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1
REESE LIBRARY
i
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
1
r
itrir-
^\\
THE TODAS
LONDON
SPOTTISWOODE
PRINTED BY
A PHRENOLOGIST
AMONGST
THE TODAS
OR
THE
'
STUDY
OF
PRIMITIVE
TRIBE
IN
SOUTH INDIA
CHARACTER,
CUSTOMS, RELIGION
HISTORY,
INFANTICIDE,
POLYANDRY,
LANGUAGE
BY
WILLIAM
LIEUTENANT-COLONEL
OF
E.
HER
MARSHALL
BENGAL
STAFF
CORPS
MAJESTY'S
PERMANENT ILLUSTRATIONS
by
Shepherd 'Mind,
the contrar, I
Sir, that I
's
'
think there
was na sayin that Phrenology was fause. On a great deal o' truth in what they say about the
shape and
head Noctes Ambrosianje ' Phrenology has done good service by showing us, with more emphasis than had ever been done before, that human beings are widely different in their mental tastes and aptitudes'Professor A. Bain, 'The Study of Character' ' Learn what is true, in order to do what is right
size o' the
Professor T.
H. Huxley
LONDON
CO.
>
y
l873
3S-JH
'
PREFACE.
In the course of a furlough
to the
giri
I
mountains,
in the
heard much of an
;
'
aboriginal race
living
neighbourhood
melt away
when
I
superior civilisation.
of South India,
make
the acquaintance of the Reverend Friedrich Metz, of the Basel Missionary Society, who had spent
in labours
and who,
in addition to
dian dialects,
was
exceptionally practised
High
Above all, he was the only Kanarese and Tamil. European able to speak the obscure Toda tongue.
Mr. Metz most readily agreed to co-operate with
in strict
1
me
Commonly
Ootacamund,
'
it
being the
hills,
whilst in England,
mountains,
VI
PREFACE.
henceforth became
my
amongst them
It is
the
should in this
Metz
is
so
little in
what
It
Toda
dialect
was invaluable
and the
respect in which he
people,
we
must
state,
however, that
my
A
last
by Mr. Metz,
Chapter.
of actual
It may be said, more entirely to Toda words than any other existing.
Our
But
in proportion as
original design, so as to
man/ With
scribe
this evolution
I
grew
what
amongst
PREFACE.
Vll
what
it
really
is,
and
by analogywhat
long ere
it
'
must
have been
delved and
in
in
Adam
Eve
man had
micch developed
manly have
qualities.
actually witnessed
described.
authorised,
much
care,
and
am
to
sanguine that
light,
now brought
and the
life,
may
I
may
and
especial pains
work
permits, attractive,
and suited
to account for
my
the description of
some of the
is
first
principles of phre-
nology
subject which
fully treated in
I
standard
works by acknowledged
to
authorities.
wished primarily,
misunderstood.
nology, a
Secondly,
desired to
show
for phre-
marked
poses
Vlll
PREFACE.
and brevity combined, so much information calculated to be serviceable to enquirers disposed to pursue the
phrenologic
mode
have here
faintly
attempted
some
sort,
But
in this matter, as
must
with
trust
;
my
readers
if,
away from
contact
men
impressive presence of
air
some seemingly
The public
is
The
made two
and
in the
com-
pleting a subject
I
care.
beg
contributions
made by
Head Master
These
of the
will
'
Bangalore.
be found both
little
form of
these
in the
and
PREFACE.
IX
But
trust
Chapter
XXIX.
will
have
especial attractions.
To the Honorable Sir A. Arbuthnot, C.S., K.C.S.I., Secretary to the Government of Madras, I am greatly indebted, for having placed at my disposal, the records
existing in the
subject of
Toda
I
infanticide.
am
beholden to the
of
the
distinguished
artists,
Messrs.
of Simla, and
Nicholas and Curths, of Madras, for the photographs which decorate the book. These have been printed in carbon, by the Autotype Fine Art
to Messrs.
Company, 36 Rathbone
Place,
London.
E.
W.
Faizabad 2nd October,
:
MARSHALL.
1872.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
I.
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
Meaning of the Name Toda Names of Clans Kols, the Aborigines of India Todas are Dravidians Dravidians penetrate India and dispossess the K61 Race Affinities of the Dravidians Aryan Conquest its Effects on the K61 and Dravidian Races The mutual Influence of the K61, Dravidian, and Aryan Races on one another Positions in the Positions in India now held by the three Races Dekkan of the Dravidian Tribes Affinities of the Toda Dialect Last Migration of the Todas Kairns and Kromlechs on the Nilagiris Are the Kairn-builders allied to the Todas ?
PAGE
CHAPTER
PHRENOLOGICAL
II.
BASIS.
Contrast between Simple and Complex Races Advantages in noting Groups of Organs Necessity for studying Individual Organs The
Properties and Positions of Groups, and of the Organs in each Group Effects of Size and Quality in Brain Power Two Varieties of Energy Mutual Influence of the Organs Correlation between Organology, Temperament, and Bodily Structure Description of the main Temperaments amongst Oriental Races
12
CHAPTER
III.
29
Xll
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
IV.
CHARACTERISTICS.
PAGE
Talking Voices Modes of Salutation Home Life Frank and obliging Natures Colour of the Skin Tattoo Marks Ornaments
.41
LIVES IN.
ordinary People
The
free from Eccentricity Scenery of the Country its Silence and Grace A cool Morning grows to a Summer Day Tasteless Toda .51
:
to Association
CHAPTER
VI.
THE MAND.
Todas a Pastoral Race Definition of a Nomad Todas migrate, but are not nomadic The Mand or Village Construction of Houses The surrounding Wall The Interior Arrangement of Houses
Cattle-pen
The
Palthchi Typical
VII.
Mand
.58
CHAPTER
Parturition
THE FAMILY.
,
Red-handed Name this Child Men's Names Nicknames Women's Names How Married People call to one another List
of Relationships
...........
CHAPTER
FOOD.
VIII.
68
Diet Kutu Badaga and Kota Neighbours prey on the Todas Todas give away Valuable Property Not flesh-eaters Ceremony of eating Buffalo-flesh Don't drink Spirits Children's Food Family Meals Grace before Meat No Weapons of the Chase
No
78
CONTENTS.
xill
CHAPTER
IX.
