Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
38 UMTS
This document provides an overview of the features of the UMTS model suite, shipped as part of the specialized model library. The manual assumes that you are familiar with the UMTS protocol and that you are comfortable using OPNET Modeler. For your convenience, a brief protocol overview and a list common UMTS acronyms are included in the appendices. For more detailed information about UMTS, see one of the documents listed in Reference Documents on page SPM-38-8. UMTS modeling topics: General Model Description Model Features and Limitations Creating a UMTS Network Topology Model Architecture Model Interfaces Model Attributes Simulation Attributes UMTS Statistics Appendix I: Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in UMTS Appendix II: UMTS Protocol Background
SPM-38-1
38UMTS
The UMTS model of the packet wireless network is based on 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release-5 standards. The network architecture of this release is divided into the radio access network (RAN) and the core network as shown in Figure 38-1. The UMTS module models the UMTS RAN and the UMTS functionality of the core network (see highlighted elements in Figure 38-1). The radio access network for UMTS contains the User Equipment (UE), which includes the Terminal Equipment (TE) and Mobile Terminal (MT), and the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which includes the Node-B and Radio Network Controller (RNC). UMTS uses Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) access scheme. This version of W-CDMA uses direct spread with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps and a nominal bandwidth of 5 MHz. The model supports one of W-CDMAs two duplex modes: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD). Time Division Duplex (TDD) is not supported. In FDD mode, uplink and downlink transmissions use different frequency bands. The radio frame has a length of 10 ms and is divided into 15 slots. Spreading factors vary from 256 to 4 for an FDD uplink and from 512 to 4 for an FDD downlink. With these spreading factors, data rates of up to 2 Mbps are attainable. The packet domain core network includes two types of network nodes: serving GPRS support nodes (SGSNs) and the gateway GPRS support node (GGSN). The GPRS support nodes (GSNs) include all GPRS functionality needed to support GSM and UMTS packet services. SGSNs monitor user location and perform security functions and access control. The GGSN contains routing information for packet-switched (PS) attached users and provides interworking with external PS networks such as the packet data network (PDN). The models CN nodes include both SGSN and GGSN functionality. The circuit switched (CS) core network, which is not currently modeled, includes the mobile switching center/visitor location register (MSC/VLR). The MSC/VLR is used in the packet domain architecture to efficiently coordinate PS and CS services and functionality. The Home Location Register (HLR) contains GSM and UMTS subscriber information. The Charging Gateway Functionality (CGF)
rd
SPM-38-2
38UMTS
collects charging records from the SGSN(s) and GGSN. The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) stores information about user equipment identity. The HLR, CGF, and EIR are included in this description for completeness, but are not currently modeled.
Figure 38-1 Overview of Packet Domain Architecture
Standards Representation
SPM-38-3
38UMTS
SPM-38-4
38UMTS
DSCH
SPM-38-5
38UMTS
Model Limitations
The following UMTS protocol features are not explicitly modeled. IPv6 over UMTS. This type of configuration is not supported. Synchronization at power-on. The various synchronization that occurs when a user powers-on is not modeled, with the exception of the GPRS attach procedure. GMM-Idle mode. Only the GMM-Connected mode is modeled.
SPM-38-6 OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5
38UMTS
GPRS detach. It is assumed that a UE remains attached for the remainder of the simulation. PDP context deactivation and reactivation. During a simulation, PDP context activation occurs only once for each QoS profile. The PDP context is not deactivated and is reused the next time a UE requests the QoS profile associated with the PDP. QoS Parameters. Uplink and downlink data rates are the only negotiable QoS parameters. Maximum Bit Rate Uplink/Downlink are the desired data rates for a UE. Guaranteed Bit Rate Uplink/Downlink are the lowest data rates a UE can accept. The UE will accept either maximum bit rate or guaranteed bit rate through a negotiation or renegotiation process initiated by the RNC. QoS negotiation/renegotiation. QoS negotiation during the relocation procedure (Section 7 in TS25.946) is not supported. QoS negotiation/ renegotiation are solely initiated by the RNC. The RNC knows all QoS parameters acceptable to the UE. The UE will always accept the negotiated/ renegotiated bit rates from the RNC. No support for repeater chaining. Repeater chaining is not supported. IP Support between RNC and Node-B. Only UDP will be used for Iub transport layer. Only IP transport will be supported for Node-B to RNC transport. Simultaneous use of ATM and IP interfaces for Node-B to RNC transport will not be supported. No support for parallel spreading codes on dedicated channel. Dedicated channels do not support parallel codes. This limits the maximum data rate a single channel can support. CPCH, PCPCH. The common packet channel (CPCH) and the physical common packet channel (PCPCH) are not modeled. System information, cell selection, and PLMN are not modeled. No mobility prior to attachment. At start time, the model attaches each UE to the closest Node-B (determined based on path loss). No mobility is modeled prior to attachment and UEs begin monitoring their location after attachment. RNC to SGSN connectivity. RNCs must be connected to SGSNs directly using ATM, Ethernet, or PPP links. The models do not support having routers or switches between RNCs and SGSNs. An RNC will be able to be served by any SGSN to which it is directly connected. There is no explicit signaling between the RNC and its SGSNs for discovery of serving SGSNs. Load Sharing. User will configure each UE with the ID of the SGSN it is to use. Dynamic load sharing in the RNC will not be modeled. Load Balancing. RNCs will not do load balancing. The UE will specify the serving SGSN.
SPM-38-7
38UMTS
Inter-RNC and inter-SGSN handovers. UE handovers are not supported between RNCs or between SGSNs. Handover in FACH/RACH. Handover is not supported for UEs using the common channels FACH/RACH (that is, the UEs in the CELL_FACH state).
Reference Documents
This manual documents the UMTS simulation model and assumes that you are familiar with the UMTS protocol. For background information about UMTS, see the appendix for a basic summary of UMTS or to one of the references listed below for detailed information. The UMTS model suite is implemented based on information available from the following sources. H. Holma, A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications, John Wiley & Sons, 2000. T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, 1996. 3G TR 25.922: Radio resource management strategies (Release 1999). 3G TR 25.931: Technical Specification Group RAN (Release 1999). 3G TS 22.060: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 1 (Release 1999). 3G TS 23.003: Numbering, addressing and identification (Release 1999). 3G TS 23.060: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Service description; Stage 2 (Release 1999). 3G TS 23.107: Quality of Service, Concept and Architecture (Release 1999). 3G TS 24.007: Mobile radio interface signaling layer 3; General aspects (Release 1999). 3G TS 24.008: Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification; Core Network Protocols Stage 3 (Version 5.4.0). 3G TS 25.211: Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.212: Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.213: Spreading and modulation (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.214: Physical layer procedures (FDD) (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.301: Radio Interface Protocol Architecture (Version 5.1.0). 3G TS 25.303: Interlayer Procedures in Connected Mode (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.321: Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Specification (Version 5.9.0). 3G TS 25.322: RLC Protocol Specification (Version 5.9.0). 3G TS 25.331: RRC Protocol Specification (Version 5.1.0).
SPM-38-8 OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5
38UMTS
3G TS 25.401: UTRAN Overall Description (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.402: Synchronization in UTRAN Stage 2 (Release 1999). 3G TS 25.413: UTRAN Iu Interface RANAP Signaling (Version 5.1.0). 3G TS 25.433: UTRAN Iub Interface NBAP Signaling (Release 1999). 3GPP TS 23.107: Quality of Service (QoS) concept and architecture. version 5.5.0. 3GPP TS 24.008: Mobile radio interface Layer 3 specification: Core network protocols, Stage 3. version 5.4.0. 3GPP TS 25.101: Technical Specification Group Radio Access Networks; UE Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD) (Release 1999). 3GPP TS 25.322: Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification. version 5.1.0. 3GPP TS 25.331: Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification. version 5.1.0. 3GPP TS 25.413: UTRAN lu interface Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) signaling. version 5.1.0. 3GPP TS 25.433: UTRAN lub interface Node B Application Part (NBAP) signaling. version 5.1.0. 3GPP TS 25.851: RAB Quality of Service (QoS) renegotiation over lu. version 4.0.0. 3GPP TS 25.946: RAB Quality of Service (QoS) negotiation over lu. version 4.0.0.
SPM-38-9
38UMTS
umts_wkstn
umts_server
SPM-38-10
38UMTS
Node-B portion of the UTRAN. This node_b model has 3 directional antennas, which handle connections with the UEs in their sector.
Node-B portion of the UTRAN. This node_b model has 6 directional antennas, which handle connections with the UEs in their sector.
