided to boost up the transmit power of the signal from SPT. For better reliability, two streams of outdoor C-Band and Ex C-Band transceivers have been provided. A low noise amplifier is provided which receives the weak downlink signal (3.625-4.200MHz) and amplifies it to the correct level before sending it to the SPT for frequency down conversion. It uses HEMT devices to achieve low noise, high gain and low distortion amplification features. A Booster is provided to boost up the transmit power of the signal from SPT.
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For better reliability, two streams of outdoor C-Band and Ex C-Band transceivers have been provided. Redundancy switching equipment performs the switchover operation when a fault is detected at any one of the streams. Switchover can be auto/manual and results in less than half a second of traffic interruption. Independent path switching between the transceivers is allowed. There is a LNA

device. It receives very weak down link signal and amplifies it to the right level before sending to SPT for the frequency down conversion. This procedure uses High Electron Mobility Transistor (HETM) for low noise, high gain, and low distortion in amplification. It requires 12 V DC. Another equipment is used named BOOSTER. This is used to boost the transmit power of signal from SPT. It has two pats. 1. Power supply board-This converts AC to DC for SSPA. 2. SSPA (Solid State Power Amplifier)-This receives RF power from SPT and amplifies to correct power level.

5.25) RCUThe redundancy control unit is supplied with +12 or +15 V DC via agile transceivers. The unit contains1. Monitor & control (M & C ) module. 2. Window access panel (WAP ). 3. IF input power splitter. 4. IF output switch.

5.26) M & CThis module comes with an Intel based microcontroller to link the monitor and control functions from the outdoor RCU to the indoor DTE (usually PC). To active remote /local mode, toggle the DIP switch at the outdoor RCU window access panel.

5.27) MODEMThe word "modem" is a contraction of the words modulator-demodulator. The digital satellite modem serves as an interface between the users data terminal equipment and the IF frequency interface with the up/down converter. The UMOD has been configured for full duplex operation. The transmit and receive paths are independent for most applications. In the transmit direction the UMOD accepts user data at the common interface module (CIM) and directs it across the backplane to the transmit portion of the terrestrial data interface which converts the users electrical
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format to the format used in UMOD. The data is directed to the optional internal framing unit for processing and then to the UMOD motherboard. On the motherboard the data is sent to the channel encoder where scrambling, differential encoding & FEC encoding is performed. The data is then routed to the transmit filter for digital filtering and interpolation; then passed to the modulator where the signal is PSK modulated onto an IF carrier provided by the transmit synthesizer. This modulated carrier is then amplified in the IF stage, then routed for transmission across the backplane to the IF OUT connector on the IF panel. In the receive direction the IF signal is input at the IF IN connector on the IF Panel, passed across the backplane and received by the receive IF processor on the UMOD motherboard which performs low noise amplification, automatic gain control and filtering. The signal is then routed to the receive synthesizer and demodulator where the IF carrier is removed by either BPSK or QPSK demodulation. The resulting base band data is then directed to the channel decoder where it is FEC decoded, differentially decoded and descrambled. The data then passes through the optional IFU daughter card where defaming and other processing takes place. The data is then routed to the receive portion of the terrestrial data interface daughter card which converts the receive data and clock to appropriate formats and directs it across the backplane to the CIM where they can be accessed by the user.

5.28) MULTIPLEXERThe Kilomux is an advanced, highly versatile user configurable modular TDM system providing an efficient method for transmitting data, voice and fax over digital data services. Its main functions are:1. Multiplexing/De-multiplexing operation 2. System management 3. Interfacing with the optional external system management. The basic Kilomux system consists of two kilomux units interconnected with each other. Two main links are there to provide for standby redundancy for the main link. The Kilomux uses permanent on-demand allocation of main link bandwidth. The Kilomux is designed for unattended operation. A complete collection of parameters configuring the kilomux system and each of its modules is determined by a database which is stored in the non-volatile memory of the Kilomux control module. Kilomux can store two different databases and can be configured to switchover

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automatically between databases per requirement. It is provided with alarm buffer as well as LED indicator to display in real time the main link and power supply status. 5.29) ROUTERRouters are specialized computers that send your messages and those of every other Internet user speeding to their destinations along thousands of pathways.. These are crucial devices that let messages flow between networks rather than within networks. A router has two separate but related jobs:

(i) the router ensure that information doesn't go where it's not needed. This is crucial for keeping large volumes of data from clogging the connections of "innocent bystanders." (ii) The router makes sure that information does make it to the intended destination. It joins the two networks, passing information from one to the other and, in some cases, performing translations of various protocols between the two networks. It also protects the networks from one another, preventing the traffic on one from unnecessarily spilling over to the other. As the number of networks attached to one another grows, the configuration table for handling traffic among them grows, and the processing power of the router is increased. A configuration table is a collection of information, including: (i) Information on which connections lead to particular groups of addresses (ii) Priorities for connections to be used. (iii) Rules for handling both routine and special cases of traffic.

ROUTI G OF PACKETSThe office network connects to the router using an Ethernet connection. There are two connections between our router and the ISP. One is via the satcom system and the other via the BSNL ISDN line as is illustrated in figure I. This way the ISDN line is held as an insurance against a problem with the other faster connection. In addition to routing packets from one point to another, the router has rules limiting how computers from outside the network can connect to computers inside the network, how the network appears to the outside world, and other security functions. While most companies also have a special piece of hardware or software called a firewall to enforce security, the rules in a router's configuration table are important to keeping a company's (or family's) network secure.One of the crucial tasks for any router knows when a packet of information stays on its local network.
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For this, it uses a mechanism called a subnet mask. The subnet mask looks like an IP address and usually reads "255.255.255.0." This tells the router that all messages with the sender and receiver having an address sharing the first three groups of numbers are on the same network, and shouldnt be sent to another network. Thus knowing where and how to send a message is the most important job of a router. Some simple routers do this and nothing more. Other routers add additional functions to the jobs they perform. Rules about where messages from inside a company may be sent and from which companys messages are accepted can be applied to some routers. Others may have rules that help minimize the damage from "denial of service" attacks. The one constant is that modern networks, including the Internet, could not exist without the router.

5.3) ETWORKI GNetwork is a data processing node that is interconnected for the purpose of data interconnection. A network can be classified according to the various layers of OSI. These layers are i) Physical ii) data iii) network iv) transport v) services vi) presentation vii) application

5.31) PROTOCOL SA D STA DARDS PROTOCOLSet of rules governing communication between network elements(e.g. computers) defining: 1. syntax = what 2. semantics = how 3. timing = when (and how fast)

EED FOR STA DARDS1-Over the past couple of decades many of the networks that were built used different hardware and software implementations, as a result they were incompatible and it became difficult for networks using different specifications to communicate with each other. 2-To address the problem of networks being incompatible and unable to communicate with each other, the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) researched various network schemes. 3-The ISO recognised there was a need to create a NETWORK MODEL that would help vendors creates interoperable network implementations.
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STA DARDS1- Agree-upon rules enabling interoperability 2- Thoroughly tested and adhered to. 3- Established by standard organization: a) International standards organization(ISO), b) International telecommunications union telecommunication standards sector(ITU-T) c) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) d) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) e) Electronics Industries Association(EIA)

OSI REFERE CE MODEL A D APPLICATIO SThe model was developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in 1984. It is now considered the primary Architectural model for inter-computer communications. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is a descriptive network scheme. It ensures greater compatibility and interoperability between various types of network technologies.

Figure No.7( OSI layer)