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
Cause of Idleness of Primitive Races Their Attributes Toda The most primitive Form of Qualities, and Form of Cranium Skull How to judge of Cannibal Heads Tylor, on the Development of the Human Race Dolichocephali the natural Inhabitants Brachiocephali the Result of harsher Circumof warm Zones stances Endogamy and Dolichocephaly Why pure Brachioce-
PAGE
met with
85
CHAPTER
CENSUS.
X.
Mode
of taking Census Census Table Todas hide nothing but number of Cattle Review of the Table Crowding Number of Todas Vital Statistics Does the Tribe increase, or is it dying out ? 95
CHAPTER
The day approaches when the
Todas
XI.
FAMILY STATISTICS.
Nilagiris will not afford Support for the which the Todas might take to A little Education would give them a good Start in Life Toda Males bear The Cause of this Disparity beto Females the ratio of 100:75 tween the Sexes A Male-producing variety of Man formed by 108 Infanticide Useful Family Statistics
Occupations
......
CHAPTER
XII.
/ Prayers to Sun and Moon The mysterious confused with Godhead No clear Conception of a Supreme BeingThe Use of a God Toda BeliefAmnor Where situated Sin, Punishment, Witchcraft Toda Religious Belief, whence derived Gods,
Spirits,
RELIGION.
little
123
XIV
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
A
Religion based on the Care of the
Cattle-bell a
XIII.
PAGE
THE BELL-GODS.
GodThe
Herd
the Todas
Female Succession
Sanctification of Bulls Agnate Law amongst for their Cattle Antiquity of Bell-
Herd-
gods
128
CHAPTER
XIV.
TIRIERI PRIESTS.
The PalalThe KavilalThe Palal is a GodThe Peiki Clan termed Duties of the Palal No Mysteries Sacred Nature Sons of God of Priests The Palal becomes Man again Purification for Holy Orders The Tude Tree its botanical Name and Distribution The use of the Tude, an ancient Practice The Palal enters on his
1
'
Duties
135
CHAPTER
Palal's daily
XV.
PRIESTLY DUTIES.
Salutes the sacred Herd Milks the Cattle Names of Toda Gods Does the conception of invisible Gods arise from deficient Organ of Form Todas revere Light, not Fire Who the Kavilal Palal demonRoutine
Libations to the Bell-gods
?
is
strates that
he
is
never touched
for his
Milk
Palal collects
Kutu
Mand
CHAPTER
THE
XVI.
TIRIERI.
visit
the Tirieri Names of TirieriWe and see the Bell-gods The holy Domain The Priests are away Who erected these upright Stones The Priests returnA Bargain struck' Gods of our Fathers These be your Gods .146
Tirieri
Mand
described
is
'
<
'
CONTENTS.
XV
CHAPTER
y '
XVII.
Important Difference the Duties of the Palal and Palkarpal The TarvalThe inside of a DairyThe Dairy of an Etud Mand
is
PAGE
a Shrine
it
Mui Mand
of
Oath
CHAPTER
/
XVIII.
The
Belief in
159
Future Punishment
CHAPTER
External Appearance of the Boath
?
XIX.
THE BOATH.
Night Visit Inside of the Boath Where are the Relics The Boath an exceptional Curiosity
Speculations regarding
it
;
a Bethel
CHAPTER
The two Funerals
described
XX.
Last
Office to a dying
Toda
Corpse journeys to the Kedu Mand The Kedu Dust to dust Slaughter of Cattle Obsequies Dead Kotas remove the Carcasses of Cattle
'
The
170
Mand
described
CHAPTER
The Burning
XXI.
-179
XVI
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER
XXII.
/Toda
RELIGIOUS CULTURE.
Religion, a
Todas
Divinity
have a bias
Not
idolatrous
Do
not
make
Offerings
to a
Callous
God
of Culture
186
CHAPTER
Infanticide probably, at
val
XXIII.
INFANTICIDE,
some
Man's early
Difficulties
Infanticide perhaps marks a Stage in human Ancient Britons infanticidal Infanticide of Races a work of Love Infanticide may be extinct whilst Statistics imply its continuance A Dynamical Problem solved by the Todas Infanticide the Crime of Weak Races of Dolichocephali 190
The
by every Race Prime His Invention for restricting the Extime, practised
CHAPTER XXIV.
POLYANDRY.
/
Polyandry defined Instances in various Parts of the World of Polyandry Among the Celtic Britons Laws of Inheritance Re-marriage of Widows Disgrace of being Childless Desire for Children 203
CHAPTER XXV.
POLYANDRY MARRIAGE.
/
Betrothal Peculiar Nature of Dowry Ask Papa 'Wilt thou have this Man ? The Wedding-ring Plurality of Husbands Confusion of Progeny Toda Expressions for Marriage The Bow and
'
Arrow
in
Weddings
.'
.210
CHAPTER
XXVI.
POLYANDRY MORALITY.
Fickleness not necessarily an Attribute of Barbarous Man Use of the Dower- Dowry sometimes not paid What then ? Women's
CONTENTS.
Influence
fair
Xvii
Divorces are rare Company behaviour very No PAGE bachelors Ultra Communistic Not much known of private practices No Foreign Blood apparent .216
.
. . .
.
CHAPTER
XXVII.
CAUSE.
POLYANDRY ITS
Causes ascribed by various Authors Savage social Custom traced Origin of the Family Absolute and limited Communism Infanticide Unpremeditated origin of Polyandry Phrenological description of Polyandrists Obstacles to Change of custom Nature may be warped so as to place obstacles to f apid Change in the Character of Races 223
CHAPTER
XXVIII.
SHADES OF EVENING.
The people assemble The cattle come home Day's food Prayer to the Setting Sun The family retires to rest Maternal aspect of
Nature
in
Mild Climates
233
CHAPTER XXIX.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
Outlines of
Grammar
Vocabulary
239
Appendix
271
XV111
CONTENTS.
TABLES.
NO.
i.
PAGE
Toda Head
30
2.
Sizes of
liper
Heads
by Cal.
Measurements
.34
96
112
3.
Census
Statistics of
4.
Toda Families
l
5.
Statistics of
Toda Families
'
.118
6.
To To
ascertain the
'
ages at which
and leave
7.
off Child-bearing'
l
ascertain the
size of
Toda Families
'
:
the
'
period during
' '
.
and the which the women bear children years intervening between the birth of children
8.
number
of
.120
Compiled from
'
Statistics of
Toda Families
'
in order to ascer-
Infanticide
.197
'
Child marriages.