Simple CN nodehas core network functionality, but does no IP routing. Routes packets to and from umts_station nodes, exclusively. Gateway CN nodegeneral gateway node that includes SGSN and GGSN routing functionality and Ethernet and SLIP interfaces. Used only in networks with umts_wkstn and umts_server nodes. Not used with umts_station nodes. GGSN portion of the CN
umts_ethernet_slip8_gtwy umts_ethernet_slip8_large_gtwy
Add to extend coverage area of Node-B cell, improve signal strength (especially in downlink), and get around physical obstacles.
38UMTS
opposite corners of the rectangle. For example, you can specify either the upper-right corner and lower-left corner, or the lower-right corner and the upper-left corner. The order that you specify the corners in doesnt matter, whats important is that the corners you specify are diagonally opposite each other. The Cell Creator utilitys input parameters are listed below.
Table 38-3 Cell Creator Input Parameters
Input Parameter longitude 1 Description Longitude (in degrees) of the first corner of the rectangular area of cells. Latitude (in degrees) of the first corner of the rectangular area of cells. Longitude (in degrees) of the second corner of the rectangular area of cells. This corner should be diagonally opposite the first. Latitude (in degrees) of the second corner of the rectangular area of cells. This corner should be diagonally opposite the first. Distance from the center of the hexagon to the furthest vertex. Note that the hexagons drawn by this utility are not regular hexagons, so all vertices are not equidistant from the center. Unit of the cell radius. Name of the map on which the cell grid is drawn. Include the filename of the map only, do not include the file extension. Name for the modified map.
latitude 1
longitude 2
latitude 2
radius
Procedure 38-1 Using the Cell Creator Utility 1 Configure the machine to use the External Model Access (EMA) package by verifying that the following directory listed in your PATH environment is one of the following: Windows: <install_dir>/<rel_dir>/sys/pc_intel_win32/bin Linux: <install_dir>/<rel_dir>/sys/unix 2 Configure the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment attribute to include the full path to the directory of kernel libraries (Linux). Windows: No special configuration is required.
SPM-38-12 OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5
38UMTS
Linux: At the command prompt, enter the following command: setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH <reldir>/sys/ pc_intel_linux/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH 3 Change to <reldir>/models/std/umts, the umts directory. 4 Run cell_creator in the OPNET Modeler console (Windows) or at the command prompt (Linux). cell_creator -input <longitude 1> <latitude 1> <longitude 2> <latitude 2> <radius> [miles | kilometers] <input map name> <output map name> End of Procedure 38-1
Supported Configurations
You can configure your UMTS network model to use either of the following configurations: UMTS workstation nodes routing application traffic (e-mail, ftp,...) through one or more CN nodes to other UMTS workstation or server nodes, or to workstations and servers running over other technologies, such as Ethernet or WLAN. UMTS station nodes sending generic data traffic to other UMTS station nodes though a single or multiple SGSN nodes. You cannot send application traffic to a UMTS station node, nor can you send traffic generated by a station node to a UMTS workstation or server node. When using the UMTS workstation nodes, use the application models to generate traffic as you would for any workstation node. See the application model documentation for additional information on configuring application traffic. Using the station and SGSN nodes allow you to configure a traffic generation pattern that is not application-based. This avoids the need to use the application models when you are not interested in application-specific performance in the UMTS network. Consider using the station nodes and SGSN nodes when the following apply: You want to model raw traffic data within the UMTS network You are not interested in the external IP network You are not modeling CN to CN data transfer
SPM-38-13
38UMTS
The following diagrams illustrate the supported types of UMTS network configurations:
Figure 38-3 Simple UMTS Network Using Application Traffic
SPM-38-14
38UMTS
Model Architecture
The GPRS network architecture is shown in Figure 38-5. This section describes the nodes shown in Figure 38-5, including their process and node models.
Figure 38-5 UMTS Network Architecture
When a user powers-on, the model assumes that synchronization and a PS signalling connection are established. This PS signaling connection is kept for the entire simulation. Because of this, when a user powers-on it can immediately do a UMTS GPRS attach with the SGSN(s) to access to GPRS services. Packets are queued when they are received from higher layers. Since each user supports four QoS profiles, the traffic is queued on one of four QoS queues. If no PDP context has been activated for that QoS profile, an Activate PDP Context Request is sent to the SGSN(s). This PDP context activation message includes the QoS requested. The model assumes that the SGSN(s), after consulting the RNC, either grants the QoS requested by the user in its entirety or rejects it. No negotiation by the SGSN/GGSN or RNC of the requested QoS is done at this stage. On receipt of the Activate PDP Context Request, the SGSN(s) sends a RAB Assignment Request to the RNC along with the QoS requested. The UTRAN performs admission control to determine if the request can be granted. If the uplink and downlink have sufficient capacity to accommodate the request, the request can be granted. If the request can be granted, the RNC sends a Radio Bearer Setup request to the UE.
SPM-38-15
38UMTS
On receipt of the Radio Bearer Setup request, the UE sets up the channel as specified in the request and sends a Radio Bearer Complete to the RNC. On receipt of the Radio Bearer Complete, the RNC sends a RAB Assignment Response, which includes the granted QoS, to the SGSN/GGSN. The SGSN(s) then sends the Activate PDP Context Accept message, which also includes the granted QoS. The UE can send packets to the destination on receipt of the Activate PDP Context Accept message from the SGSN(s). Before reaching their destination, these packets are first tunneled through serving the RNC and SGSN/GGSN, then routed through the IP cloud. If the destination network is also a UMTS network, then they are finally queued at the destination SGSN/GGSN node. Once a channel is set up at the destination, the packets are forwarded to the destination UE.
UE Architecture
Three types of UEs are supported in the UMTS model: simple mobile stations (umts_station), advanced workstations (umts_wkstn), and advanced servers (umts_server). You can model your UE nodes as either fixed (fix) or mobile (mob). Use the mobile node when the UE you are modeling moves during the simulation. You can reduce simulation run times by using the fixed nodes to model UEs that do not move during simulation.
UE Node Model Architecture
The UMTS station model shown in Figure 38-6 includes an application layer that feeds directly into the GMM layer. It also includes the RLC/MAC layer, a radio transmitter and receiver, and one antenna. The advanced workstation and server (Figure 38-6) include the full TCP(UDP)/IP protocol stack between the application layer and GMM layer. The GMM layer contains functions from the GMM, GSM, and RRC layers. It has mobility management functions (such as GPRS attach), session management functions (such as PDP context activation), and radio resource control functions (such establishment and release of radio bearers). The RLC/MAC layer contains the RLC and MAC layers. It includes priority handling of data flows, the three types of RLC modes, and segmentation and reassembly of higher-layer packets. The links between the radio transmitter and the RLC/MAC layer and between the radio receiver and the RLC/MAC layer represent transport channels. On the uplink, there can be one random access channel (RACH), one common packet channel (CPCH), and one dedicated channel (DCH) where signaling and data traffic converges. Each transport channel in the dedicated channel has a unique spread code that distinguishes it from other transport channels. On the downlink, there can be one forward access channel (FACH), one downlink shared channel (DSCH), one acquisition indicator channel (AICH), and one
SPM-38-16 OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5
38UMTS
dedicated signaling channel per user, and up to four data channels. The number of signaling and data channels on the downlink is equal to the number of signaling and data channels on the uplink; the exception to this is the DSCH, which has one extra channel. Each channel is assigned a different spread code and traffic on all channels can be sent simultaneously.
Figure 38-6 Simple and Full-Protocol Stack UE Node Models
The RLC is assigned a logical channel according to an applications DiffServ characteristics. MAC uses a queuing scheme in combination with logical channel weights/priorities to multiplex and schedule data from logical to transport channels. Logical channels transport control/data between L2/RLC and L2/MAC. Transport channels transport data between L2/MAC and L1. Users can map higher layer data to logical channels using either ToS or DiffServ priority handling, and multiplex logical channels to transport channels using a queuing scheme. This capability allows custom classes to be defined (i.e., prioritizing certain cell phone traffic sources over others), and increases the granularity of application performance metrics to observe scheduling behavior. The queue structure at the GMM and RLC/MAC layers is shown in Figure 38-7. The GMM layer has four queues, one for each QoS class the UE can support. When a data packet from the application layer arrives at the GMM layer, it is forwarded to the RLC/MAC layer if a channel has already received a RAB setup message for the RAB of the packets QoS class. Otherwise, the packet is enqueued at the GMM layer in the queue corresponding to its QoS profile. The
OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5 SPM-38-17
38UMTS
RLC/MAC layer uses queues to transmit packets coming from higher layers, to retransmit packets in RLC acknowledged mode, and to receive packets from lower layers and reassemble them to build the PDUs from these packets. Each category requires one queue for signaling and four queues for each QoS supported.
