CCNABasics

Network Cables OSI Layers IP Address Hub & Switches Routers WAN links

Network
What is Network ? A group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer networks, including: Local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building). Wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves. Metropolitan-area networks (MANs): A data network designed for a town or city.

CablesDetails
Types Of Cable used in Network.

Conductor Cable

Insulator Cable Fiber Cable

Co-axial

Twisted Pair

ConductorCable
Co-axial 1) 10base 2 Twisted Pair 1)UTP(Cat1,2,3,4,5,6) Max 1 Gbps.

2) 10base 5

2)STP Max 100Mbps.

TypesofCatCables
1)Cross Cables. This cables are used for attaching Similar devices, like Pc to Pc, Switch to Switch, Router to Router. 2) Straight Cables. This cables are used for connecting different device like Switch to Pc, Router to Switch and etc. 3)Rolled Over Cables. This cables are used to connect Router to machine.

SummaryofSomeBasicEthernet Features
10Base2, 10Base5 Single bus cabled serially between devices using coaxial cable. 10BaseT with a Hub One electrical bus shared among all devices creating a single collision domain, cabled in a star topology using twisted-pair cabling. 10BaseT with a Switch One electrical bus per switch port creating multiple collision domains, cabled in a star topology using twisted-pair cabling. Half Duplex Logic that requires a card to only send or receive at a single point in time. Used to avoid collisions. Full Duplex Logic that enables concurrent sending and receiving, allowed when one device is attached to a switch port, ensuring that no collisions can occur.

OSILAYERS
The upper layers of the OSI reference model (application, presentation, session, and transportLayers 7, 6, 5, and 4) define functions focused on the application. The lower three layers (network, data link, and physicalLayers 3, 2, and 1) define functions focused on end toend delivery of the data.

Application(Layer7)
An application that communicates with other computers is implementing OSI application layer concepts. The application layer refers to communications services to applications. For example, a word processor that lacks communications capabilities would not implement code for communications, and word processor programmers would not be concerned about OSI Layer 7. However, if an option for transferring a file were added, the word processor would need to implement OSI Layer 7 (or the equivalent layer in another protocol specification). Example:-Telnet, HTTP, FTP,WWW browsers, NFS, SMTP gateways

Presentation(Layer6)
This layers main purpose is defining data formats, such as ASCII text, binary, BCD, and JPEG. Example:-JPEG, ASCII,EBCDIC, TIFF, GIF, PICT, encryption, MPEG, MIDI

Session (Layer 5)
The session layer defines how to start, control, and end conversations (called sessions). This includes the control and management of multiple bidirectional messages so that the application can be notified if only some of a series of messages are completed. Example:-SQL, NFS, NetBIOS names

Transport(Layer4)
Layer 4 includes the choice of protocols that either do or do not provide error recovery. Multiplexing of incoming data for different flows to applications on the same host (for example, TCP sockets) is also performed. Reordering of the incoming data stream when packets arrive out of order is included.
Example:- TCP (Reliable) And UDP (Unreliable)

NetworkLayer(Layer3)
This layer defines end-to-end delivery of packets. To accomplish this, the network layer defines logical addressing (IP Address) so that any endpoint can be identified. It also defines how routing works and how routes are learned so that the packets can be delivered. Example :-IP, IPX, AppleTalk Devices :-Routers,L3 Switches.

DataLinkLayer(Layer2)
The data link (Layer 2) specifications are concerned with getting data across one particular link or medium. The data link protocols define delivery across an individual link. Example :-IEEE 802.3/802.2,HDLC, Frame Relay , PPP, FDDI, ATM, IEEE 802.5/802.2 Devices :-Switches , NIC.

PhysicalLayer(Layer1)
This layer deals with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium. Example:-EIA./TIA-232,V.35,EIA/TIA449,V.24,RJ45.Ethernet,802.3,802.5,FDDI Devices : Hubs, Repeater

AdjacentLayerInteractions
Application Presentation Session L4 L5 L6 L7 Data Transport Network Data Link Physical L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 Data L2H L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 Data L2T L7 Data L6 L7 Data L5 L6 L7 Data Session Transport Network Data Link Physical L4 L5 L6 L7 Data L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 Data L2H L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 Data L2T Application Presentation L7 Data L6 L7 Data L5 L6 L7 Data

Send bits

Receive bits

IPAddress
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. When you send or receive data (for example, an e-mail note or a Web Definition continues below.