Compiled from
Statistics of
Toda Families
222
CONTENTS.
xix
ILLUSTRATIONS.
MO.
i.
A Toda Mand
Map
Male
of India
Profile
Frontispiece.
2.
.6
32
PAGE
3. 4.
5.
Full face
Profile
32
Female
32
6. 7.
8.
Full face
-32
38 42
Full-length figure
9.
48
51
IO
11. 12.
(a plan)
.
63
.
.........
-65
66
129
13.
14. 15.
A typical Mand
Children tending cattle
The Tude
or
sacred bush.
Weapons.
138
Adam
The The
and Eve
136
142
17.
18.
19.
the
'
146
151
Mani Dfr
20.
164
. .
21.
22.
Boath
164
177
Mourning
23.
24.
25. 26.
My informant
Pentirem
Nastufi,
184
a Maiden of 14 years
the little savage'; a married girl of 16 years
.
207
.
'
.214
214
Beliani
XX
CONTENTS.
SCHEME OF TRANSLITERATION
A PHRENOLOGIST
AMONGST
THE TODAS.
CHAPTER
Name Toda Names of
are Drdvidians
I.
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
Mea7iing
India
ClansKdls, the Aborigines of Drdvidians penetrate India, and possess the K61 RaceAffinities of the DrdvidiansAryan Conquest; Effects on the Kol and Drdvidian Races The mutual Influence of the Kol, Drdvidian, and Aryan Races on one anotherPositions in India now held by the three RacesPositions in the Dekkan of the Drdvidian TribesAffinities of the Toda DialectLast Migration of the Todas Kaims and Kromlechs on the NilagirisAre the Kaim-
Todas
of the
dis-
its
The people
Todas
is
;
chap.
*'
_
own language an
hereafter
who
plural
for centuries
and
in the
them Todawaru
:
Hence
1 Todan. Tamil, Toravam and Toram = a herd. And thus Toravan or T6ran = herdsman. [Pope.] On this note, Mr. Metz remarks 'As the d in Toda is not a lingual d, but dental, I do not believe the word means herdsman, as Toda in Old Tamil. I do not know the meaning of Toda with the dental d.' 2 Todawanu. Tora = a herd, Wanu = a person. Drdvidian. [Pope.]
:
'
2
also
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
have
arisen
other
corruptions in
English
as
To-
Toduva
variety of the
Todu language
Peiki,
which
is
an
error.
The Toda
tribe
is
The two
first
are very
;
the
We have
very
little
;
habitants of India
Ho
or
K61 group
of languages,
selves
'
common
both to them-
at
some extremely
'
north-eastern
of children of the
and north-eastern
The
race,
still
many
in the
broad and
unshapely nose,
small
is
entirely apart
Hunter,
called Taral
5
Mr. Metz writes me that he believes he has found a sixth clan, but the statement needs confirmation. 6 Hunter. Hunter.
;
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
family.
It
is,
indeed,
absolute certainty to
CHAP.
^
tribes
four thousand years ago, migrated from tracts of Western Asia, and penetrating
India, probably through Beluchistan
lines 8
of the
country,
filled
all
its
districts,
some of whom,
in slavery or
menial conditions of
life,
The Rev.
most
distinct affinities
dis-
and
ordi-
proved,
by
'
language
all
in the
absence of
nary probabilities, to be
appear to have
The
Toda branch
7 A term which, applied by the Brahmans apparently in supercilious envy and contempt of the people they could not conquer the word Dravida implying the condition of being beyond the pale of the castes is now used ethnologically, to designate that which has grown to be a distinct race of man. 8 It would seem an absolute necessity, that primitive tribes should maintain the water-lines of the country they penetrated. If such be the
Turanian race would have divided at the Desert of Scinde one branch following the course of the Indus and its tributaries to the Land of the Five Rivers the other, turning south, would have both crossed and followed the many watercourses which drain into the Arabian Sea, on their way towards the Dekkan. 9 Caldwell, Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages.' I beg here to acknowledge my debt to the above valuable work for much of the information I have incorporated in this chapter.
;
:
'
4
CHAP,
.
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
I
of them,
when
in its
of the imagination,
figure in early
'
history.
:
much
of the
'
blameless
Ethiopian
about them
in their
appear-
do not venture
It is safer to
to hazard
an opinion as to their
to what, judging
cradle-land.
draw attention
by
affinities. 10
At a
an
burst
in
At
first
occu-
on,* the
Indus and
Ganges
And
we
Aryas ultimately occupying the whole of the arable which in the main follow the course of those rivers, and
As
a con-
we
populace,
highest
and
their
castes.
blood
Aryan
The Sikh
And
this
Oudh
has
itself to
have been,
mv
eve of sending this work to the press, I would beg again to urge between the Dravidian Toda and the Ethiop. :'"" Dr. Pritcharas ' Natur'aLJlistory of Man* rriight be compared.
belief in the connection
On the
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
to
CHAP.
Dekkan
and
monks
in the
pioneers.
As might be
not be
located in the
contiguity which
resulted
of
and even
their
blood, began
another.
tions,
to
show
their
influence
in
reaction
on one
and
beliefs of the
inferior
exercised
more
spiritual
religious faith
portals of their
of the aborigines
pantheon.
religion,
the
process,
greater efficiency,
when wielded by
low stage of
culture.
And we
Toda
religious
practice,
before
in
all
This
is
it
a very interesting
difficult to
consideration
deter-
mine
at
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
first
CHAP.
-
-*
we
many tribes
races,
ances,
and
emigrated.
When we
further reflect
on the
country
them
to
refined
and copious
its
Fur-
mind the
isolation of tribes
kept asunder by
of the
;
we can
tinct
in
readily
tribes
have now
'
dis-
though
affiliated
and whose
religion varies
cruel,
complex
of corrupted Hinduism.
The accompanying
sketch
map
is
composed
had
settled
now
Tamil.
Telugu.
v.
iii.
Kanarese.
ii.
iv.
Malayalam.
Tuluva.
Three
others, viz.,
vi.
Toda.
vii.
Gond.
11
viii.
Ku
or
Khond,
Caldwell.