Figure 38-7 Queue Structure for GMM and RLC/MAC Layer at the UE Node
UEGMM/SM UERLC/MAC
Data (QoS 3)
Data (QoS 3)
Signalling Data (QoS 0) Data (QoS 1) Data (QoS 2) Data (QoS 3) Retransmission buffers
Signalling Data (QoS 0) Data (QoS 1) Data (QoS 2) Data (QoS 3) Reception/Reassembly buffers
The process models for the application layer of the UE station node model are shown in Figure 38-8 (umts_client_mgr) and Figure 38-9 (umts_client_child). When the umts_client_mgr process model is invokedeither at the start of a new session for a particular QoS class or when triggered by another user (passive session)it spawns the umts_client_child process. The child process is killed when the session ends. There are as many simultaneous child processes opened, as there are simultaneous sessions active at the UE. When peer-to-peer communication is enabled at the caller side, transfer is done in both directions. In this case, the application layer at the originating UE, referred to as the mobile origination, first starts an active session. To set up a channel, the mobile origination (MO) sends a SETUP message to the mobile
SPM-38-18 OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5
38UMTS
termination (MT). Once a channel is set up, the mobile termination sends a CONNECT message to the MO and starts sending data to MO. When the MO receives the CONNECT, it also starts sending data packets to MT. When peer-to-peer communication is not enabled, transfer occurs only in one direction. When a channel is setup on the mobile origination side, packets are sent directly to the mobile termination. No initial message sent to set up the channel on both sides as in peer-to-peer communication. Therefore, data packets are queued at the termination side until a channel is set up with the mobile termination.
Figure 38-8 umts_client_mgrApplication Manager Process for the UE
Station Node
Station Node
Figure 38-10 shows the process model for the UEs GMM layer. Upon completion of GPRS attach, the UE waits in the CONNECTED state. As soon as the GMM layer receives packets from higher layers for a new QoS class, it sends a request to the SGSN to activate the PDP context. Once the PDP context is activated and a channel is set up, the UE can send packets to their destination. Modification of active PDP context is also supported. If the GMM
OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5 SPM-38-19
38UMTS
layer receives packets from higher layers in the CONNECTED state when the PDP context is already activated but no radio bearer is set up, the UE sends a service request to SGSN. A channel is then set up and the UE can start sending packets to its destination. The radio bearer release and reconfiguration is also modeled in this process model. If the PS connection is released, the user moves to the IDLE state. The IDLE state and the RAU (Routing Area Update) state are not modeled in the current release.
Figure 38-10 umts_gmmGMM Layer Process Model on the UE
Figure 38-11 shows the process model for the RLC/MAC layer, umts_rlc_mac. This process handles segmentation and reassembly of higher layers PDUs into and from smaller RLC PUs. It also handles transparent, unacknowledged, and acknowledged RLC modes. In unacknowledged and acknowledged RLC modes, umts_rlc_mac adds RLC and MAC headers to each PU. Packets coming from higher layers are buffered in different queues according to the channel a packet will be sent on. Packets are taken out of the buffer in each frame. If the frame boundary corresponds to the beginning of a transmission time interval (TTI) for that channel and the packet was received early enough to
SPM-38-20
38UMTS
allow for processing time, the packet is segmented, RLC and MAC headers are added when appropriate, and the resulting packet is sent to the transmitter on the correct channel. For packets received from lower layers, packets are simply delayed by the processing time, and then forwarded to higher layers.
Figure 38-11 umts_rlc_mac Process for the UEs RLC/MAC Layer
The RLC/MAC layer models all three RLC retransmission modes. For RLC Transparent Mode (TrM), Protocol Data Units (PDUs) from higher layers are segmented into smaller RLC Payload Units (PUs) and transparently transmitted to lower layers, and vice versa for reassembling PDUs from lower layers. There is no need to add RLC/MAC headers to or remove RLC/MAC headers from these packets. In RLC Unacknowledged Mode (UM), PDUs are segmented and reassembled, and RLC/MAC headers are added to each segment. Each segment is tagged with a sequence number but missing segments are not retransmitted. For RLC Acknowledged Mode (AM), PDUs from higher layers are segmented into smaller RLC PUs, and RLC and MAC headers are added to each segment. Similarly, the RLC and MAC headers are removed from segments from lower layers, which are then reassembled into PDUs. As in the unacknowledged mode, each segment is tagged with a sequence number. When the RLC/MAC layer of the receiving UE or RNC detects a missing segment, it sends a STATUS REPORT to the transmitting RNC or UE asking for the missing segment. On receipt of the STATUS REPORT from the receiver, the transmitting UE or RNC retransmits the missing segment. Retransmitted segments have higher priority than segments being transmitted for the first time. A segment can be retransmitted up to MAX_DAT times before it is discarded.
SPM-38-21
38UMTS
When segment is discarded after the maximum number of failed retransmissions attempts, the channel is locked and is reset. The RLC AM reset procedure can be triggered at the UE or at the RNC and is handled differently in each case. For RLC AM reset cases at the UEthe affected channel is blocked and all data traffic intended for that channel is discarded. Other transport channels serving different QoS classes remain active unless they also encounter a reset situation. For RLC AM reset cases at the RNCthe affected logical/transport channel (identified by IMSI and QoS) is blocked and the radio bearer (RB) corresponding to that channel is released. The model also considers the possibility that the RB release procedure with the UE can also fail if the UE loses communication through the signalling channel. In these cases, the RB is released after a certain number of trials. In both reset cases, the model does not support recovery from a reset situationa channel blocked during reset will remain blocked for the remainder of the simulation. The transmitter and receiver also have a Transmission Window Size and a Receiver Window Size. The Maximum Send state variable (VT(MS)) is equal to the Transmission Window Size plus the sequence number of the next in-sequence PU expected to be acknowledged (VT(A)) plus the sequence number of the next PU to be transmitted for the first time (VT(S)). The Maximum acceptable Receive state variable (VR(MR)) is equal to the Receiver Window Size plus the sequence number of the next in-sequence PU expected to be received. The number of segments sent to the receiver, but awaiting acknowledgement should not exceed the Transmission Window Size. Similarly, the receiver will not accept segments exceeding the Receiver Window Size from the transmitter, and discards excess segments. The RLC Acknowledged Mode also uses several timers. STATUS REPORT messages are sent every Timer_Status_Periodic and each time a missing segment is detected at the receiver if the Missing_PU_indicator is set to TRUE. Every time a STATUS REPORT is sent, another timer Timer_Status_Prohibit is started. The receiver cannot send a STATUS REPORT while the Timer_Status_Prohibit is active. On expiry of Timer_Status_Prohibit, a STATUS REPORT is sent if Timer_Status_Periodic expired or missing segments were detected while Timer_Status_Prohibit was active. Every segment sent by the transmitter for the first time is copied and saved in a retransmission buffer. When the transmitter receives an acknowledgement from the receiver, it removes the acknowledged segments from the retransmission buffer. If a segment stays in the retransmission buffer longer than Timer_Discard, it is discarded. This prevents build-up of buffer length at the transmitter when there are frequent retransmissions.
SPM-38-22
38UMTS
Figure 38-12 shows the retransmission procedure in RLC acknowledged mode between the RNC (transmitter) and the UE (receiver) including the variables required to keep track of missing packets. In Figure 38-12, the Transmission Window Size and the Receiver Window Size are 8 PUs. When VT(S) and VT(MS) equal 8, the transmitter cannot send additional PUs until it receives an acknowledgement from the receiver. When the transmitter receives a STATUS REPORT, it retransmits the missing PUs and updates its VT(A) and VT(MS) variables based on the sequence number acknowledged in the STATUS REPORT.