IPRange
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

IP Ranges are divided into 5 Classes :Class A In Use 1.0.0.0126.255.255.255 Class B In Use 128.0.0.0191.255.255.255 Class C In Use 192.0.0.0223.255.255.255 Class D Used for Multicasting--- 224-239 Class E Kept for Future Requirements 240--255

IPRange
Class A address has a three-byte host part. Example:- 10.0.0.0/8 (N.H.H.H) 1st octet is Network And rest 3 octet is host part. Less Network More Hosts Class B address has a two-byte host part. Example:- 128.10.0.0/16 (N.N.H.H) 2 octet is Network And rest 2 octet is host part. Class C address has a One-byte host part. Example:- 192.168.10.0/24 (N.N.N.H) 3 octet is Network And rest 1 octet is host part. More Network Less Hosts.

PrivateIPAddress
Using a private IP address on a residential or business computer can improve network security and conserve public addressing space Class A:- 10.0.0.0---10.255.255.255 Class B:- 172.16.0.0---172.31.255.255 Class C:- 192.168.0.0---192.168.255.255

HubAndSwitches.
Hubs and switches both glue the PCs in a network together, a switch is more expensive and a network built with switches is generally considered faster than one built with hubs.
1) Hubs:-One Broadcast And One Collision Domain Switch:-One Broadcast And Per Port Collision Domain. 2) Hubs:- 10 Mbps. Switch:-10/100/1000 Mbps. 3) Hubs:- Slower and Cheaper Switch:- Faster And Expensive. 4) Hubs:- Layer 1 Device. Switch:-Layer 2 Device.

CollisionAndBroadcastDomain
A collision domain is a set of network interface cards (NICs) for which a frame sent by one NIC could result in a collision with a frame sent by any other NIC in the same collision domain. A broadcast domain is a set of NICs for which a broadcast frame sent by one NIC will be received by all other NICs in the broadcast domain.

Switch
LAN switching technologies Types :Token Ring switching Copper Data Distributed Interface (CDDI) Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Ethernet switching Provides Layer 2 switching and offers broadcast domain segmentation using VLANs. This is the base fabric of the network.

Role of LAN Switching

Increase the bandwidth that is available to each user, thereby alleviating congestion in their shared-media networks. Employ the manageability of VLANs by organizing network users into logical workgroups that are independent of the physical topology of wiring closet hubs.

users contending for bandwidth. Unlike hubs and repeaters, switches allow multiple data streams to pass simultaneously.

Segmenting shared-media LANs divides the users into two or more separate LAN segments, reducing the number of

Example of Switch
A

VLANS
Logically Grouping Of Physical Network is know as Virtual Local Area Network. Vlans are use to Create more broadcast domains. So, instead of all ports on a switch forming a single broadcast domain, the switch separates them into many, based on configuration. Vlans are used for Security Purpose also.

Router
Links a local network to a remote network. For example, your company's network probably uses a router to connect to the Internet. Can be used to connect a LAN to a LAN, a WAN to a WAN, or a LAN to the Internet. Routers are Layer 3 Devices which determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded toward its destination. Router breaks broadcast, we can say it has per port broadcast and per port collision Domain.

RouterMemory
RAMSometimes called DRAM for dynamic random-access memory, RAM is used by the router just as it is used by any other computer: for working storage. The running or active configuration file is stored here. ROMThis type of memory (read-only memory) stores a bootable IOS image, which is not typically used for normal operation. ROM contains the code that is used to boot the router until the router knows where to get the full IOS image, or as a backup bootable image in case there are problems. Flash memoryEither an EEPROM or a PCMCIA card, Flash memory stores fully functional IOS images and is the default location where the router gets its IOS at boot time. Flash memory also can be used to store configuration files on some Cisco routers. NVRAMNonvolatile RAM stores the initial or startup configuration file.

WIDEAREANETWORK
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic area and that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.

TYPESOFWANTECHNOLOGY
PointtoPointLinks Apointtopointlink providesasingle,preestablishedWAN communicationspathfromthecustomerpremisesthroughacarriernetwork, suchasatelephonecompany,toaremotenetwork.Pointtopointlinesare usuallyleasedfromacarrierandthusareoftencalledleasedlines. Pointtopointlinksaregenerallymoreexpensivethansharedservicessuchas FrameRelay. Example:LeaseLineCircuit.

TYPESOFWANTECHNOLOGY
CircuitSwitching Switchedcircuits allowdataconnectionsthatcanbeinitiatedwhen neededandterminatedwhencommunicationiscomplete.Thisworksmuch likeanormaltelephonelineworksforvoicecommunication. Example:IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork(ISDN).

TYPESOFFWANTECHNOLOGY
PacketSwitching Packetswitching isaWANtechnologyinwhichuserssharecommon carrierresources.Becausethisallowsthecarriertomakemoreefficientuseof itsinfrastructure,thecosttothecustomerisgenerallymuchbetterthanwith pointtopointlines.Inapacketswitchingsetup,networkshaveconnections intothecarrier'snetwork,andmanycustomerssharethecarrier'snetwork. Example:FrameRelay,AsynchronousTransferMode(ATM)