N 2
Sketch
Map of the
JW<t/uiJi///e/<J
ARABIAN
*,
SEA
^**0 Vt
f>
BAY OF
>ravidiaii Dialects
BENGAL
Tamil,
Te/ui/u,
[I
Kdjiarese,
Tu/uiri,
Toda
Gciut Kn or
bv
^11
/III
Xhand
AUTOTYPE, LONDON
Slieick -Aimr-oo-din.
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
remain
in
innocent even of
written characters
minor dialects
Dravidian area.
or
small sylvan
positions in the
Remnants of the
limits,
on the entire
northern boundary.
The Rev.
it
originally old
He
The
pletely lost
that
which
We
and Tamilian
districts, in
which, on
And
more
parts,
Nilagiri
Mountain
13
the greater
number
Vide Chapter XXIX., < Outlines of the Tuda Grammar.' At the time of recording this opinion, Dr. Pope had not had opportunity of perusing any portion of my descriptions of Toda life. Had he done so, it is possible he might have modified his views. I, who judge the Todas physically and through their antique customs and practices, fail rather regarding them as not to discover any degeneracy in the people only without evidence of having been better, but with little appearance of having been materially different from what they now are, within any period whose length may be fixed or even approximated.
;
13
this information
is
my
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
on
its
CHAP,
settling
*
now
find them,
r^
whilst a
slopes,
its
north-western
place of
Toda
residence
feet
is
an isolated moun-
above sea level, upreared on E. longitude 76 45' and N. latitude 11 20 amidst the
',
the
minor importance,
Not only
the
summit of the
by a
race
whose
of
it
remains.
On
;
the
same plateau
also
many
running water
cattle, others,
for
pounding
purpose
made
for that
being
who
in
mountain.
in
many
parts of the
I
India.
But
may do
and to
customs of
In
their
this
unknown
relics
exhumed from
:
kairns, that
the horse
that
they practised
and burying
We
were acquainted with the use of the spear, bow and arrow
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
that their
9
all
women wore
their
CHAP,
,'
.,
in India,
but in
we
the
memory
alive to
belief, as
by some
line
many
respects,
viz.
in
the
bell,
the
we
and modes of thought now displayed by the Todas and Mr. Metz writes, concerning the Toda faith Their idea is
: '
by
as
their friends to
accompany them
there, take
a leap
way
to
the
celestial
The
implied
and
in raising stone
somewhat
all
superior to
Regarding the matter of husbandry, the Todas could not be more backward in respect to these
unknown
the tribes of
certain
is
of necessity
The
Hills.'
IO
'
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
the exercise of so
much
labour as would at
first
appear
that
for
what more
was
filled in
likely
indeed,
?
almost certain
than
each
it
one once
and that
by degrees
But
it
essential difference
would advance,
members of
it
each of
migrated
this
tribe,
much
to insist that, in
grand migrations
would move together, but they would be attended or followed at intervals of time by other tribes dependent on or patronised
by them
neighbours.
con-
vacuum to be filled up. Had the Todas died out a hundred years ago, but little remembrance of them would survive at this day. Similarly, these defunct races live solely in their imperishable monudoor, or a
ments.
In Chapter XIX., on the Boath, will be found the suggestion that that eccentric building
may have
belonged to the
Kairn-builders.
vigour
yet, if
form
in
pression of the
mind
in
that adopts
may
lurk a
mental impulse
them
to
place kairns on
the top of
hills;
some superior
HISTORICAL OUTLINE.
religious
II
development of the
tribe
the root, I
may term
it,
CHAP,
^
of
my
God,
Certain
it is
who
show
in
most
much marked
as this pro-
in the Kairn-builders.
the remains of an
to
unknown
people,
the Todas.
12
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
CHAPTER
PHRENOLOGICAL
Contrast between
II.
BASIS.
simple
for studying individual Organs The Properties and Positions of Groups and of the Organs in each GroupPower Two Varieties of Energy Effects of Size and Quality in Brain Mutual Influence of the Organs Correlation between Organology, Temperament, and Bodily Structure Description of the main Temperaments amongst Oriental Races.
Groups of Organs
Necessity
Advantages
in
noting
CHAP.
/ _.
In the practice of phrenology amongst a civilised people, more especially in one which is like the English for example
the resultant
intimately mixed have never completely amalgamated and fused into a single type
;
met
with, suf-
amongst such
races,
value relative to
one of the
many
activity, is absolutely
But
in the
examination of primitive
tribes, particularly
one
its
appearance,
we escape most
of these
Nothing per-
in cranial
3
PHRENOLOGICAL
and
civilised races,
BASIS.
more than the complexity in variety of temperament, the numerous shades of capacity and shape of brain, and the many degrees of sizes in organs amongst the
latter, as
CHAP.
.
of the former.
Visit
and
indi-
we
at
once
all
crowd of
viduals
least
of the
same
type,
in their
complex forms, the general size and configuration of whose skulls is very uniform and easy to read, whose figure,
voice,
and
life,
daily
the joint;
who
in modifications
They
kennel of hounds.
For
general
aim to determining
key
to
its
management and
by
dis-
evidences
as
size
will,
whilst affording us
much
during lifetime, also give the information necessary for learning early conditions of the
human
14
PHRENOLOGICAL
1
BASIS.
At
the study of character growing involved and complicated, by reason of the subtle influences which fine nervous conditions
exert on the form of the brain, a
sizes
more minute record of the of single organs becomes essential, more particularly if one more advanced ethnographic
peculiarly adapted, viz. to trac-
is
and
If
the development
of
advance.
character
and that
it
could be
found
it
by the
all
number of
individuals
of the race.
my readers
briefly
as are willing,
to follow
me
mode
2
customs of early
which the
faculties
have been
in the
as they
civilised
would be
man, as
in
exhibited, not so
much
conduct of
that of the
inferior im-
The
described as
Yet
all
The savage
state is
an
who
are natives of the torrid zones do not pass. This subject is further prosecuted in the Chapter on Savage Antitype.' 2 I beg to acknowledge the advantages I have acquired in the compilation of the following pages from the perusal of Professor Bain's The Study of Character,' and Mr. Fowler's Synopsis of Phrenology/ in addition to the standard works of Mr. George Combe and others.
'
'
especially so those
PHRENOLOGICAL
Group
1.
BASIS.
CHAP.
A.
Concentrative.
il
Constituent organ.
Concentrativeness.
Centripetal
it
it
affects
every
head by imparting to
it
continuity of thought
and
feeling,
enabling
on one
it
Thus
is
an important element
in
powers of self-abstraction.
