Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Module 2
Specifying Requirements
& Planning Supply
Unit 1
Introduction
This module covers how to determine and specify all the different dimensions relating to
the goods and services that a garment enterprise needs to purchase.
What to purchase?
T-shirt, Shirt, Trousers, Dress etc.
The suppliers needs complete information in order to reliably meet the buyer’s
expectation.
If the information is not complete and correct, there is disruption in production plan,
delays in supply (clarification, correcting errors with supplier)
WHO SPECIFIES?
Merchant along with the help of Purchase Department specify. Purchase department
brings supply market knowledge/commercial awareness.
Types of requirements
Information like specification sheet, measurement chart etc. also need to provided to the
supplier to ensure correct fit of the garment. The accompanying details should include
the cutting, stitching, finishing and packing instructions.
B. Specifying the performance requirement
If we take the case of proactive and stringent buyers, the performance parameters of a
garment are informed to the supplier at the time of order booking. The parameters
include factors like colour fastness to rubbing and washing (colour bleeding etc.), tear
strength (the amount of stress a garment can sustain), dimensional stability (shrinkage
due to washing). In some countries, the law prohibits import of garments which have
been dyed using azo chemicals or which have a more that prescribed nickel content.
Inspections are required in various areas and at various stages. They are specified by the
buyer whenever they initiate business with any new factory. The method of inspection of
fabric and accessories is specified. All types of fit approvals and final approvals required
to go ahead with production is informed to the supplier. The buyers also specify at the
outset the inspections that will be required during various stages of production (pre-
production inspection, initial inspection, mid-inspection, final inspection etc.)
Sometimes when the buyer has limited space in the warehouse, instead of taking the
delivery of entire quantity, they split the quantity and instruct the supplier likewise.
J. Other information
Specify what is and what is not included in the purchase
E.g in exports, specify whether supplier will pay for transport from Delhi to
Mumbai, insurance charges and custom charges, sea freight, air freight. (These
issues are generally covered by use of INCOTERMS)
Information like Contact Person & details, Company Profile etc.
What purpose is the product being purchased for, eg. Sporting activity,
promotional event, special discount offering, casual wear or active sports
Any legislative policies? Eg. No azo dyes, No child labour, No nickel/no
palladium, Needle detection machine mandatory.
Company’s buying policies for example
- L/c at site, DEPB, T/T payment
- Discount / cancellation in case of delays
- Buying at specified price points
- Seasonal bookings
SPECIFYING THE PRODUCT OR SERVICE
Under specifying: may leave room for error- leaving supplier to establish the best
method to achieve them. The resultant product may or may not perform as required.
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
a. Review and approval at design stage. FITS: fit/size set approvals, COLOUR: lab
dip approval, PRINT: strike off approval, TRIMS: button, zipper, label approval.
b. Pre-production, Inline, Mid Inspection, Final Inspection.
c. F.P.T.(Fabric Processes Testing)/G.P.T.(Garment Processes Testing) prior to
shipment.
d. ‘O.K. to Ship’ report required along with other shipping documents while
sending the shipment.
Internal Standardisation
It means reducing the numbers of different specifications to the extent possible. Internal
standardization has many benefits:
VA/VE is a structured problem solving approach that is used to develop new designs and
improve upon existing designs. Simply put VA/VE seeks to increase the value of
something.
VALUE = FUNCTION/COST
Having established the functions, allocate the costs amongst the functions. It is
radically different way of looking at cost (i.e. looking at the cost of functions
rather that cost of components).
Speculation phase
The team must now review the functions in order of cost – highest first. it should
discuss questions like: It should discuss questions like
• Is the function necessary?
• Does it add value?
• Is its cost proportional to its usefulness?
• What else achieves the same function?
• Is there anything better for the intended use?
• Can it be sourced for less?
• Can it be made in a different way?
• Can standard product do the same job?
Once all the ideas have been captured, they should be refining and combined into a
small no. of potentially workable solutions.
When planning the quantities to be purchased, a buyer needs to be able to determine the
likely demand over a given period of time.
It is important since
1. Demand changes over a period of time
2. Quantities purchased should not substantially deviate from actual demand.
3. It is required when negotiating long term contracts with suppliers.
4. Stock replenishment systems require the estimates to calculate requirements in
the supply lead time, determine safety stocks & order quantities.