The OSI model describes how information or data makes its way from application programmes (such as spreadsheets) through a network medium (such as wire) to another application programme located on another network. The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving information between computers over a network medium into SEVEN smaller and more manageable problems. This separation into smaller more manageable functions is known as layering.
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LAYER 7: APPLICATIO The application layer is the OSI layer that is closest to the user .It provides network services to the users applications. It differs from the other layers in that it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but rather, only to applications outside the OSI model. Examples of such applications are spreadsheet programs, word processing programs, and bank terminal programs. The application layer establishes the availability of intended communication partners, synchronizes and establishes agreement on procedures for error recovery and control of data integrity. LAYER 6: PRESE TATIO The presentation layer ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system. If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple data formats by using a common format provides encryption and compression of data. Examples- JPEG, MPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC, HTML. LAYER 5: SESSIO The session layer defines how to start, control and end conversations (called sessions) between applications. This includes the control and management of multiple bi-directional messages using dialogue control. It also synchronizes dialogue between two hosts' presentation layers and manages their data exchange. The session layer offers provisions for efficient data transfer. Examples- SQL, ASP. LAYER 4: TRA SPORTThe transport layer regulates information flow to ensure end-to-end connectivity between host applications reliably and accurately. The transport layer segments data from the sending host's system and reassembles the data into a data stream on the receiving host's system. The boundary between the transport layer and the session layer can be thought of as the boundary between application protocols and data-flow protocols. Whereas the application, presentation, and session layers are concerned with application issues, the lower four layers are concerned with data transport issues. Layer 4 protocols include TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). LAYER 3: ETWORKIt defines end-to-end delivery of packets. It defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified. Defines how routing works and how routes are learned so that the packets can be delivered. The network layer also defines how to fragment a
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packet into smaller packets to accommodate different media. Routers operate at Layer 3. Examples- IP, IPx. LAYER 2: DATA LI KThe data link layer provides access to the networking media and physical transmission across the media and this enables the data to locate its intended destination on a network. The data link layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical link by using the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses .The data link layer uses the MAC address to define hardware or data link address in order for multiple stations to share the same medium and still uniquely identify each other. Concerned with network topology, network access, error notification, ordered delivery of frames, and flow control. Examples: - Ethernet, Frame Relay, FDDI. LAYER 1 PHYSICAL LAYERThe physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between communicating network systems. Physical layer specifications define characteristics such as: 1. voltage levels 2. timing of voltage changes 3. physical data rates 4. maximum transmission distances 5. physical connectors Physical layer implementations can be categorized as either LAN or WAN specifications.

Figure No.8(layer switch)

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CO

ECTIO -ORIE TED A D CO

ECTIO LESS

ETWORK SERVICESIn general, transport protocols can be characterized as being either connectionoriented or connectionless. Connection-oriented services must first establish a connection with the desired service before passing any data. A connectionless service can send the data without any need to establish a connection first. In general, connection-oriented services provide some level of delivery guarantee, whereas connectionless services do not. Connection-oriented service involves three phases: connection establishment, data transfer, and connection termination. During connection establishment, the end nodes may reserve resources for the connection. The end nodes also may negotiate and establish certain criteria for the transfer, such as a window size used in TCP connections. The data transfer phase occurs when the actual data is transmitted over the connection. During data transfer, most connectionoriented services will monitor for lost packets and handle resending them. The protocol is generally also responsible for putting the packets in the right sequence before passing the data up the protocol stack. 5.32) LA LAN is a high-speed data network that covers a relatively small geographic area. It typically connects workstations, personal computers, printers, servers, and other devices. LANs offer computer users many advantages, including shared access to devices and applications, file exchange between connected users, and communication between users via electronic mail and other applications. LA TOPOLOGIESLAN topologies define the manner in which network devices are organized. Three common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star. A bus topology is a linear LAN architecture in which transmissions from network stations propagate the length of the medium and are received by all other stations. This is illustrated in Figure.

Figure No. 9( bus topology)

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A ring topology is a LAN architecture that consists of a series of devices connected to one another by unidirectional transmission links to form a single closed loop. Both Token Ring/IEEE 802.5 and FDDI networks implement a ring topology. Figure depicts a logical ring topology.

Figure No 10 (ring topology)

A star topology is a LAN architecture in which the endpoints on a network are connected to a common central hub, or switch, by dedicated links. Logical bus and ring topologies are often implemented physically in a star topology, which is illustrated in Figure.

Figure No.11 (star topology) 5.33) WIDE AREA ETWORK (WA )This covers a relatively broad geographic area and that often uses transmission facilities provided by the common carrier ,such as telephone companies .WAN

technologies generally function at lower three layers of OSI reference model ; the physical layer ,the data link layer ,and the network layer.