It
adds to
by prolonging the
it
sensations.
Comin
pyramids and
mummies.
Position
and form.
B and
D.
Group
Amativeness.
B.
Domestic.
Constituent organs.
2.
An
element
in gallantry.
Tends
to general
Philoprogenitiveness.
Is the
its
faculty which
primarily
young
whilst in the
weak
the
and defenceless
state.
all
Thence general
ages.
fondness
for
Adhesiveness.
friendship
apart
clan-
Group
pensities.
B.
It
pro-
and
fondness for the opposite sex, desire for friendship, regard for
l6
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
CHAP,
,-
the dead, and love for the family or home, imparts the con
stituents of a
warm-hearted disposition.
Causes elongation and fulness
Low and
*
Position
and form.
in
the
Group
Combativeness.
C.
Invigorating.
Constituent organs.
5.
is
therefore a
main element
in
and
fortitude.
Destructiveness.
Prompts to overcome
by
exertion,
Tends
rites
to acts of
and canniIs
forti-
Secretiveness.
Gives the
main element of
one's
tact, finesse,
skill to
Tends
to distrust, duplicity,
and treachery.
Combined with
refinements
of cruelty.
in religion
rites.
Acquisitiveness.
Occasions
generally.
Gives
Tenacious,
opposed to com-
munism.
9.
Tends
Alimentativeness.
and fondness
under
tends to gluttony.
flesh
Combined with
;
Destructiveness,
demands
a
and stimulants
and,
exciting circumstances,
prompts to
cannibalism.
is
When combined
with
high
coronal region,
10.
Constructiveness.
trivance.
Gave men
PHRENOLOGICAL
Group
nature,
C.
BASIS.
and to subdue.
To
in
B of
and
Hence
it
imparts vigour,
efficiency,
When
tends to treachery,
avarice, gluttony,
habit.
and form.
When
Destructiveness
is
ears are placed low with reference to the line of the eyebrows.
Grqup
D.
Personal.
Constituent organs.
11.
Self-esteem.
Is
Tends
to
self-reliance.
sition.
12.
Enamoured
Love of approbation.
flattery.
Desires to please.
Vain.
Fond
of ornament.
Tends
to courtesy
3.
Firmness.
when unopposed. Is the main element in decision of racter. Apt to decide too soon. Tends to obstinacy. Group D supplies will and self-confidence, and gives
action on account of self or
per-
in
of family interests.
assumes an
and desire to
protect.
and E, gave
The
voice of this
Group
Position
and form.
l8
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
CHAP.
II.
Group
E.
Moral.
Constituent organs.
14.
is
Conscientiousness.
plicity to character.
falsehood.
Is apt to
Tends
to aus-
terities, asceticism,
and general
15.
Veneration.
raises
and multithe
plies
objects of worship
rites
prompts to
religious
service,
nature of
nations
ness,
16.
and
sacrifices
made
Hope, Conscientiousness.
Hope.
Tends
feelings,
state,
to slavishness.
Gives
sanguine
and
by
which
it
may
in the
be attained.
Leads
to idleness.
Is a great
element
gambling
to give
spirit.
17. Benevolence.
Leads
;
to kindness, liberality,
and mercy.
Its
impulse
is,
18.
Cautiousness.
Group E.
Creates virtuous
sentiments,
emotions,
and
and
reverential nature.
C, religious
it
partakes of a per-
sonal
Soft and rich tones are the natural expression of this group.
Position
and form.
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
19 CHAP.
II.
Group
F.
Refining.
Constituent organs.
19. Imitation.
By
An
element in
20.
Induces
men
to follow a lead.
Wonder.
Is interested in the
to superstition.
witchcraft.
ghosts,
and p
Is a source of
Exaggerates.
Loves the
Gives grace to
all
con-
ceptions.
Partial to ornament.
Is a bardic
element,
and
Group
gress
F.
The
refinement of the
material,
human
beyond the
owes
its
Position
and form.
head, from the top of the temples to the forepart of the crown.
Group
G.
Reflective.
Constituent organs.
22.
Wit.
Notices incongruity.
Is a
main element
in the
to the intellect
by presenting various
sides of a
Assists in caricaturing.
Causality.
and
effect.
Tends
to ex-
Comparison.
Is
Reasons by anaAssists
in
logy.
a source of parables
c 2
and proverbs.
OFTHE
UMiVEP
20
CHAP,
^
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
'
Gives nicknames.
Group G. By its evolutionary powers of thought and reason, by its capacity for perceiving the connection between cause and effect, and for dividing truth from absurdity, is
rendered not only competent to superintend the operations of
all
places
them
group
is
well developed,
man
has long
left
Position
and form.
Group
H.
TT
(Perceptive.
J
(Dynamical.
Constituent organs.
25.
itself
Language.
by
signs or words.
Tends
to garrulity.
26. Eventuality.
cular expressions.
intuition.
much
of
Impulsive.
An
element in
all
dances.
Gesticulates.
27.
Time.
or dance.
28.
Tends
to periodic celebrations.
in
Tune.
tones of sound.
an
element in singing,
in musical composition.
instruments.
Group H.
Contains such
as
obtain
practical
Has
great
power of expressing
Position
ideas.
and form.
eyes.
prominence to the
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
21
CHAP.
II.
Group
_i
(Perceptive.
I
I.f_
Statical.
Constituent organs.
29.
Number.
calculate
and compute
money.
an important element
in
commerce and
Notes method
barter.
Tends
to
economy and
position
Order.
in
the
relative
and
succession of things.
31.
Colour.
harmony of
Gives
their shades.
colour in dress.
32.
Weight.
lightness, stability
and resistance
Is
Gives dexterity in
mental processes.
fond of
glitter.
Is a source of skill in
many games,
33. Locality.
as riding,
Suggested
relative position of
;
objects.
Gives coup
Is
fond of travelling
combined
to a vagrant
life.
34. Individuality.
objects, without
Form.
in
making
idols,
hiero-
Com-
judgment
Estimates
Size.
size.
Takes
cognisance of space.
Geometric.
distances.
unknown
Group
I.
Is constituted of
as
material
objects,
22
facts, places,
PHRENOLOGICAL
and numbers, with
BASIS.
and
mutual
relations.