FORECASTING DEMAND
i. Expert Opinion
ii. Market Testing
iii. Quantitative Analysis
iv. Using Computer based materials planning system.
ii. Market Testing- conduct trial sales for limited period to a sample of target
population.
iii. Quantitative Analysis – forecasts based on Quantitative Analysis are of two types
a. Time Series Analysis
b. Causal Methods.
a. Time-Series Analysis
- Involves use of past demand data to generate a forecast.
- Appropriate where conditions are relatively stable.
- Historical data is a reasonable quality
- Assumes that past patterns of demand will continue in the future.
MWA is better than MSA, but, again it is only suited to relatively stable demand pattern.
Example
Period(t) 1
Past forecast ft 50
Actual Demand dt 60
Forecast Error (dt - ft ) +10
α = 0.2
New Forecast ft+1 52
Given α =0.2
Actual Demand=60
Past Forecast =50
Formula ft+1 = ft + α (dt - ft )
Period(t) 1 2
Past Forecast ft 50 52
Actual Demand dt 60 72
Forecast Error (dt - ft ) +10 +20
α = 0.2
New Forecast ft+1 52 56
Given α =0.2
Actual Demand=72
Past Forecast as calculated for period 1 =52
D = a – { b x P}
The values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ are developed from past experience i.e. by analysing
past data.
D= a–{b1 x P} – {b2 x t}
Today there are Computer-based methods which normally provide a wide choice of
trend line forecasting techniques, with the ability to test each technique in order to
decide which is best suited to the available data.
c. Management Action
- Regularly check actual demand against forecasts.
- Understand the reasons for variances.
- Take required actions e.g. reduce costs, better designing, more realistic pricing,
better promotions.
SPECIFYING DELIVERY
Includes specifying delivery-times and schedules, the point (s) of delivery, transport and
packing. The type of stock replenishment system and the contract type influences the
timing or orders and deliveries e.g. Men’s T-shirt with embroidery on contrast coloured
collar (collar is in different woven fabric and body is 100% cotton, single jersey fabric).
- The lead-time available to a supplier depends on when certain information is
received from the buyer.
- The most critical longest lead-time component is the fabric. At the time of
order, the buyer has to specify the fabric detail or specify the date by which the
fabric details will be confirmed. Based on this data (and if fabric is readily
available) the supplier can quote the delivery date. The other design details viz.
embroidery designs, thread colour, measurement chart may come at a later date
which also need to be specified by buyer.
- If the buyer wants to approve the fit samples etc., colour of fabric and
embroidery design at office in Europe or USA it will affect the delivery date.
- Lab testing and inspections prior to shipment affect the lead time.
- To ensure on-time delivery, buyer should demand time & action calendar from
supplier and later take progress reports against the plan. Buyer may have to
visit the supplier to ensure that the supplier has sufficient spare capacity.
- ‘Liquidated Damages’ clause may be specified in the contract (which is signed
by supplier) which further reinforce the importance of on-time delivery.
- For availability of supplies for the long term, the buyer should enter into long –
term contractual arrangement with more than one supplier.
a. Supplier responsiveness.
- Specific merchant allocated for the account.
- New designs + costing to be given within 3-5 days.
- Daily production & finishing reports to be sent.
- e-mail replies within 24 hours.
d. Other Information
- Contact Information – technical, purchasing and finance contact person and
contact details.
- Background Information – the supplier should be educated about buyers
organization in terms of:
i. What products & services the firm offers,
ii. Which markets it caters to,
iii. Its position in key markets,
iv. Its turnover, no of employees,
v. Total purchase budget.
- Statement of intent :
i. What occasion the t-shirt is being bought for,
ii. How important it is – high/low,
iii. Whether it is a part of new launch or a discount campaign.
- Basis for evaluating the offers - buyer should specify:
i. Approximate Quantity - high, very high, low very low,
ii. Target Price + Quality Level,
iii. Very near Deliveries or late Deliveries.
- Applicable legal requirements - buyer should communicate the legislative
requirements to the supplier, e.g.
i. Azo testing is mandatory.
ii. Needle detection machine is a must for a manufacturer of kidswear
iii. No child labour
iv. Applicable legislations such as health and safety, environmental
protection, import regulations/restrictions
v. Relevant company policies.