Functons Resource Abstraction of HDW Resource sharing

Time MUXG Space MUXG Multiplexing Scheduling

Introduction OS

Batch

Control
UNIX LINUX Time sharing Types WIN NT/XP CAL PC Embedded Network WIN 98/ME WIN CE EXMPLS MULTICS

Device Dpendnt Device Mgmt Device Indpt Process Mgmt Functions File Mgmt

Drivers

File Mgmt

OS Architecture Issues

Performnc

Trust

Supvsr Implementation Mode Mechanism Kernel Modularity User

Fetch/Execute

HDW Process
Bootstrap

ALU

Instructions

CPU

Trap Abstract Machine Interface Process Abstraction Descriptor Thread Abstraction Processes & Threads

Context switch

TCB

Thread Mgmt

Thread States

Synchronization

Ready

Waiting Process States State Diag Blocked

Suspended Descriptor Resource Mgr Types Non-Consumbl Consumable

Enqueuer Mechanism Switcher Dsipatcher Voluntary CPU Sharing In-voluntary Priority Service Time Scheduling Criteria Measure FCFS SJF NonPreemptive Deadline Priority Wait Time Turn-artime Throughput

RR
Pre-emptive Strategies Algos FD-Queue Multi-FD-Q

CMD-Exec

Methods

Shared Variable

Critical Section

Resource Allocation Deadlock Resource Sharing

Fork

Synchronization

Commands

Join

Quit

Mutual Exclusion

Conditions

Scheduling

Indefinite Wait Semaphores Problems

Producerconsumer Bounded Nos dinning philosopher

Reader-writer

Problems

Primitives

Synchronization methods

Wait

Events

Signal

Queue

High Level Synchronization Monitor

Condition variables

wait

Monitor calls

priority

Message Passing

timeout

IPC

MailBox send Methods

receive

Types
ThreadThread within process ThreadThread outside process

Prevention
Mutual exclusion hold and wait circular wait no-pre emption

System Model
State diagram Multi process diagram

Avoidance
Safe state banker's algorithm

Detection
Serally usable resource graph recovery by roll back

Address space abstraction compile time binding load time binding compile time/static relocation run time/dynamic relocation

Allocation fixed partition variable partition Internal fragmentation external fragmentation Best/first/worst/next fit

Dynamic strategies swapping virutal memory context switch

Multiprocessing shared memory shared cpu

Address space Mapping Physical memory Logical memory Virtual memory

Paging Page frame offset translation locality of reference

Segmentation STR Offset mapping

Dynamic paging Page replacement FIFO LRU LFU page fault thrashing belady's anamoly working set algo

Device abstraction device interface device driver device controller

Device access FCFS SCAN C-SCAN

I/O overlap with cpu interrupt service routine polling strategy Interrupt strategy

device class communication sequential access direct access

Deisgn device dependent drivers I/O service routines

Buffering circular for i/o bound for cpu bound

Low level files stream block translation record block translation

operations open close read write seek

File stream abstraction Data base system multimedia system structures sequential structured index sequential

Structured files sequential indexed sequential direct

directories single level two level multi level

Authentication

Network

Attacks

software attacks

Authorization

Cryptography

Password extended mechanisms

secure traffic kerberos protocols

Masuerading guessing snooping alternate acess

changing rights rojan horse denial of service

access rights keys protecttion domains

Private keyencryption public key encryption symmetric keys assymetric keys DES substitution DES permutation

Considerations Performance trust

Modularization Monolithic kernel modular kernel layered kernel extensible kernel

Extensible kernel

Distributed OS use of networks use of protocols

process mgmt memory mgmt message passing using ports using rpc

Distributed memory remote memory multiple cpu's

Issues memory interface location transparency name management efficiency

RPC server stub client stub locating server stub locating client stub

Remote objects RMI CORBA

Remote process management scheduling load balancing

Distribution synchronization concurrency control transparency global clock