Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Refrigeration
Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the required temperature. Chiller is a machine or device that may be classified as: Three Different Mechanisms of Chiller a. Water Cooled Chillers b. Air Cooled Chillers c. Evaporative Cooled Chillers Gas Refrigeration Cycle
Evaporative Chillers Air in contact with water to cool it close to wet bulb temperature Advantage: efficient cooling at low cost Disadvantage: air is rich in moisture
Type of Refrigeration
Vapors Compression Refrigeration Refrigeration cycle
Water and Air Cooled Chillers Components of Water and Air Cooled Chillers - Evaporator - Condenser - Compressor - Expansion Valve
1|P a ge
Advantages and Disadvantages ADVANTAGES: 1. Smaller in size 2. Low running cost 3. High C.O.P. 4. Temperature change by just control valve DISADVANTAGES: 1. Requires greater safety and prevention of leaks due to the use of inflammable and toxic vaports of refrigerants 2. Initial cost is high
Advantages and Disadvantages ADVANTAGES: 1. Method of compression of the refrigerant 2. Power consumption devices 3. The amount of power required 4. Type of energy required 5. Low running cost 6. Type of Refrigerant Used DISADVANTAGES: 1. Initial cost is high 2. Corrosive nature of lithium bromide 3. Low working pressures 4. Higher heat rejection
2|P a ge
METERING DEVICE
Absorb heat from the medium being cooled. Allow heat to boil off the liquid refrigerant to a vapor in its tubing bundle. Allow the heat to superheat the refrigerant vapor in its tubing bundle.
COMPRESSOR
Common Compressors Used in Refrigeration: Reciprocating Compressor Rotary Screw Compressor Scroll Compressor CONDENSER
Two primary systems used to control evaporator pressure and temperature: TXV systems (thermal or thermostatic expansion valve) OT systems (orifice tube) TXV System A TXV controls the refrigerant flow from the high pressure side to the evaporator. A receiver dryer is mounted in the liquid line of all TXV systems.
Desuperheat the refrigerant vapor. Condensed the refrigerant from vapor to liquid
3|P a ge
OT System An OT controls the refrigerant flow from the high pressure side to the evaporator. An accumulator is mounted in the suction line of all OT systems.
The expansion device separates the high side from the low side and provides a restriction for the compressor to pump against.
Refrigerants that can no longer be manufactured/have phase-out dates R-12 - Used primarily in medium and high temperature refrigeration applications. R-22 Used primarily in residential, commercial and industrial air conditioner and refrigeration applications . R-500 - used primarily in older air conditioner applications and some commercial refrigeration. R-502 - Used primarily in lower temperature refrigeration applications. Replacements R-134a - Properties same as R-12. Used primarily in medium and high temperature refrigeration applications, refrigerators, freezers and automobile air conditioners. R-404A - Replaced R-502. Used in low and medium temperature refrigeration applications. R-407C - Similar properties as R-22 used in residential and commercial airconditioning. R-410A - Replace R-22 used in high operating pressures. R-507 - Replace R-502 used in low and medium refrigeration applications and has higher pressure capacity than R-404A.
TWO TYPES OF REFRIGERATION OPERATION LOW SIDE OPERATION Expansion device Evaporator Accumulator (if equipped)
Refrigerants - defined as any body or substance that acts as a cooling medium by extracting heat from another body or substance. A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane.
4|P a ge
PROCESS CHILLERS
EXPANSION VALVE The high-pressure liquid refrigerant coming from the condenser passes through this expansion device, reducing the refrigerants pressure (and temperature) to that of the evaporator. CONTROLS It allows adjustment to some chiller operating parameters. To better monitor chiller performance, the chiller control system should communicate with the facilitys direct digital control. A refrigeration system using halocarbon or ammonia refrigerants that provide cooling for process or industrial application. Who uses Process Chillers: Plastic Industry Baking Industry Food Industry Pharmaceutical Industry Printing Industry
5|P a ge
Absorption chillers
6|P a ge
Additional feature includes Emergency Alarms Hot gas bypass City water Switch over Casters
Applications of Chillers
Air-Conditioning Industry printing industry plastics industry Food industry MRI
7|P a ge