5.34) BASIC HARDWARE COMPO E TS

All networks are made of basic hardware building blocks to interconnect networknodes, such as Network Interface cards (NICs), Bridges, Hubs, Switches, an
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routers.

a)

ETWORK I TERFACE CARDS A network card ,network adapter or NIC is a piece of computer hardware

designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network .It provides physical access to a networking medium and provides a low level addressing system through the use of MAC address .It allows to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.

b) BRIDGES-

Figure No.12 (bridge)

a network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer of the OSI model .Bridges are similar to repeaters or network hubs ,devices that connect network segment to the physical layer ,however a bridge works by using bridging where traffic from one network is managed rather than simply rebroadcasted to adjust network segments i.e. when data is given in form of packets it first amplifies it then it broadcasts to various network segments.

c) HUBSA hub is a piece of hardware which provides the connectivity of a segment of a network by directing traffic through the network. It simply copies the data to all of the nodes connected to the hub .Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to other ports so that all segments of the LAN can see all packets.
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Figure No.13 (hubs) d) SWITCHES These are the devices of the network that directs traffic to the correct node by filtering and forwarding packets between nodes .Switches operate at the data link layer and sometimes the network layer of the OSI reference model and therefore support any packet protocol .Bridges uses MAC address table to direct but switches uses IP address table therefore it works in the layer 3 of the OSI reference model

e) ROUTERS

Figure No. 14(router)

These are networking devices the forwards data packets along networks by using header and forwarding tables to determine the best path to forward the packets. They use protocols such as ICMP to communicate with each other .A router is usually used to connect at least two network, commonly two LANs, or WANs, or a LAN and its ISP network. Routers are usually located at the gateways .the place where two or more network connects.
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f)

ETWORK MEDIAThere are various ways of connection 1. Copper wire -This wire are used in BNC cables, UTP CAT 5, 6, 7 cables etc 2. Optical fiber cable 3. Wireless technology

5.35) TPC KAHALGAO LOCAL AREA ETWORKIn IT building NTPC WAN is connected to Cisco 2620 router and is hence connected to E5Matrix ,two hubs ,and a 3com switch are connected with the help of the UTP line .From IT building connection are made to central stores , administrative building , CHP control and service building through optical fiber .In each of the places such as service building ,central building etc connection are made via hubs and switches .From CISF gate 1 a bridge is connected which is connected by a telephone line to the bridges of various places such as MGR, EDC, Hospital and Estate office. The network with which kahalgaon is connected is star topology ie a hub network. All the network of various NTPC stations is connected to EOC Noida. For example Kahalgaon is connected to EOC Noida with the help of satellite. Here there is a type b antenna of 7.5 m diameter. It is a parabolic dish. We have a multiplexer which has multiple inputs such as LSD having frequency of 4kbps, HSD of 256 kbps and voice signal of low frequency i.e. 3-4 kHz. These multiple inputs connected to multiplexer gives a single output to the satellite modem which amplifies the signal to frequency to intermediate frequency having frequency of 70 MHz. Then it is connected to SPT whose function is to transmit and receive at radio frequency i.e. at 6000 MHz the function of SPT is that transmits radio frequency to LNA (Low Noise Amplifier) and SSPA (Solid state power amplifier).The output of both LNA and SSPA are connected to the antenna. The same path is followed when the signal is to be received. Demodulator and demultiplexer are acting in place of modulator and multiplexer when the signal is to be received.

5.4) TELEPHO E EXCHA GE

In NTPC Kahalgaon all the telephones are connected to each other with the help of telephone exchange called intercom. There are also so many function of telephone exchange like it provide the broadband, CUG (closed user group) connectivity.
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FEATURE OF EXCHA GE1. Connectivity of landline phones. 2. Connectivity of CUG cells. 3. ITDF integrated testing and diagnostic facility. 4. Flexible number system. 5. Caller identification system. 6. 1 Port capacity for each exchange. 7. Provision of various class of service. 8. Facility for creating massage. 9. Malicious call tare

PRESE T STATUSExchange location 1. CORAL-PLANT 2. CORAL.PTS 3. HICOM-PLANT working intercom. 496 610 430

It used for controlling the entire system. Two types of cards are used in exchange. a. MCC- master control card b. PSC-peripheral shelf controller. The MCC is the main CPU of the system, which houses the CPU, memories, PCM switches and other control logic. The PSC is used for interfacing the peripheral shelf to the main shelf. The peripherals cards are used for connecting to subscribe lines and trunk lines. Some PSCs are FLC32 (feature line cards, DCC 16(DIGITAL COMMUNICATION CARD. The training and switching ckt ate present in the control cards. The main processor is housed in master control cards. The data base of entire system is stored in the memory devices in the MCC .