Figure 38-12 RLC AM Retransmission
UE (rx) RNC (tx)
seq num = 0 seq num = 1 seq num = 2 seq num = 3 seq num = 4
VT(S)=0, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=1, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=2, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=3, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=4, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=5, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=6, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=7, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=8, VT(A)=0, VT(MS)=8 VT(S)=8, VT(A)=2, VT(MS)=10
status report (2,3) seq num = 5 seq num = 6 seq num = 7 seq num = 8
VR(R)=2, VR(H)=9, VR(MR)=10 VR(R)=3, VR(H)=9, VR(MR)=11 VR(R)=4, VR(H)=9, VR(MR)=12 VR(R)=6, VR(H)=9, VR(MR)=14 VR(R)=7, VR(H)=9, VR(MR)=15 VR(R)=9, VR(H)=9, VR(MR)=17 VR(R)=10, VR(H)=10, VR(MR)=18
status report (2,3,5,6,7) seq num = 2 seq num = 3 seq num = 5 seq num = 6 seq num = 7 seq num = 9
When the UE is in the CELL_FACH state, the RACH (random access channel) is used to transmit data in the uplink direction. When packets are buffered at the RLC/MAC layer, the RLC/MAC spawns the umts_rach process, which models the random access channel. The umts_rach process model, shown in
SPM-38-23
38UMTS
Figure 38-13, follows the slotted aloha contention algorithm. The process uses the preamble ramp-up procedure to begin sending preambles. Once it receives an acknowledge from the node B, umts_rach notifies the RLC/MAC so that data messages can be sent.
Figure 38-13 umts_rach Process Model on the UE
Node-B Architecture
The Node-B manages the networks air interface for UEs in the same sector as the Node-B. There are both ATM and IP-enabled Node-Bs. The model suite includes a single-sector Node-B, a three-sector Node-B, and a six-sector Node-B. An RNC connects to one or more Node-Bs to communicate with the UEs of the network and to manage multiple calls.
Node-B Node Model Architecture
The Node-B node models include one node_b processor module for each sector it manages. The node_b processor module is connected to an ATM or IP protocol stack, a transmitter module, and a receiver module. Each packet stream between the node_b module and the transmitter represents a downlink channel and each stream between the node_b module and the receiver represents an uplink channel. In the downlink direction, packets are forwarded to the transmitter on the FACH or DSCH streams, or on the dedicated channel
SPM-38-24
38UMTS
via op_pk_deliver(). In the uplink direction, all packets travel over the RACH, CPCH (not modeled in the current release), or DCH streams. All DCH packets converge at the DCH input stream, regardless of their channel or spreading code.
Figure 38-14 Node-B Node Model
When the simulation starts, Node-Bs initialize the data structures used in the pipeline stages, sets radio transmitter and receiver attributes for all UEs and Node-Bs in the UMTS network (only the first Node-B to start performs this task), and initializes ATM-VC or IP connections to the RNC for each QoS class and signalling data channel. Besides relaying packets between UEs and the RNC, the Node-B also assists the RNC with radio resource management through NBAP (Node-B Application Protocol) signalling messages. When the RNC receives a request to add a new radio link, it informs the Node-B of the addition of this link for the call. The Node-B then responds to the request with assigned spreading code for the radio link. A similar communication happens between Node-B and RNC for radio link deletions. RNC informs Node-B about the deletion request, and Node-B frees the spreading code assigned for that link, before responding to the RNC.
SPM-38-25
38UMTS
When the RNC receives a request to modify a radio link, it informs Node-B of the modification of this link. Once complete, Node-B responds to the RNC.
Figure 38-15 umts_node_b Process Model
Node-B Repeaters
A repeater can be used to extend the coverage area of a Node-B cell, improve signal strength (especially in downlink), and get around physical obstacles. For example, UE travels from one cell to another through an area of coverage loss. With a repeater added to the first cell, UE can travel from one cell to another without losing connectivity. Repeaters transmit received Node-B transmissions in the downlink direction, and UE transmissions in the uplink direction. Repeater transmissions add to interference in both directions, which must be considered in interference computations. Uplink: Interfere with simultaneous receptions at donor Node-B (unless fiber link to donor Node-B is used.) A given Node-B cell does not hear packets or interference from any repeaters to which it is not associated. Downlink: Interfere with simultaneous receptions at all UEs. A repeater only repeats packets with its donor Node-B cell. A repeater forwards packets regardless of number of bit errors. Bit errors in packets received at the repeater are still present in the packet when it is received at the final destination (or next hop.) Repeaters amplify received packets in accordance with repeater gain settings (may be different in uplink/downlink directions.) Each Node-B cell may have multiple associated repeaters.
SPM-38-26
38UMTS
RNC Architecture
The RNC manages the resources of the air interface of all the UEs on Node-Bs serviced by the RNC. The RNC does the following management tasks: Coordinates the admission control process of establishing and tearing down RABs for UEs requesting service over various QoS classes. Finds needed resources for new requests by reorganizing the resource allocations and negotiating/renegotiating QoS parameters on new or already established RABs. Manages the handovers of UEs between its Node-B due to UEs movements between the cells. Buffers packets destined for UEs per QoS class. Communicates with the SGSN(s) allowing the SGSN(s) to send and receive data to and from the UEs it services. Performs related tasks as the peer of the RLC and MAC layers of the served UEs. Monitors the activity on the established radio bearers to tear them down in case of inactivity.
RNC Node Model
The RNC Node model consists of the RNC Manager and three child processes that perform the functionality of the RNC. The RNC Manager has nine ATM or IP stacks attached to it, one of which connects to the SGSN(s) servicing the RNC. The other eight will connect to Node-B ATM or IP stacks. The RNC process models can determine which type of node exists at the other end of any given connection, so the RNC can connect any of these stacks to either a Node-B or SGSN so long as no more than one RNC connects to it and at least one Node-B connects to it. The total number of supported node-Bs can be increased by adding more ATM or IP stacks to the node structure.
Figure 38-16 RNC Node Model
IP stack
SPM-38-27
38UMTS
The model suite includes four process models: umts_rnc (the RNC Manager), umts_rnc_rlc_mac, umts_rnc_ranap_nbap, and umts_rnc_rrc.
Figure 38-17 RNC Model Root and Child Processes
Specifically: The umts_rnc_rlc_mac process implements Radio Link Control (RLC)/ Medium Access Control (MAC) functions. The umts_rnc_ranap_nbap process implements handle signaling with Node B Application Part (NBAP), and handle serving gateway support node (SGSN) signaling with Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP), and The umts_rnc_rrc process implements initialization and user equipment (UE) signaling with Radio Resource Control (RRC) procedures, including admission control, handover, and mobility related procedures. The umts_rnc_rlc_mac process receives stream/remote interrupts to the RNC module. Once created, it is responsible for invoking other child processes accordingly. The umts_rnc_rlc_mac process maintains arrays of queues that each serve a specific purpose: transmission, reception, retransmission, segmentation, and reassembly. Each position in the array represents the set of buffers (or queues) that are assigned to a specific channel. Some of these channels are assigned and released dynamically during the simulation while others are assigned for the duration of the simulation. The RNC designates an equal number of slots in this array for each Node-B it services. A queue array created for a Node-B has the structure depicted in Figure 38-18.
SPM-38-28
38UMTS
Connection 0
Connection 1
Connection 2
...
Connection M
Tx
Reass
Connection array for FACH/RACH FACH/RACH DSCH DCH DCH DCH DCH
...
Node-B 0
Node-B 1
...
Node-B N
The active connections for the FACH/RACH and DSCH channels are stored in two distinct arrays. When the simulation starts, the RNC dedicates slot 0 to the FACH/RACH and slot 1 to the DSCH, both of which point to the appropriate connection arrays. After startup of the UEs via the GPRS Attach procedure, the RNC establishes a signalling DCH for each UE. As the RNC creates DCHs, it dedicates slots in the array in the section it reserved for the Node-B serving the UE that the RNC establishes the channel for. As the simulation progresses and as the UEs send service request messages to get DCH RABs, the RNC creates channels for the new RABs that do not run over common channels. The RNC also designates unused slots in its queue arrays to service the UEs newly established RABs. If the newly created RAB runs over common or shared channels, a new connection slot is assigned.
Figure 38-19 Sample Queue Allocation for an RNC
Tx Retx Seg Reass [DSCH | DCH(UE0 sig) | DCH(UE1 sig) | DCH (UE0 QoS0) | DCH (UE1 QoS0)] [DSCH | DCH(UE0 sig) | DCH(UE1 sig) | DCH (UE0 QoS0) | DCH (UE1 QoS0)] [DSCH | DCH(UE0 sig) | DCH(UE1 sig) | DCH (UE0 QoS0) | DCH (UE1 QoS0)] [DSCH | DCH(UE0 sig) | DCH(UE1 sig) | DCH (UE0 QoS0) | DCH (UE1 QoS0)]
SPM-38-29
38UMTS
RANAP_MSG: RANAP control message NBAP_MSG: NBAP control message RRC_MSG = MOBILITY_MSG || RAB_RESP
SPM-38-30
38UMTS
CN Architecture
The model includes two options for modeling CN nodes: CN node models combine SGSN and GGSN functionality. Gateway CN node: generic gateway nodes that include SGSN and GGSN functionality Simple CN node: a simple SGSN node that includes UMTS functionality and packet-switching functionality between the SGSNs UE station nodes See CN Node Models. SSGN and GGSN node models let you model the CN components individually: GGSN nodes SGSN nodes: generic SGSN nodes that can connect to up to 8 RNCs and one GGSN See SGSN Node Models and GGSN Node Models.
