When the organizational structure is designed and various organizational units are created, it is necessary to synchronize or coordinate the

operations of various units.

Coordination is a set of human and structural mechanism designed to link the parts of the enterprise together to help achieve the specified objectives.

Co ordination-Related with synchronisation of efforts which amount, time and direction attributes.

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Co-operation-Basically a motto, a collective action of one person with another or other persons towards a common goal.

The basic motto behind co operation is each for all and all for each.

Co ordination is achieved through performance of various activities. Co operation is basically a motto and spirit.

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The basic principles of co ordination-direct contact, continuity of effort, reciprocal relationship among persons.

Principles of co operation- voluntary association, democratic process in performance of activities, common welfare, a spirit of dedication and service.

Co-operation ordination.

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The basic objective of coordination is synchronisation of efforts of individuals.

The basic objective of cooperation is to protect the interest of members of a cooperative group

Large number of personnel Specialization. Functional differentiation. Interdependence. Individual vs organizational interests.

Internal coordination Vertical and Horizontal coordination. Substantive and procedural coordination. Substantive Dimension-Deciding what to do. Procedural dimension-Deciding how to do.

External Coordination It is required with investors and financiers, customers, suppliers, Govt. agencies

Co-ordination by chain of command-Vertical coordination. Coordination by leadership. Coordination by committees. Staff Meeting. Special Coordinators-Coordination cell. Self- coordination. Teams Liaison roles Task force, Rules and procedures. Integrating roles or departments.

Sender related barriers. Communication goals. Communication skills Interpersonal sensitivity. Improper diction Inconsistent non-verbal signals Fear Sender credibility.

Receiver related barriers. Selective and poor listening Perceptions Lack of responsive feedback

Jargon Information overload Time pressure Communication climate Noise distance

Clarity in idea. Empathy in communication. Two-way communication. Appropriate language. Support words with action. Credibility in communication Good listening.

Well defined authority and responsibility. Well defined work procedures. Effective communication system. Provisions of check and inspection. Proper organizational climate. Effective organizational structure. Teams Liaison roles Task force, Rules and procedures.

Integrating roles or departments.