6-CO TROL A D I STRUME TATIO

Thermal power stations employ a great number of equipment performing number of complex process, the ultimate aim being the conversion of chemical energy into electricity .In order to have stable generating conditions, always a balance is maintained that Heat input =Electricity output +losses .But this balance is frequently disturbed .When this balance is disturbed al the process variables deviate from their normal values thus creating the necessity for the following:(i)Instruments: To measure and indicate the amount of deviations
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(ii)Automatic control: To correct the deviations and bring back to normalcy (iii)Annunciation: To warn about the excessive deviation if any. (iv)Protection: To isolate the equipment or process from dangerous operating condition caused to such excessive deviation

TYPE OF I STRUME TSInstruments to measure the physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, level flow etc. The other type instruments are the electrical measuring electrical quantities such as current, voltage etc. Different type of instruments normally in use is given below.

I DICATORSIndicators are of two categories local and remote. Local indicators are self contained and self operative and are mounted on the site .The remote indicators are used for telemetering purposes and mounted in the centralized control room and control panel.

RECORDERSRecorders can be of single point measuring a single parameters or multipoint measuring a number of parameters by a single instrument

POWER STATIO I STRUME TATIO Following are the instruments:-

6.1) TEMPERATURE MEASURI G I STRUME TS The measurement ranges from ambient temperature viz. of air at inlet to F.C fan to 1300C to 1400C inside the furnace zone . Temperature measurement is to made from many media such as water, steam, oil, (fuel oil and lubricating oil), air, flue gas, hydrogen gas, metal temperature of bearing, turbine top and bottom, generating winding and cores, S.H tube metal etc. filled system thermometry such as mercury in glass, in steel, vapors filled or gas filled are used for local indication. Bimetallic thermometers are also used for local indication .The selection of thermometer depends on the range of temperature used .Resistance thermometers are of platinum and copper resistance type .These are generally used up to 300C. Above 300C thermocouples are used as primary sensors .The common type of thermocouples used in thermal power stations are chrome-alum or chromel-coper depending on the temperature.
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6.11) EXPA SIO THERMOMETERSSOLID ROD THERMOMETERSA temperature sensing-controlling device may be designed incorporating in its construction the principle that some metals expand more than others for the same temperature range. Such a device is the thermostat used with water heaters.

6.12) ROD TYPE THERMOSTATTHE BI- METALLIC STRIPBimetal strips are composed of two metals, as the name implies, whose coefficients of linear expansion are dissimilar. These two metal plates are welded together as a sandwich. When heated, both metals expand, but the metal with greatest coefficient of linear expansion will expand more causing the sandwich to curl up or down depending on the position of this metal.

LIQUID I GLASS THERMOMETERSThe coefficient of cubical expansion of mercury is about eight time greater that of glass. Therefore, a glass container holding mercury, when heated, will expand for less than the mercury it contains. At a high temperature the mercury will occupy a greater fraction of the volume of the container than it will at a low temperature.

Figure No.15 (bourdon tube thermometer)

Under normal atmospheric conditions mercury normally boils at a temperature of (347oC). to extend the range of a mercury in glass thermometer beyond this point the top end of a thermometer bore opens into a bulb which is many times larger in capacity than the bore. This bulb plus the bore above the mercury, is them filled with
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nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas at a sufficiently high pressure to prevent biiling at the highest temperature to which the thermometer may be used. Types of Hg in steel thermometers are1- Bourdon tube- the most common and simplest type 2- Spiral type- more sensitive and used where compactness is necessary 3- Helical type- most sensitive and compact. Pointer may be mounted direct on end of helix.

THERMOMETER BULBSThe thermometer bulb may take many forms dependent on the application. For example, if the temperature of a large enclosure is to be measure the bulb may be in the form of a U or of a considerable length of small tube into a spiral. This type of bulb presents the surface area necessary for measuring the temperature of a gas and is therefore used in this application. 1.Plane Bulb 2.Union Bulb 3. Pocket bulb 4. Wall Mounting 5. Long coil etc.

