Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions.

Although the term is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, politics is observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. Politics consists of "social relations involving authority or power" and refers to the regulation of a political unit, and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy. Political science (also political studies) is the study of political behavior and examines the acquisition and application of power. Related areas of study include political philosophy, which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behavior, and public administration, which e Political science is commonly divided into three distinct sub-disciplines which together constitute the field: political philosophy, comparative politics and international relations. Political philosophy is the reasoning for an absolute normative government, laws and similar questions and their distinctive characteristics. Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, legislature and associated fields, all of them from an intrastate perspective. International relations deals with the interaction between nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations. examines the practices of governance. Political philosophy is the study of such topics as liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if) they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrownif ever. In avernacular sense, the term "political philosophy" often refers to a general view, or specific ethic, political belief or attitude, about politics that does not necessarily belong to the technical discipline of philosophy Politics process by which groups of people make collective decisions. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil governments, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society. A political system is a complete set of institutions, interest groups (such as political parties,trade unions, lobby groups), the relationships between those institutions and the political norms and rules that govern their functions (constitution, election law).

A political system is composed of the members of a social organization (group) who are in power.

A political system is a system that necessarily has two properties: a set of interdependentcomponents and boundaries toward the environment with which it interacts. A political system is a concept in which theoretically regarded as a way of the government makes a policy and also to make them more organized in their administration. A political system is one that ensures the maintaining of order and sanity in the society and at the same time makes it possible for some other institutions to also have their grievances and complaints put across in the course of social existence.

Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national incomeand wealth, including through the budget process. Political economy originated in moral philosophy. It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states, polities, hence political economy. The political history of the world is the history of the various political entities created by thehuman race throughout their existence and the way these states define their borders. Throughout history, political entities have expanded from basic systems of self-governance andmonarchy to the complex democratic and communist systems that exist today, in parallel, political systems have expanded from vaguely defined frontier-type boundaries, to the definite boundaries existing today.

The Six Elements of Teaching A great deal has been said of teaching as one of the most important professions from the standpoint of human welfare. Properly understood, however, it is also one of the most technical, difficult, and challenging professions. Teaching is an art. It is an activity which company supervisors and managers have engaged in at one time or another. It is a way of transmitting desirable qualities of human character and knowledge to learners. Here are the six elements of teaching which should guide company supervisors and managers in their quest to becoming good and effective teachers to their subordinates: Learning - "True teachers always seek to learn more, to remain current." Teaching effectively means you must know deeply and well. It requires learning itself. What does learning mean in teaching? Learning: - means knowing and mastering a subject; - embodies the act of learning; - conveys the spirit and love of learning to others; - means being open to the knowledge of others; - provides the basis for independent thought; - justifies learning. Authority - "Teaching without authority ceases to be teaching at all." Authority in teaching is legitimate influence over others. It rests primarily on your own qualities as a person. What does authority mean in teaching? Authority: - requires a climate for serious learning; - means mastery of a subject; - is a matter of carriage and conduct as well as knowledge; - is acquired and accumulated; - encourages aspiration; - requires formal distance; - emerges from an acknowledged difference in the status. Ethics - "Ethical teaching means putting the needs and good of students before those of anyone else." Ethical teaching makes you exemplars and guardians of behavior and values. It takes on the duties of trusteeship. What does ethics mean in teaching? Ethics:

- means to do no harm; - means setting high standards and expectations and inspiring learners to meet them; - means embodying the principles of teaching; - requires consideration of differing viewpoints. Order - "Effective teaching requires the imposition of some outer order so that inner order may develop." You must subject yourselves to external and internal control. Discipline is part of order. What does order mean in teaching? Order: - requires the exertion of authority; - arises from a teacher's leadership; - implies tranquility in the workplace; - involves discipline; - necessitates setting good examples; - requires the maintenance of standards. Patience - "Patience necessitates restraint rather than release." It enables you to suspend disappointment and frustration. It allows you to bear with the misconceptions and misunderstandings. It is one of the principal foundations of trust. What does patience mean in teaching? Patience: - gives students time to learn; - hopes for, assists the growth of, but does not anticipate maturity in learners; - suffers fools gladly; - must be exemplified by you. Character - "The ideal character for you is to occupy a middle position between conflicting extremes." A learner's changing traits of character is a factor in teaching. There is no single, ideal character for supervisors. What does character mean in teaching? Character: - must be authentic; - must be consistent; - means showing humanity by acknowledging lapses and errors; - requires sociability. Teaching is considered a complex and many-sided task. The teacher's major task is to guide learning, but he/she has also other responsibilities. Among these are sharing responsibility in counseling and guidance and observing professional responsibilities. Knowledge of ethical