Position
protrusion, breadth
and squaredistance
grow
forming what
termed
'
deep-set eyes.'
is
The
long.
organs as
universal
have included
It
in
approval.
whether certain
faculties included in
to another,
somewhat of the
Thus, Wit
to
may by some
be held a
reflective faculty;
by
others,
be more imaginative.
And
with
much appearance
be
of
truth,
eminently
conducive to morality,
may
by personal
as
think
notice
the skulls
unfolds,
all
or
blooms
trouble
now
the
organ of the
mind is
a measure of
power
body.
organs of the
Professor
Bain
writes, 'Just
as largeness of muscle
body
Fowler,
'
Synopsis of Phrenology.'
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
'
23
The
causes
chap.
_ /
_;
in
some
1
In
fact,
quality
as important as quantity,
whether
in nerve,
6
muscle,
or
structure.'
What
its
holds
com-
ponent parts
Power
rapidity
is
Energy and
combined
in
being
of
size
and
quality,
different proportions.
we
should be
make
full
power
actively,
obstacles
latter
it
The
least
positions
where
opposition
met with
is
and
its
by
indolence.
joint action of
two or more organs, that they habitually exert a mutual influence, tending to modify the mode in which both operate.
But that
at times
they
may may
may
4
5 6
and
in
may
intervene between
its
the Intellect.'
G. Combe,
'
24
CHAP,
-
PHRENOLOGICAL
;
BASIS.
performance
'
or
they
may
operate to
if
modify desire
for
revenge.
at
On
by bloodthirsty
and
at
by Temperament regarding which, although we have very much to learn as to its origin, modes of action, and yet, judging precise effects in the economy of our system
indicated
;
:
which
as an
illustration
we
which
allied
that an
inti-
close than
we
The study
but
if
ducted by examination of
complex
civilised life
The
many
opportunities
in various
'
simple
There may be one organ of the and healthy forms. body vigorous and all the rest weak one vigorous, the rest average two vigorous and all the others weak none prepon'
; ;
derating,
and
all
good,
all
middling, or
7
all
bad
and so on
At
present there
7
is
'
Bain,
the Intellect.'
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
25
CHAP,
,'
.
perhaps dissipate.
brain deficient in
For instance, the Fibrous combined with a the propensities and power of Will, or the
In both instances, the desire for action
find correlation
Sanguine with small Hope and desire for motion, would seem
to be anomalies.
The
affords
esting work,
some examples of
of
opinion
as
to
the relation
between
and particular
correspondence
It is
characteristics
the
body.
'
There
is
rarely
combined with
abdomen.
And
a large base and small anterior lobe are combined with small
lungs
Again,
'
There
is,
generally
size,
form, and
And
it.'
cephalous head
shoulders.
so
termed by ethnographers
and
broad
rule will
men
A
A
correlation
may be
digestion
8 9
evident.
'
When
the faculty
is
small, the
abdomi-
G.
Combe,
This subject
26
PHRENOLOGICAL
;
BASIS.
CHAP,
by tendency
that region.
weak powers
in
When
for.
may
tainty be looked
The
which
following
by means
of
the
four
main
and
temperaments
their effects
may
be recognised
qualities
amongst dark
races,
on the working
The Temperaments.
Fibrous.
Physiognomy.
Thorax broad
Ab-
domen moderate.
Feet and hands broad and thick.
nails.
The mind
with power ot
exertion
when mental
10
command,
teaching, speaking.'
the
is
in ope-
intelligence.
Muscular
action.
10
Sedate.
<
Bain,
On
PHRENOLOGICAL
Nervous}
Physiognomy.
cles.
1
BASIS.
2J
A slight
Taper
fingers
and
thin,
often
Teeth very white, and frequently sharp-edged. crowded together, and to decay early.
Refined features
:
Apt
to be
and
thin.
clear.
often brilliant.
Whites very
Body
close,
and nearly
straight,
but
Brain.
The mind
impressible,
Expression
This
in
temperament, from
the
excess of nerve,
pursuits.'
12
'
delights
But where
the brain
in
waste themselves
is
excitement about
It
gives
what
termed
its
'
blood,'
concomi-
Muscular
hurried.
action.
Sanguine.
Physiognomy.
A well
full.
full
Thorax deep
rather than
Abdomen
Sternum protruding.
with high instep.
%
Hands and
Healthy
Perhaps the inhabitant of Bengal Proper, in the neighbourhood of example of this temperament. G. Combe, ' Elements of Phrenology.'
28
CHAP.
.
PHRENOLOGICAL
BASIS.
Pupils blue
More generally
warm, often
hazel.
Skin moderately
:
fine,
rich coloured
and ruddy.
wavy and
Brain.
engaged
otherwise apt to
be indolent.
combine.
Works
best
when
vigorous circulatory
ments
activity,
'
strength,
and
But
Muscular
action.
Buoyant and
active.
Lymphatic.
This temperament
races.
is
rarely to be
its
nations
follows
The
'
lymphatic temperament
dis-
tinguishable
softness of the
mus-
is
accompanied by
in
languid
vital
the
circulation.
The
also slow,
languid,
and feeble
and weak.' 14
Fowler,
Synopsis of Phrenology.'
'
G. Combe,
Elements of Phrenology.'
29
CHAPTER
III.
Difference between the Sexes Calliper Mea Amativetiess of moderate Size Why should Form be singularly small ?Physical Appearance of the Todas Their TemperatnentLargest and smallest Groups.
abnormal Proportions
surements
The
the
Table No.
recorded
1,
CHAP,
-_
IT L
t
in size of
Toda
in
head,
is
each of
In inviting
it is
in these investigations,
neces;
me
many
in
investigations
hair,
oppose themselves to the practical attainment of such a result, however desirable. Yet, confident in my desire to obtain a
correct record of the
as far as possiWe,
skull,
by maintaining
I
think
be recommended as containing as
with which science
much
of truth as
may may be
at present acquainted.
of the
Toda
size,
its
general
suggested to
me
both
and the advantage of the principle adopted recording these measurements of referring them all to one
;
30
CHAP
III.
Si
<
W m
<
I F
a
31
Tf Tt
32
CHAP,
1
number number
which
(1) for
Thus each
the
in the table
In pursuing
fair
group
in the
Toda
skull.
result, if
by means of
and
we may be enabled
tribe.
to form a really
some
of
tribe are
represented,
will
be observed
how
similar the
main forms
a surpassing uni-
formity of appearance.