CN Node Models
The simple CN node model (Figure 38-23) includes the SGSN module and variable ATM stacks for communications with the RNCs. You can configure the nodess Network Delay attribute to model the delay that would be introduced by the network cloud between the source and destination UMTS network within the node model.
Figure 38-23 Simple CN Node Model: umts_sgsn ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack ATM stack
SPM-38-31
38UMTS
The gateway CN node models, umts_ethernet_slip8_gtwy or umts_ethernet_slip8_large_gtwy, include the SGSN module, variable ATM stacks for communications with the RNCs, and a router node protocol stack with an IP module and IP interfaces running other layer-2 technologies.
Figure 38-24 Gateway CN Node Mode
l
IP stack
The model suite includes three GGSN node models, umts_ggsn_slip8 umts_ggsn_atm8_ethernet8_slip8, and umts_ggsn_ethernet2_slip8. The GGSN node models are similar to the gateway CN node model, except that they do not include the SGSN module and ATM stacks. The GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) runs in the IP module on these nodes and sets up GTP tunnels between the GGSN and SGSN.
SGSN Node Models
The model suite includes two SGSN node models, umts_sgsn_ethernet_slip and umts_sgsn_atm_ethernet_slip. The SGSN nodes are similar to the simple CN node model, except that they also include an ATM, Ethernet, or IP interface to connect to a GGSN node as Gn interfaces. The GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) runs in the IP module on these nodes and sets up GTP tunnels between the SGSN and GGSN.
SGSN Module The SGSN module is modeled as a queue and is common to
both CN nodes and to the SGSN nodes. The number of queues depends on the number of users in the cells and on the number of QoS classes supported per user. Data packets arriving at the CN node are queued when no PDP context has been activated for that QoS class or when no channel has been set up with
SPM-38-32
38UMTS
the terminating UE. The packets are queued by QoS class as shown in Figure 38-25. If the PDP context is already activated for the packets QoS class and if a channel is already set up, the packet is transparently forward to the RNC.
Figure 38-25 Queue Structure in the SGSN Module
Data QoS0 (UE0) Data QoS1 (UE0) Data QoS2 (UE0) Data QoS3 (UE0) Data QoS0 (UE1) Data QoS1 (UE1) UE 1 Data QoS2 (UE1) Data QoS3 (UE1) UE 0
CN Process Model
The process model that resides in the SGSN module of the CN node model is shown in Figure 38-26. The current model implements the GPRS attach procedure, PDP context activation, and RAB establishment and release. The paging state is used to receive data packets from the RNC or IP network. The current release does not model the following: GPRS detach state PDP context deactivation state Security state
SPM-38-33
38UMTS
UMTS Timing
The following timing delays are modeled: Encoder delay Processing delay Buffering delay Propagation delay (configurable) IP delay (configurable) Figure 38-27 shows how these delays are implemented in the model. The encoder delay represents all delay incurred by the encoder in the first and subsequent frames of a burst (Tdelay). At the RLC/MAC layer, data is first buffered for one transmission time interval (TTI), which can last from one to eight times the length of one radio frame (10-80 ms). Data is then processed (coded, interleaved,...). The processing delay is the time required by the transmitter and receiver to process the packet. The processing delays at the UE, RNC, and SGSN/GGSN are labeled tpc1, tpc2, and tpc3, respectively. At the UE and UTRAN, packets can be sent on a frame boundary if the channel is not already busy. For example, if a packet at the UE is received from higher layers at least tpc1 before the frame boundary, the packet can be sent at the next frame boundary, if it is available. Otherwise, it waits an additional transmission time interval.
SPM-38-34 OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5
38UMTS
At the receiver, the buffering time (Tbuffer) represents the time needed by the receiver to buffer all of the radio frames required to decode the signal. The propagation delay is based on the distance and on the type of channel link: tpd1 represents the propagation delay between the UE and UTRAN and tpd2 represents the propagation delay between the UTRAN and SGSN/GGSN. The IP delay (tip) is the delay through the IP cloud.
Figure 38-27 Delay in RAN and CN Network
Radio-Air Interface
The Wireless module includes 13 pipeline stages to model the radio interface. You can model the air interface between the UE and the UTRAN by modifying some of these pipeline stages. To model specific W-CDMA behavior, the following pipeline stages must be modified:
Received Power
The standard received power pipeline stage (dra_power.ps.c) is modified to include a path loss model and shadow fading model that depends on the environment (pedestrian outdoor, vehicular outdoor, indoor office). The propagation path loss models are based on formulas specified by the International Telecommunications Union as shown below (Recommendation ITU-R M.1225 Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Transmission Technologies for IMT-2000, 1997). The Hata model for frequency between 1500 MHz and 2000 MHz and the free space model are also supported. Shadow fading is modeled as a log-normal distribution with zero mean and a standard deviation depending on the environment but settable by the operator. The environment is settable by the operator.
SPM-38-35
38UMTS
Vehicular Outdoor
where R is the distance between the mobile station and base station in kilometers, hb is the base station antenna height (meters), and freq is the carrier frequency in MHz.
Pedestrian Outdoor
where R is the distance between the user and base station in kilometers, freq is the carrier frequency in MHz, and LpMax is valid in non-line-of-sight case and describes worst case propagation.
Indoor Office
+ 37
where R is the distance between the user and base station in kilometers, n is the number of floors in the path, and LpMax is valid in non-line-of-sight case and describes worst case propagation.
Background Noise
The background noise pipeline stage (dra_bkgnoise.ps.c) includes thermal noise and noise figure of the mobile and base station receiver.
SPM-38-36
38UMTS
Interference Noise
Interference noise is calculated in the following pipeline stages. RACH and AICH channels: umts_ue_dra_inoise umts_utran_dra_inoise DCH and FACH channels: umts_ue_dra_power umts_utran_dra_power
T ( D, N ) =
d = df
ad D N
d fd
The coefficient a d is the number of alternative paths through trellis which differ in d coded bit positions from the correct path; d is sometimes called the Hamming distance between the two paths (or more precisely, between the code vectors associated with the paths). The lower limit d f is known as the free distance, which is the minimum Hamming distance between the two alternative paths. The exponent f d is the number of information bits that differ between two paths, which differ by a Hamming distance of d .
SPM-38-37
38UMTS
The union bound is an upper bound on the total probability of error. Assuming coherent detection and soft-decision Viterbi decoding, the union bound on the probability of choosing the wrong path through the trellis at a given stage is
Pe
d = df
ad Pe ( d ) =
d = df
2dE s a d Q ----------- N0
where
2 t 2 1 Q ( x ) = ---------- e dt 2
If r is the code rate, E s = rE b , where E s is the energy per symbol (coded N 2 bit) and E b is the energy per data bit. 0 is the two-sided noise power spectral density, assumed to include other-user interference as well as thermal noise. For a rate 1/n code, each stage in the trellis corresponds to a data bit (n coded bits), so the union bound on the block error probability, for a block of B bits, is
PB B
d = df
2dE s a d Q ----------- N0
SPM-38-38
38UMTS
Pb
d = df
ad fd Pe ( d ) =
d = df
2dE s d Q ----------- N0
where
d = ad fd .
The coefficients { a d } and { fd } depend on the specific code. Clearly the larger the free distance d f , the better the code performance in general. For rate-1/2 code: df = 12 For rate-1/3 code: df = 18
SPM-38-39
38UMTS
The coefficients { a d } and { d } are shown for the two codes in the tables below, and Figure 38-29 on page SPM-38-42 shows the union bounds on block error rate vs. Eb/N0 for a block length of B = 100 bits, for the two rates.