6.13RI CIPLE OF THERMOELPECTRIC EFFECTSEEBECK discovered in 1821 that when a junction of Bismuth and copper was heated an .e.m.f. was produced. The direction of the current was from the Bismuth to the copper.

Figure No. 16(SEEBECK effect)

This discovery led to the later development of the thermocouple, a suitable combination of two materials capable of producing an e.m.f the magnitude of which is related to temperature. The range covered are from a few degrees absolute to 30000C. Seebeck produced a list of materials the order of which is important. An extract from the list is given below:
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Type
B E J R S

Materials used
Platinum/Rhodium Chromel/Constantan Chromel/Alumel Platinum/ Rhodium Platinum/Rhodium

Approx temp. range(oC)

50 to 1800 -40 to +750 -200 to 1200 up to 1600 up to 1600

RESISTA CE TYPE THERMOMETERSThe other main system used to measure temperature relies on the fact that as a wire is heated its electrical resistance increases in proportion to the temperature. We must, therefore, find a method to measure a changing resistance and display this on a recorder or indicator. The rapid variation of resistance with temperature certain semiconductors are employed in the thermally sensitive resistor or thermostat to measure temperature.

Figure No. 17(resistance thermometer)

Figure No.18 (acoustic pyrometer)

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ACOUSTIC PYROMETERIt is Used for high temperature measurement in furnace. The velocity of sound in a medium is proportional to the temperature. Transmitters are placed on one side and receivers are placed on other side.

6.2) PRESSURE MEASUREME TFor local indication of pressure and differential pressure ,bourdon tube and diaphragm type gauges or liquid manometers are used .Remote measurement of pressure is done by transmitters either electric/electronic or pneumatic coupled with a secondary instrument indicator /recorder . PRESSORE MEASURI G DEVICESThe common pressure measuring devices are:1. Manometers using water ,mercury and other liquids of known density for low pressure measurement 2. Diaphragms, Capsule bellows for measuring medium pressure 3. Bourdon tube gauges for measuring medium and high pressure 4. Transducers of different types for measuring pressures of all ranges for telemetering purposes.

MA OMETERSU -TUBE MA OMETER

P2-P1 =HPG where p is the density of the manometer liquid G is acceleration due to gravity. If P2 is the pressure applied and P1 is the pressure applied then the differential pressure working on the fluid is P2-P1 which will raise the Column of fluid in the low pressure limb to a height H from the new surface of separation.

I CLI ED TUBE MA OMETER -

Figure No.19 (u-tube manometer)

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It gives increased length of column for less differential pressure. Manometers are available with adjustable inclination depending upon the range required.

DIAPHRGAM, CAPSULES A D BELLOWS

The present day low pressure to medium pressure applications are with diaphragms. The simplest form of these elements is the single diaphragm instrument. In this a thin flat plate of circular shape is fixed firmly round the edges .On applying pressure to one side greater than the one existing on the other the diaphragm deflects away from the high pressure side the maximum deflection occurring at the centre.

CORRUGATED DIAPHRAMBy introducing corrugation in the circular diagram the deflection pressure relationship is maintained for larger movement. Here the deflection is related to a) The radius of the diagram b) The radius of each corrugation c) The depth of corrugation d) The thickness of material

CAPSULESFurther improvement of deflection was achieved by forming a capsule out of two circular diaphragms jointed at the edges

BELLOWSA thin walled tube is taken and formed into corrugated shapes by special hydraulic pressure .The corrugations are called convolutions. The flexibility of the bellow depend upon i)The number of convolutions. ii) The square of the outside diameter of the bellow. iii) The cube of the wall thickness. iv) Youngs modulus of elasticity.

BOURDO TUBE GAUGES This is the oldest instrument initially to measure pressure from medium to high ranges .It consists of a metal tube almost elliptical in cross section formed into a C shape, a long spiral or to flat spiral by special machines, one end of the tube is closed and sealed and the opposite end is left open and terminated to a block where the process pressure is applied.

