TeoriStandar PerdaganganInternasional

TopikDiskusi
Perilaku konsumen Teori Produksi Kesimbangan autarki Gains from trade Penentu Pola Perdagangan Winner & Losers Terms of Trade

Gainsfrom Trade withconstant cost

Tekstil 20T C

Tekstil

PPF (CPF Autarki)

16T 12T A PPF (CPF Autarki) B

8,5T 7,5T

A 4T

B CPF2 (Spesialisasi) D

CPF2 (Spesialisasi) D 2K 7K 30K 35K Keju

7K

8K

15K

Keju

Standardtheorys BasicAssumptions
Increasingmarginal cost ofproduction Diminishingmarginal utility

ConsumerBehavior: (Community)Indifference Curve

Productionside: Production PossibilityFrontier

Equilibriumin isolation

Production Consequences
Negara Indonesia Belanda Man-hour Keju/kg Tekstil/meter 1 1,5 2 4 Rasio Harga Autarki 1 m tekstil = 1,5 kg keju 1 m tekstil = 2 kg keju

Gainsfrom tradewith increasingcost

Furthergain from specialization

Termsof Trade

Theprice thecount ryreceives fromforeign buyersfor itsexport products,relative toth eprice thatthe country paysforeign sellersfor itsimports.

Production Consequences
Negara Indonesia Belanda Man-hour Keju/kg Tekstil/meter 1 1,5 2 4 Rasio Harga Autarki 1 m tekstil = 1,5 kg keju 1 m tekstil = 2 kg keju

What determines tradepattern?

Productionconditions differ Demandconditions differ Somecombination of thesetwo differences

Whydo production conditionsdiffer?

Production technologies or resource productivities may differ between countries (Ricardo) Heckscher-Ohlin: (1) Differences across countries in the availability of factor resources and (2) Differences across products in the use of these factors in producing the products

H-Otheory
Predictsthat acountry exportsthe product(s)that useits relativelyabundant factor(s)intensively and importsthe product(s)using itsrelatively scarcefactor(s) intensively

Ifcountries gainfrom trade,why areso manypeoples againstfree trade?

Somegroups withinany countrygains fromtrade whileother groupslose

Short-Run Effectsof Trade

Factorsin the expanding sectorwill enjoy higher demand: Factorsin the declining sectorsface reduced demand(price)

Short-RunEffects of Tradefor Indonesia

The effectts of expanding textile, reducing cheese Textile factories owners & laborers gain Cow farmers & laborers lose

Short-RunEffects of Tradefor theNetherlands

The effects of expanding cheese, reducing textile Cow farmers & laborers gain Textile factories owners & laborers lose

Long-Run Effectsof Trade

In the long run, factors can move between sectors in response to differences in returns Indonesian cow farmers & laborers will convert to textile industry Dutch textile factory owners & laborers will convert to cow farming

Convertionproblems

In Indonesia, expanding clothes create demand for a lot of labor but not so much land In the Netherland, expanding cow farm create high demand for land but not so many labors

Inthe long-run

Wage rates end up lower for all Dutch labors (mostly working in cow farm which is land intensive) and higher for all Indonesian labors (mostly working in textile sector which is labor intensive) Land rents end up higher in the Netherlands (mostly used for landintensive cow-farm) and lower in Indonesia (mostly used for labor-intensive textile industry)

TheGainers &the Losers

Short-Run
In Indonesia On Landowners On Laborers Lose Lose Gain Gain In the Netherlands On Landowners On Laborers Gain Gain Lose Lose

In Cheese In Textiles

Long-Run
In Indonesia On Landowners In Cheese In Textiles Lose Lose On Laborers Gain Gain In the Netherlands On Landowners Gain Gain On Laborers Lose Lose