Table 38-4 Transfer Function Coefficients for Rate-1/2 Convolutional Code
d
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 End of Table 38-4
ad
11 50 286 1630 9639 55,152 320,782 1,859,184 10,777,264
d
33 281 2179 15,035 105,166 692,330 4,580,007 29,692,894 190,453,145
Table 38-5 Transfer Function Coefficients for the Rate-1/3 Convolutional Code
d
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 End of Table 38-5
ad
5 7 36 85 204 636 1927 5416 15,769
d
11 32 195 564 1473 5129 17,434 54,092 171,117
SPM-38-40
38UMTS
As can be seen, the curves can be closely approximated by first-order regression lines of the form:
log P B b 0 + b 1 ( E b N 0 )
dB
where b 0 and b 1 are as shown in the graph below. Since the bound on P B is proportional to the block length B ,
P B = B P 100 100
and
log P B = log B + b 0 2 + b 1 ( E b N 0 )
dB
For a specific target block error rate, therefore, the required E b approximated as:
N0
is closely
( Eb N0 )
SPM-38-41
38UMTS
Figure 38-29 Block Error Rate (Union Bound) for Rates 1/2 and 1/3 Convolutional Codes
( Eb N0 )
SPM-38-42
38UMTS
Signal Flows
GPRS Attach
For completeness, the entire GPRS Attach procedure without prior CS (Circuit Switched) traffic is shown in Figure 38-32. However, the model assumes (and does not explicitly model) that a PS signaling connection is already established at power-on. The GPRS Attach procedure is performed to inform the SGSN(s) of a users location and to set up a PS signaling connection. Once a PS signaling connection is established, the UE and SGSN(s) move from the PMM-Detached State to the PMM-Connected State. The PS signaling connection includes the RRC signaling connection between the UE and UTRAN, and the Iu signaling connection between the UTRAN and CN. If there has been no prior CS traffic, a signaling connection is set up between the UE and UTRAN. Once an RRC signaling connection is established between the UE and UTRAN, a Service Request (signaling) message is sent to the SGSN(s) to set up the Iu connection between the UTRAN and SGSN. Once the PS signaling connection is established, the UE initiates the GPRS Attach procedure by sending a GPRS Attach Request message to the SGSN(s). The GPRS Attach Request includes the Follow On Request indication that indicates that the Iu connection should be released or kept after the GPRS Attach procedure. At this stage, the model assumes that the PS signaling connection is maintained for the duration of the simulation.
Figure 38-32 GPRS Attach with no Prior CS Traffic
SPM-38-43
38UMTS
Here is how OPNET Modeler explicitly models GPRS attach signalling: 1) UE initiates the GPRS Attach procedure by sending a GPRS Attach Request (IMSI, Attach Type, Follow On Request) message to the SGSN. UE starts timer T3310 when sending the GPRS Attach Request message. The Attach Type is set to GPRS Attach only and the Follow On Request indication is set to keep the Iu connection. 2) Upon receipt of the GPRS Attach Request message, the SGSN sends the UE an Attach Accept (P-TMSI) message and starts timer T3350. In the current model, P-TMSI is always included in the Attach Accept message. 3) Upon receipt of the GPRS Attach Accept message, the UE stops timer T3310 and responds to the SGSN with an GRPS Attach Complete message. On receipt of the GPRS Attach Complete message, the SGSN stops timer T3350, which completes the GPRS Attach procedure.
PDP Context Activation and RAB Assignment (MS-Connected State)
The PDP Context Activation procedure is required when the PDP context for the requested class of service is inactive. Figure 38-33 and Figure 38-34 show the PDP Context Activation procedures initiated by the UE and CN, respectively. If the UE is in PMM-Idle State, the UE first performs a Service Request Procedure to set up a PS signalling connection and enter the PMM-Connected State before initiating the PDP Context Activation procedure. Once the GPRS Attach procedure is completed, the UE remains in the PMM-Connected State for the rest of the simulation.
Figure 38-33 PDP Context Activation Procedure Initiated by the UE (Connected State)
1) When the UE receives Protocol Data Units (PDUs) from higher layers, it initiates the PDP Context Activation Procedure if the PDUs belong to a quality of service that does not yet have an activated PDP context. The UE initiates the PDP Context Activation procedure by sending an Activate PDP
SPM-38-44 OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5
38UMTS
Context Request (PDP Type, QoS Requested) message to SGSN. The UE starts T3380 when sending an Activate PDP Context Request message. In the model, only one PDP Context per QoS is set up and the PDP Type corresponds to the QoS requested. 2) On receipt of the Activate PDP Context Request, the SGSN sends a RAB Assignment Request message to the RNC (Radio Network Controller) to establish a RAB (Radio Access Bearer). The SGSN starts the TRABAssgt timer when sending a RAB Assignment Request message. 3) On receipt of a RAB Assignment Request message, the RNC performs admission control. If sufficient uplink and downlink capacity is available, the RNC establishes the appropriate radio bearer by sending a Radio Bearer Setup message to the UE. 4) On receipt of a Radio Bearer Setup message, the UE sets up the appropriate radio bearer as specified by the RNC. The UE then sends a Radio Bearer Complete message to the RNC. 5) On receipt of the Radio Bearer Complete message, the RNC sends a RAB Assignment Response message to the SGSN. 6) On receipt of a successful RAB Assignment Response, the SGSN normally sends a Create PDP Context Request (PDP Type, QoS Negotiated) to the GGSN. However, since the SGSN and GGSN are modeled as a single node, this procedure is not modeled. However, a new entry in the PDP context table is created as would be done at the GGSN. When completed, the SGSN sends an Activate PDP Context Accept message to the UE. If the RAB Assignment procedure is unsuccessful because the requested QoS profile cannot be provided, the UE tries to activate the PDP Context at a later time. Because the model always negotiates a QoS that matches the QoS Requested, the SGSN model does not send a new RAB Assignment Request message with a different QoS profile. On receipt of a RAB Assignment Response, the SGSN stops the TRABAssgt timer. 7) The UE stops the T3380 timer on receipt of an Activate PDP Context Accept message, completing the PDP Context Activation procedure. The UE is now ready to send any PDUs with a QoS matching the PDP context it has activated.
SPM-38-45
38UMTS
Figure 38-34 PDP Context Activation Procedure Initiated by the Network (Connected State)
8) Since the SGSN and GGSN are modeled as a single node, the PDU Notification procedure is not modeled. Instead, the combined SGSN/GGSN node initiates the Network-Requested PDP Context Activation procedure by sending a Request PDP Context Activation message to the UE. It starts T3385 when sending the Request PDP Context Activation message. The combined SGSN/GGSN stores any subsequent PDUs for the same quality of service until the PDP context has been activated. 9) On receipt of the Request PDP Context Activation message, the UE initiates the PDP Context Activation procedure, as described above. The CN stops T3385 on receipt of the Activate PDP Context Request message from the UE.
RAB Assignment with Prior PDP Activation (MS-Connected State)
If an active PDP context for the requested QoS already exists, the PDP Context Activation procedure is not required. However, if there is no radio access bearer for the active PDP context, the RAB Assignment procedure must be initiated. Figure 28 and 29 show the RAB Assignment procedure initiated by the UE and CN, respectively when a PDP context for the requested QoS is already active. If the UE is in the PMM-Idle State, the UE first needs to perform a Service Request Procedure to set up a PS signalling connection and enter the
SPM-38-46
38UMTS
PMM-Connected State before initiating the RAB Assignment procedure. Once the GPRS Attach procedure is completed, the UE remains in the PMM-Connected State for the rest of the simulation. Thus, the diagrams assume that the UE is already in PMM-Connected State.
Figure 38-35 RAB Assignment Procedure Initiated by the UE (Connected State)
1) On receipt of PDUs from higher layers, the UE initiates the RAB Assignment procedure if these PDUs belong to a quality of service for which a PDP context has already been activated but for which no radio bearer has been established. The UE initiates the RAB Assignment procedure by sending a Service Request (P-TMSI, Service Type) message to the SGSN. Service Type specifies the requested service. Service Type can be set to Data or Signaling. In this case, the Service Type is set to Data. The UE starts T3317 when sending the Service Request message. 2) On receipt of the Service Request, the SGSN sends a Service Accept message to UE. The UE stops its timer T3317 on receipt of the Service Accept message. 3) On receipt of the Service Request (Data), the SGSN initiates the RAB Assignment procedure by sending a RAB Assignment Request to the RNC. The RAB Assignment procedure was previously described.
Figure 38-36 RAB Assignment Procedure Initiated by the Network (Connected State)
SPM-38-47
38UMTS
4) On receipt of PDUs, the CN determines if the Network-Requested PDP Context Activation procedure has to be initiated. Since a PDP Context is already active for the quality of service requested, the combined CN node initiates the RAB Assignment procedure previously described.