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Figure No. 20( bourdon tube pressure gauge)

If the pressure inside the tube is more than that existing outside , the elliptical section changes its shape an begins to straighten out ,with the result the free end deflects in a arc. The deflection is proportional to the pressure difference between inside and outside pressure .There are other factor affecting the deflection .The usable part of the movement of the C shape bourdon is of the order of 3mm or 6mm length of arc in order to make this small movement a measurable amount, some sort of multiplying mechanism is introduced between the tube and indicating points .Most commonly used mechanism is sector and pinion movement.

6.3) LEVEL MEASUREME TIn power station application level can be defined as the height of the liquid or solid media above or below a reference line usually the base .Levels, below the reference line may also be required in dynamic condition such as boiler drum etc. If the dimension of a vessel is known then the volume or mass of its contents can be determined by measuring the level.

LEVEL MEASUREME T-METHODSThere are many methods of measuring level the selection of particular system is largely determined by practical considerations The methods to be considered can be classified as follows1) Direct dipping 2) Direct viewing 3) Floats and liquid displacers 4) Head pressure measurement 6) Ultrasonic 7) Nucleonic

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DIRECT DIPPI G METHODS1) DIPSTICKSIt is simply a calibrated scale inserted into the liquid until the zero of the scale hits the bottom of the tank, the level is read directly of the scale

2) HOOK GAUGEThere is difficulty in measuring of the dipstick reading due to parallax. In this case a hook gauge type is used .It consists simply of a wire cord of corrosion resisting alloy such as gun metal or stainless steel, bent into U shape with one arm longer than the other

DIRECT VIEWI G(1)SIGHT GLASSThe sight glass is very useful as a simple arrangement wherein a section of liquid is brought outside the vessel and displayed alongside the main scale. If the diameter of the bore of the slight glass is t small enough to introduce small error due to capillary action the liquid will stand at the same level in the slight glass and the vessel provided the top of the slight glass is subjected to the same pressure he top of the vessel The system analogous a U tube manometer .slight glasses are usually installed with two isolating valves and a blow down valve for clearing purposes .In high pressure as a boiler drum the gauge is usually fitted with a automatic cut off that if the slight glass breaks the danger of any one getting injured becomes less (2)WATER GAUGE CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISIO REMOTE DISPLAYA CCTV monitor is mounted a few feet away from the gauge and is carefully aligned with the light path through it .The CCTV monitor is located in the control room .This system is difficult to operate with high steam pressure.

6.4) FLOW MEASUREME TFluid flow in industrial undertakings occur in two general forms either as a flow in pipe of conduit or in case of liquid only as a flow in open channel .In both the cases type rate of flow is of primary importance and in large number of plants the totalized flow over a specific period is required in addition

RATE OF FLOW MEASURI G I STRUME TSThis may be broadly divided into a)differential pressure flow meters :[33]

i) Orifice pattern. ii) Venturi and nozzle pattern. iii) Pilot tube pattern. iv) Dall tube pattern. b) Variable area flow meters. c) Displacement and inferential flow meters. d) Electromagnetic flow meters . e) Ultrasonic flow meters .

ORIFICE PATTER -

Figure No.21 (orifice flow meter) DIFFERE TIAL PRESSURE FLOWMETERSIt uses the principle of Bernoullis theorem.

CO CE TRIC ORIFICE PLATEThis involves a circular metal plate with a central hole or orifice concentric with the circumference of the plate. It is fixed between the pipe flanges and is located by the flange bolts. The orifice is then concentric with the internal bore of the pipe.

VE TURI TUBEThere are virtually three sections of the tube ; the inlet or the upstream cone ,the throat ,and the outlet or downstream cone .Pressure tapings are taken at the inlet entrance of the cone , and at the throat.

OZZLESThe nozzle fall between the venture tube and the orifice plate as a means of flow
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measurement.It approximates to a Venturi tube with a curved form of approach, giving a gradual change of sectional area and has the same order of discharge coefficient.

Figure No22 (nozzle)

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REFERE CES
1. U#3, manual of KhSTPP 4201MW. 2. U# 5, literature and Report, KhSTPP. 3. Driplex CPU manual for KhSTPP 3X500 MW. 4. Technical Diary, 500 MW KhSTPP. 5. Steam Turbine description, BHEL manual for 500 MW Power Plant. 6. IT department of KhSTTP. 7. Modern Power Station Practice, Third Edition, CEGB, Vol. E.

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