standards for teachers is likewise important for supervisors and managers to do a good job of teaching. What is facilitated learning? : to make easier : help bring about <facilitate growth> Facilitated learning is where the students are encouraged to take more control of their learning process. The trainer's role becomes that of a facilitator and organiser providing resources and support to learners. Advantages and disadvantages of facilitated learning Facilitated learning is based on the premise that the more responsibility a student takes for his/her own learning, the more effective the training or education will be. The advantages are:

Learners use skills like synthesis and analysis The learner is actively involved Learners interact with and learn from each other There is no need for large amounts of learning materials Learners can work in an environment similar to that of the real world A variety of learning methods are used

There are some disadvantages:

Facilitated learning can be or be seen to be more expensive The pace of instruction is based on the group rather than the individual learner The teachers role is not clearly defined There is a need for extra facilities to allow for group work etc The learning is relatively time consuming in proportion to the amount of material covered Facilitated learning is not appropriate in some cultural contexts

Delivery of facilitated learning As already noted, the teachers role in facilitated learning is to create and manage collaborative learning experiences, or group learning in which exchanges between instructors and learners and among learners occur over a period of time. Facilitated courses and learning experiences usually take place over a series of weeks and may include:

On-demand tutorials, presentations, and keynote addresses

Online or face-to-face group discussions and exchanges Handouts, readings, and links to relevant Websites File and link sharing Surveys and polls Virtual real-time or physical classroom sessions, lectures, seminars Brainstorming sessions (virtual or face-to-face) Group activities such as role play and games Field trips Projects and case studies

Facilitated learning in its purist form is likely to occur in a well-resourced environment with participants who are highly motivated and pro-active. Most training environments are unlikely to be able to offer the necessary conditions. However, elements of facilitated learning can be combined effectively with other styles of training to provide many of the benefits inherent in the methodology.

Individual learning Individual learning is training that is individualised to take into consideration the differences between learners. It is most appropriately used in a one-to-one situation, such as training successors or team members in the workplace. Unlike facilitated learning where the trainer takes a more passive role, with individual learning the trainer needs to consider and cater for the needs of individual participants for example:

Rates of learning and learning style Attitude Maturity Interests which effect the level of learning Motivation Learning environment

It doesnt necessarily mean learners are at home they can be in a classroom and still work through things at their own pace. The main types of individual learning are:

Distance learning Resource-based learning Computer-based training Directed private study

The advantages are:

Many learner differences can be taken into account Learners can work at their own pace at the time most convenient to them Different learning styles can be accommodated It is cost-effective for large number of learners Learners are more in control of how and what they learn It is active not passive learning

There are some disadvantages:

There is a long lead time to prepare materials Learner motivation can be hard to maintain The trainers role needs to change

This kind of training is probably most appropriate when the trainer is providing onthe-job training for one or a small number of colleagues. It is a good idea to link the training to practical exercises based on the working need for example, planning a record survey, drawing up appraisal guidelines etc. It can also be very effective to provide this kind of training as a follow-up to face-to-face training.

Presentations and lectures A lecture is delivered to a large number of learners by a teacher (usually in person, but can be by broadcast, video or film). A conventional lecture would be 5055 minutes of uninterrupted discourse from the teacher with no discussion, the only learner activity being listening and note-taking. Lectures will not necessarily include visual aids. Presentations follow a similar pattern but are more likely to happen outside formal education for example in the workplace. Presentations might be shorter and would definitely include visual aids possibly of a high-tech nature. There are many advantages to using presentations and lectures as a delivery method for training. Although the disadvantages are fewer, it is important to acknowledge them and to take measures to minimise them as they are significant and can undermine the learning experience. Advantages Disadvantages

Up-to-date info can be given quickly and simultaneously Learners quickly get overview of subject Learners can be stimulated by good lecturer Familiar form of delivery Cost-effective Easy logistics Lends itself to use of acknowledged

Doesnt allow for different learning abilities or speeds Passive Time and location controlled by the teacher Is often perceived as boring by learners

expert in the field Content can be controlled Pace of delivery can be controlled