PDP Context Modification with RAB Modification
The signaling flow for PDP context modification with RAB modification are shown in the following diagram:
Figure 38-37 Signal Flows for PDP Context Modification with RAB Modification
1) The RNC modifies an existing RAB by sending a RAB Modification request to the SGSN. 2) On receipt of the RAB Modification request, the SGSN initiates a PDP Modification procedure by sending a PDP Context Modification request to the UE. The SGSN starts its timer T3386. 3) On receipt of the PDP context modification request, the UE responds to the SGSN with a PDP Context Modification Accept message. 4) On receipt of the PDP Context Modification Accept message from the UE, the SGSN modifies the appropriate RAB by sending a RAB Assignment request (Modification) to the RNC. The SGSN stops its timer T3386 and starts the timer TRABAssgt.
SPM-38-48 OPNET Modeler/Release 14.5
38UMTS
5) On receipt of the RAB Assignment request (Modification), the RNC modifies the appropriate radio bearer by sending a Radio Bearer Reconfiguration message to the UE. 6) On receipt of the Radio Bearer Reconfiguration message, the UE reconfigures the appropriate radio bearer as specified by the RNC. The UE then sends a Radio Bearer Complete (Reconfiguration) message to the RNC. 7) On receipt of the Radio Bearer Complete (Reconfiguration) message, the RNC modifies the appropriate radio link by sending a Radio Link Reconfiguration message to the node B. 8) On receipt of the Radio Link Reconfiguration message, the node B reconfigures the appropriate radio link as specified by the RNC. The node B then responds to the RNC with a Radio Link Reconfiguration Response message. 9) On receipt of the Radio Link Reconfiguration Response, the RNC sends RAB Assignment Response (Modification) message to the SGSN. 10) On receipt of the RAB Assignment Response (Modification) message, the RNC modifies the appropriate PDP context. The SGSN stops its timer TRABAssgt.
RNC to Node-B Signal Flow
The signalling messages for adding and deleting a radio link are shown in the following diagram:
Figure 38-38 Signal Flows for Adding and Deleting a Radio Link
Node-B
Link Radio NBAP uest eq Add R
RNC
Node-B
Link Radio NBAP equest R Delete
RNC
SPM-38-49
38UMTS
m measure
rt ent repo
measurement report
configuration Complete
equest elete R
NBAP
SPM-38-50
38UMTS
m measure
rt ent repo
measurement report
st(s) Reque
NBAP
SPM-38-51
38UMTS
Model Interfaces
The following sections describe topics needed to interface with the UMTS model.
Packet Formats
The UMTS model suite uses the following packet formats. See the descriptions provided (in the Packet Editor) for each packet field for more details.
Table 38-6 Packet Formats
Packet format umts_L1_pdu.pk.m umts_client_message.pk.m umts_clock.pk.m Description Physical layer packet. Station UE data packet. Clock packet used to synchronize UEs with the RNC that services it. Packet carrying channel configuration data from the UE's GMM to the UE's RLC/MAC. GPRS attach accept packet. GPRS attach complete packet. GPRS attach request packet. Service accept packet. Service reject packet. Service request packet. PDP activation accept packet. PDP activation reject packet. PDP activation request packet (UE to SGSN). Modify PDP Context Accept. Request for PDP activation request packet (SGSN to UE). MAC layer packet. NBAP radio link addition request packet. NBAP radio link addition response packet. NBAP radio link addition request packet.
umts_crlc_config_req.pk.m
umts_gsm_mod_pdp_accept.pk.m umts_gsm_req_pdp_activation.pk.m
SPM-38-52
38UMTS
umts_rlc_am_pdu.pk.m
umts_rlc_status_pdu.pk.m
umts_rlc_um_pdu.pk.m
umts_rrc_conn_setup.pk.m
umts_rrc_measurement_report.pk.m
umts_rrc_phy_chnl_reconfig.pk.m
umts_rrc_phy_chnl_reconfig_comp.pk.m
SPM-38-53
38UMTS
ICI Formats
The following table lists the interface control information (ICI) formats used in the UMTS model suite.
Table 38-7 ICI Formats
ICI umts_control_pkt_ici umts_data_pkt_ici umts_rrc_conn_setup Description Contains modeling information for signaling packets. Contains modeling information for data packets. Contains modeling information used when establishing RRC connections.
Debugging/Simulation Tracing
The UMTS model provides several simulation runtime tracing and debugging features. These include labeled traces and diagnostic block code execution when simulation is run under the control of the OPNET simulation debugger (ODB). The following table lists the various label traces you can use in ODB to view the behavior of the UMTS models.
Table 38-8 UMTS Traces
Use this trace label... umts_atm umts_attach umts_gmm umts_layer1_mgr umts_node_b umts_rab umts_rlc_mac umts_sgsn umts_utran umts End of Table 38-8 To print information about... umts_atm_iface process model GPRS attach procedure umts_gmm process model umts_layer1_mgr process model umts_node_b process model RAB procedures umts_rlc_mac process model umts_sgsn process model RNC process models all of the above
SPM-38-54
38UMTS
Model Attributes
Local Attributes
Local attributes apply to individual nodes in the network model. This section lists the most important model attributes for the UE, Node-B, RNC, CN, and Repeater node models. For detailed information about a particular attribute, see its description by clicking on the Details button in the Attributes dialog box.
UE Attributes
.
UE Serving SGSN ID
SPM-38-55
38UMTS
Delivery Order (sub-attribute of QoS Profile Configuration) UMTS RACH QoS to ASC Mapping UMTS RLC Processing Time
UMTS Cell ID
SPM-38-56
38UMTS
UMTS RNC Timers Processing Time (sub-attribute of UMTS RNC Timers) Tinactivity (Data Channel) (sub-attribute of UMTS RNC Timers) Tinactivity (Signaling Channel) (sub-attribute of UMTS RNC Timers)
SPM-38-57
38UMTS
RLC Info (sub-attribute of UMTS RNC Channel Configuration Signaling Channel Config) UL RLC Mode and DL RLC Mode (sub-attributes of RLC Info)
Specify the RLC mode used on the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) channels. Because retransmissions triggered by TCP can incur larger delay in the unacknowledged mode, using an RLC in the acknowledged mode may reduce response times when TCP is running over a noisy channel. Specify the number of RLC PUs that can be sent or received without an acknowledgement. This attribute applies only to the RLC Acknowledged Mode.
Transmission Window Size and Receiving Window Size (sub-attributes of RLC Info) RLC Discard Info (sub-attribute of RLC Info) In-Sequence Delivery (sub-attribute of RLC Info)
Specify the timers used to determine when and how packets in the transmitters RLC buffer are discarded. Specify if the RNC preserves the order of packets received from higher layers. When this attribute is set to No, the RNC forwards packets to the SGSN as they are received. When this attribute is set to Yes, the RNC will only send packets to the SGSN in sequenced order. That is, if the RNC receives packet 21 but has not received packet 20, it will hold packet 21 until it receives and forwards packet 20 to the SGSN or until it realizes that packet 20 will never be fully received and sent to the SGSN. Specify how often downlink status reports are sent from the RNC to the CN. When the Missing PU Indicator sub-attribute is set to True, status reports are sent out each time a missing PU is detected, subject to the maximum and minimum intervals permitted between status reports. These maximum and minimum values are specified by the Timer Status Periodic and Timer Status Prohibit sub-attributes, respectively. Specify how often the RNC checks to see if it should send status reports to the UEs. Once the time specified by this attribute has elapsed, the RNC determines if it needs to send status reports to UEs. If a status report is required, the RNC sends the report and resets this timer.
SPM-38-58
38UMTS
RB Mapping Info (sub-attribute of Transport channel Parameters) UL TrChnl Info and DL TrChnl Info (sub-attribute of Transport channel Parameters) UMTS to ATM QoS Mapping Scheduling Weights
UE ID Type
SPM-38-59
38UMTS
UMTS CN Timers T3350 (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers TRABAssgt (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers T3385 (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers T3386 (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers Processing Time (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers Maximum Retry on Timer Expiry (sub-attributes of UMTS CN Timers End of Table 38-12
Specify the length of the retransmission timer for MODIFY PDP CONTEXT request.
Specify the processing time for data services, transcoding, and so on.
Specify the maximum number of times a signaling message is sent after the RAB assignment timer expires.
SPM-38-60
38UMTS
Downlink Gain
Specify maximum transmit power from repeater to Node-B. (Used to calculate interference with other UE packets received at Node-B.) Specify type of link used between repeater and its donor Node-B. Can be either a directional radio link (Air) or an optical fiber link (Fiber.) Impacts interference calculation at Node-B. Specify magnitude of noise generated by repeater. Specify repeater gain (amplification) of a signal from UE to Node-B. (Used to calculate interference with other UE packets received at Node-B.) Specify probability used to determine if a packet is dropped while going from repeater to Node-B.