Two
portraits
in
side
and
full
face
of
'
man and
woman, photographed to scale, are here given, by which some means are afforded of comparing the descriptions which are
given in these pages with
examples of
real
life,'
and
of
enabling
my
esti-
may
be known to them.
unfortunate that no
member
shaved.
As
the
the universal
mode
of disposing of
the dead,
skull without
by no manner of chance be
ob-
tained.
1
The male
This reminds one somewhat that the emperor of the Lilliputians was by almost the breadth of my nail, than any of his court, which alone is enough to strike an awe into his beholders/
.
taller,
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TODAS.
on account of being one of the baldest
33
of the tribe,
men
CHAP.
Ill
^
r
though
well,
his
head
is
also
!
The woman
;
^m
as
curl-papers
'
for
me
'bumps'
interfering with
my
purposes.
book the
Little
portraits of
two women
the
I
will
be found
of unusual deve-
lopment
No. 25,
'The
Savage,'
has
largest
Aw,
saw.
withstanding
all
the
members of
and have
be described
in future chapters
lived
is
assume abnormal
proportions, large
common average.
working of nature
to
growth
enabling us
originate in
may
opposed to
incest, or
whose
may
in course
It is
us
permanent
human
it
race.
Although
that the
this
fact
it
Toda
head, simple as
in
is
not as simple as
title
might
be,
and that
consequence
it
has no
to be con-
sidered as a
race
yet,
amidst
many
deserving attention,
it
possesses
one
of peculiar
interest
through
and
amount of
difference existing
in a tribe
34
CHAP.
III.
"8
5
<>
<
1
v^
35
not
more
advanced
than
the
remotely-ancient
and admirable
mark them
who
reverential
and moral
type of
qualities.
show
to
man
be
to
organs affording
and adhesive
feelings, also in
Veneration
strikingly
among
inferior to the
men
in
range of the
latter.
Amativeness
is
rather
is
many
large perceptive
the organ
I
of
Form
should
frequently be
in
found
undersized.
tion of
this
my
observawill
notice,
be
found
by
an-
the evidence of
One
cestral
of three occurrences
the
the organ of
Form
alone small
or,
supposing
all
from
its
by which we
find
immediately
Locality,
surrounded
as
:
for
instance, Size,
Individuality,
and Weight
or,
again,
happened, that
man was
formed with
at
all
the per-
must
some subsequent
lies
period have
in
become
;
atrophied.
The
point of interest
the speculation
what nature of
selection
operating
on
; ;
36
CHAP,
-
r-^
as to
have
left this
The
the Todas
Eyebrows.
Horizontal, straight
;
Somewith
willow
leaf
generally
somewhat
bushy,
Nose.
medium
;
height at the
;
base
long
superciliary
;
ridge in
aquiline,
sometimes
nearly
so,
never retronssJ.
Rather fleshy
fine.
The
and
Mouth.
Somewhat
fleshy
rather
short
lip
upper
lip,
pendant lower
often
years.
strikingly
Gums.
Teeth.
highly
oxygenated red
in others
long
nearly
all are even, yellowish, but bright, with rounded edges, set in
intervals, spreading
outwards
in
one or two
till
The
teeth last
old age.
Ears.
long,
Generally
flat
to
The
orifice is
nearly on a
Hair of head.
in
some
others as
much
separate as
and coarse
wavy
women
habitually cut
their
and the
men
37
CHAP.
As
wavy
few delicate
men
Hair on body.
At about
Boys of fourteen
fine
down.
Women
have sometimes
Eyes.
long,
Of medium
size,
somewhat
in
horizontal
varying
General expression of
;
full
;
doggish
in
some
to a
Rather
straight,
sometimes long.
contour,
Face.
Rather long,
oval, of
in
it,
without
The
jaw
is
prognathous.
Nails of hand.
convex, strong.
flat,
Are more
Some square more often rather taper. Of medium breadth. In strong people thick, but among the weakly, thin. The instep is rarely above an
Fingers.
Feet.
;
average
in height, often
very low
Sikhs, often
Of medium texture, brown, much the colour warm and copperish, a few fairer. Abdomen. Small a paunch is never to be seen.
Skin.
;
of the
Thorax.
Moderate
38
,J.
CHAP.
33
.
Photograph No. 7
is
sturdy
men
in.
of the tribe.
Height.
5
ft.
ft. 1
in.
ft.
average about
to 5
4^
in.
average
about
ft.
in.
Weight.
reasons
tained
;
Of men from about no to 155 lbs. There are why the weight of women cannot be accurately ascerbut
it is
30
lbs.
flat
Shoulders.
back.
Muscles.
Never large
full
some
de-
The
fairly,
often well
grown
straight
and
any
really
fine people.
The men's
carriage
is
erect, free
athletic.
the
women
a pleasing cheerfulness
for*
solemnity.
When
oriental
repose in
it.
The temperament
would
of
in the
main be
noticed
nervous in individuals
many
whom
more
energy
We
size
;
The
singular uniformity in
ment
of
man's character,
it
is
not
sufficient to take
N7
39
CHAP.
r -
its
it
as acting under
But
it is
necessary to
Firstly, to
the groups
which knowledge
will give
Then
in this outline
by examining
all
may
of the
person.
By
these processes
and to learn
certainly
in
what
direction,
it
will
fail
when
By
will,
1,
we
;
The medium groups will not exert much active influence one way or the other. Very large. The Domestic (B) and Concentrative (A) Groups,
Toda.
almost throughout both sexes of the entire
considered
large
in
tribe,
would be
is
any race
Amativeness, which
of
^ The
n
Perceptive
Statical
\
\ )
\
1
_ Group
__
(I 2 )
is,
men,
though
it
varies in size
considerably
in
individuals.
Locality,
Individuality,
;
and
Weight
figure.
whilst
Form and
Colour are often very small, and never attain the highest
Amongst the women this group is below average. Very small. The Invigorating (C), the Reflective (G),
(F),
the
I
1
Refining
are,
with
little
Alimentativeness,
smallest organs.
and Comparison and Imitation being exceptionally large Wit, Wonder, Order, and Number the
4<D
CHAP.
Medium.
'
reliance,
in;
faculties.
more observant.
The
character of the
Toda
is
if
member
Ryot of
India.
We may
slaves from
at least
of
whom
Britain, because
I abstain from giving a diagnosis of the Toda character such as would be deduced from the sizes of his organs, the nature of his temperament, and the circumstances of his life fearing to trespass on the patience
; j
of
3
my
readers.