SPM-38-61
38UMTS
Simulation Attributes
Unlike local attributes, which apply to individual nodes, simulation attributes apply collectively to all nodes in the network. The UMTS model suite has the following simulation attributes.
Table 38-14 Simulation Attributes
Attribute UMTS UE Mobility Distance Threshold Description This attribute defines the shortest (distance) movement of a UE that triggers an update of the tables tracking UE location and related parameters. In other words, the UE is considered to be in the same location as long as it does not move more than the threshold distance away from its last recorded location. This attribute does not affect simulations that use only fixed nodes. UMTS Sim Efficiency Mode There are two simulation efficiency modes: Noneefficiency mode is not active, Constant BLERdisables outer loop power control and uses the initial BLER negotiated for each radio link (at the start of the connection) for the remainder of the simulation. This mode reduces simulation run times avoiding repeated power and interference calculations. End of Table 38-14
SPM-38-62
38UMTS
UMTS Statistics
To analyze the performance of your UMTS network, you can collect several statistics during a simulation.
Node Statistics
The following UMTS node statistics are available. For details on a particular statistic, see its description by right-clicking on the statistic name in the Choose Results dialog box and selecting View Description from the pull-down menu.
Table 38-15 Node Statistics
Statistic Group Repeater Statistic Name Normalized Downlink Transmitted Power Normalized Uplink Transmitted Power Total Downlink Received Power (dBm) Total Uplink Received Power (dBm) Total Uplink Throughput (bits/sec) Total Downlink Throughput (bits/sec) Active Data DCH Count Total Downlink Throughput (bits/sec) Total Downlink Throughput (packets/sec) Total Uplink Throughput (bits/sec) Total Uplink Throughput (packets/sec) Received Total Wide Band Power (dBm) Transmitted Carrier Power Active Signaling DCH Count Total Number Requests Granted Total Number Requests Queued Total Number Requests Released PDP Context Modification Delay (sec) Percent of Total Renegotiated RABs Total Number Requests Negotiated Total Number Requests Rejected Total Number Requests Renegotiated CN-CN Delay (sec) Number of Requests Granted Number of Requests Negotiated Number of Requests Queued Number of Requests Rejected Number of Requests Released Number of Requests Renegotiated Percent of Renegotiated RABs Total UTRAN-CN Delay (sec) UTRAN-CN Delay per ATM Link per QoS (sec) Load Throughput Utilization
UMTS CN
UMTS CN ATM VC
SPM-38-63
38UMTS
UMTS Handover
UMTS Node-B
UMTS RACH
UMTS RNC
SPM-38-64
38UMTS
UMTS SGSN
SPM-38-65
38UMTS
Global Statistics
The following UMTS global statistics are available. For details on a particular statistic, see its description by right-clicking on the statistic name in the Choose Results dialog box and selecting View Description from the pull-down menu.
Table 38-16 Global Statistics
UMTS GMM GPRS Attach Delay PDP Context Activation Delay Service Activation Delay UMTS GMM (per QoS) End of Table 38-16 End-to-End Delay
SPM-38-66
38UMTS
ATM Adaptation Layer Acknowledged Mode Asynchronous Transfer Mode Block Error Rate Base Station Controller Base Station Subsystem Base Transceiver Station Charging Gateway Functionality Core Network Common Pilot Channel Common Packet Channel Circuit Switched Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Channel Downlink (Forward Link) Dedicated Physical Control Channel Dedicated Physical Channel Dedicated Physical Data Channel Downlink Shared Channel Dedicated Traffic Channel Equipment Identity Register External Model Access
SPM-38-67
38UMTS
SPM-38-68
38UMTS
SPM-38-69
38UMTS
SPM-38-70
38UMTS
SPM-38-71
38UMTS
Protocol Stack (Control and User Plane) The user plane and control plane of the layered protocol structure between the UE and 3G-GGSN is shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively. In both planes, the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer handles functions such as priority handling between data flows of one UE, and multiplexing/demultiplexing of higher layer protocol data units (PDUs) into/from transport blocks delivered to/from the physical layer. The Reliable Link Control (RLC) layer supports transfer of user data in transparent, unacknowledged, and acknowledged mode. Transparent mode supports segmentation/reassembly of higher layer PDUs into/from smaller RLC payload units (PUs) and transfer of user data. Unacknowledged mode supports segmentation and reassembly, concatenation, padding, transfer of user data, ciphering, and sequence number check. The acknowledged mode supports segmentation and reassembly, concatenation, padding, transfer of user data, error correction, in-sequence delivery of higher layer PDUs, duplicate detection, flow control, and ciphering. In the user plane, the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer handles transmission and reception of PDUs using services provided by the RLC protocol, and header compression and decompression. The GPRS Tunneling protocol for the user plane (GTP-U) uses a tunneling mechanism to carry data packets between UTRAN and 3G-SGSN, and between the GSNs in the backbone network. The GPRS tunneling protocol for the control plane (GTP-C) tunnels signaling messages between SGSNs and GGSNs, and between SGSNs in the backbone network. Control Plane signaling is used to create, modify and delete tunnels. The Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP) in the control plane encapsulates and carries higher-layer signaling, handles signaling between the UTRAN and 3G-SGSN, and manages the GTP connections on the Iu interface. In the control plane, signaling is transferred via a Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) connection on the Iu interface. The Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer handles functions such as the establishment, maintenance, and release of RRC connections between the UE and UTRAN, establishment, reconfiguration,
SPM-38-72
38UMTS
and release of Radio Bearers, RRC connection mobility functions, and UE measurement reporting functions. The GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM) layer handles functions such as attach, detach, security, routing area update, and PDP context activation and deactivation.
Figure 38-43 MS-GGSN User Plane for UMTS
SPM-38-73
38UMTS
A PS (Packet Switched) signaling connection is also established between UE and 3G-SGSN by performing the GPRS Attach procedure. When the PS signaling connection is established between the UE and 3G-SGSN, UE and 3G-SGSN move to the PMM-Connected State. The PS signaling connection consists of an RRC connection between UE and UTRAN and an Iu connection between the UTRAN and 3G-SGSN. If the PS signaling connection is released or broken, the UE and 3G-SGSN move to the PMM-Idle State. Once in the PMM-Connected State, the mobile station needs to request a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) address used in the Packet Data Network (PDN) if it wants to exchange packet data with external packet networks. The mobile station accomplishes this by activating the PDP context that it wants to use. The PDP context characterizes the session. It includes the PDP type (such as IPv4 or Ipv6), PDP address, QoS requested, etc. With an active PDP context, the mobile station is known to external packet data networks and can send and receive PDP PDUs. The MS and SGSN can move to the PMM-Detached State by performing a GPRS Detach procedure. In the PMM-Idle State, the mobile station is attached to the GPRS network but data transmission and reception is not possible. There is no PS signaling connection between the UE and 3G-SGSN. To re-establish the PS signaling connection between the UE and 3G-SGSN in the PMM-Idle State, the UE performs a Service Request procedure with the 3G-SGSN. Once the PS signaling connection is re-established, the UE and 3G-SGSN move back to the PMM-Connected State. The mobile station may initiate the activation of a PDP context while in the PMM-Idle State.
Figure 38-45 UE PMM States
PMM-Detached
PS Detach
PS Attach
PS Detach
PMM-Idle
38UMTS
On receipt of PDUs from higher layers, the UE begins the RAB (Radio Access Bearer) Assignment procedure if no radio bearer has been established. If these PDUs do not belong to a quality of service for which a PDP context has been activated, the UE first initiates the PDP Activation Procedure. On the other hand, if a PDP context already exists, the UE initiates the RAB Assignment procedure by sending a Service Request message to the 3G-SGSN as shown in Figure 6. The Service Request procedure is used to setup a PS signaling connection with the network if the UE is in PMM-Idle State or to request resource reservation to the network if the UE is in PMM-Connected State. In the RAB Assignment procedure, the 3G-SGSN sends a RAB Assignment Request message to the UTRAN to establish one RAB. The UTRAN establishes the appropriate radio bearer by sending a Radio Bearer Setup message to the UE if there is sufficient uplink and downlink capacity available to support the new radio link. On receipt of a Radio Bearer Setup message, the UE setups the appropriate radio bearer as specified by the UTRAN. Once a radio bearer is set, the UE can start sending/receiving PDUs on the uplink/downlink.
Figure 38-46 RAB Assignment Procedure
SPM-38-75
38UMTS
SPM-38-76