N? 8
AUTOTYPE, LONDON
GREETING-ADA BUDDIKEN.
'
CHARACTERISTICS.
41
CHAPTER
IV.
CHARACTERISTICS.
Talking VoicesModes of Salutation Home Life Frank and obliging Natures Colour of the Skin Tattoo Marks Ornaments Boys dis-
tinguishedfrom Girls
Apparel Toilette.
is
The Toda
the
talking voice
peculiar
particularly so that of
women.
men
it is
strikingly
the
women's
on the contrary,
is
come
'
the
mas-
somewhat musical and refined, though fatiguing to listen to from its monotonous tone. Indeed, it is somewhat astonishing that some harsh syllables
the sound of the voice
come
The refinement
dispositions
arises doubtless,
;
to
void of asperity
please.
friendliness,
accompanied
by
desire
than so
in
many
East,
crows.
itself also
their observance of
customs.
The salaam
raising the
of
the
performed
right
Todas by
thumb-edge of the
is
and forehead,
a respectful form
sacred
places,
and
other like
occasions.
When
!
asked by
:
what name they styled that form of salute, they replied I say, Lord Itva eshken, swami eshken,' or, I say, come which is most employed amongst That mode of salutation
'
'
42
equals,
is
CHARACTERISTICS.
the short exclamation of 'Tya!' or 'Tcha!' correin its
CHAP,
.
^
IV.
mode of use to our own expression of Good morning when friends meet or pass one another. The meaning of the word is not known to me. Perhaps it
sponding
'
tone and
!
'
The
salute called
'
Adabuddiken,'
or
I seize
the
foot,' is
very singular.
apart for
some
and perhaps of
affection.
Suppose a case
their village,
is
'
a group of
surprised
conversing in
visitors.
The
little-
exclamation,
sister
Here
is
and her
Penpuv
'
The
is
up the assembly.
its
Every operation
occupants. All
to
suspended.
rise pleasantly,
arrivals.
;
What now
In
has long
in
relatives,
;
and to her
is
and there
else to
remember.
member
to
man
never bows
down
woman
A man women do
1
does not
so before
bow down
before another
man
but
women.
Adabuddiken. Adi =foot, Pidi or Pattu = seize, take hold of. To is a common Dravidian expression for homage, reverence.
[Pope.]
CHARACTERISTICS.
43
;
'
A wife
Now
never bows
down
though she
CHAP.
performs the Adabuddiken before her father-in-law, motherin-law, her husband's elder brother.
women in
succession,
'falls
her.
On
which
on her head.
Such
is
Adabuddiken.
every
two parties has to perform this ceremony to every female, and each woman to each younger woman, and the men to salute one another and say Tcha which has to be carefully gone the greeting of parted friends
As
man
of the
'
through, and which no sense of impatience or untimely levity But the ever occurs to abbreviate is one that takes time.
Toda has no
Mr. Metz
wit,
tells
to waste.
me he
fall
at his mother's
But the act (a very exceptional one) was committed on feet. the occasion of a funeral, when the family appeared over-
whelmed with
and the man, actuated by his feelings, performed this token of respect and love. Nothing but the natural good manners of the people
grief
;
hinders the ceremony of Adabuddiken from becoming unseemingly slavish. But the cheerfulness of the women, and
the men's grave politeness, admits of
entire
its
good
taste.
Toda women
unlike
what
is
ordinarily witnessed
amongst Oriental
nations.
They are treated with respect, and are permitted a remarkable amount of freedom. They perform the legitimate offices of
women
in
Europe
Wearing mantles
togas Putkuli
very little
stitching to be performed
44
CHAP,
-
CHARACTERISTICS.
some of the photographs
in
this
book
the
is
;
will
show.
The
by men and
intensely
boys.
And
It
men manage
a quiet,
out-door
affairs generally.
undemonstrative,
but
domestic
people
much
everyone
is
everywhere entirely at
home
:
by one
The
great feature in
Toda
organisation,
Todas
lose, in
They no doubt
have quarrels,
in the course
of which they
women
are known to use very high language indeed and exmere pebbles
in
particularly the
a brook as
compared with
sensibly,
home
;
circle
very
tyranny
but
saw too a
She
slight
woman
by means of some
in this repetition
amongst an unambitious,
home, that
life
folk nearer
had hoped
them-
selves to be photographed
offered
too great an
CHARACTERISTICS.
The
general type of the
45
is
Toda
character
most unvarying
staid
CHAP.
conscious inferiority
:
an active principle
fearless,
from small
cause for fear more than from the. stimulus of a latent power
of opposiveness
:
if
them
to divulge
what
:
their
natures
also
prompted them to
1
maintain
is
quiet
willing to
take
money,
with
proffered
with
callousness,
allowing
it.
to lie
on the ground or
their children
to play
safe
by the
district.
the Badagas.
;
many
little facts
my
mind
custom
(well understood
by them,
what
is
civilised conceptions of
are
could
not
hope, without a
greater knowledge of
the
bounded
by acknowledged
simplicity,
Though
their intellect
is
force of character
2
man
of
The Todas
;
Englishmen, do not
childlike per-
money with
the greatest
and most
sistency
yet
if
46
CHARACTERISTICS.
influence the tribe, yet
CHAP.
Toda blood may ever arise to rlw they do know, they know well.
limits.
what
They
afford.
that
we made a
habit
of very
close
cross-questioning
in
One woman
sitting the
of Munshi,
by
telling us at a
Toda words
of them
many
teeth,
how
the syllables of
Though
I
their brains
doubt
if
they tired
became fatigued sooner than ours more quickly than would those of
Todas
stain their skin
did,
illi-
by
but
incorrect.
portions of the
some
had been
stained.
This peculiarity
of the neck.
it
is
in the
nape
is
noticed
I
so very
if
much
woman,
that
asked her
The
reply convinced
me
CHARACTERISTICS.
that the practice of staining the skin
is
47
quite
unknown
to
'
chap,
them.
They
the
'
women
it
however,
Gurtu.
mark
or tattoo portions of
marks so
words
:
The
carefully, that I
women,' he
are tattooed
about the
manner
Three semi-
row
inches;
shoulders,
commencing
in front
where the
lines
on the chest
two
on each
leg,
the
upper
dots
;
circle
numbering
The
marked by a
The most
is
characteristic personal
that carried
by women
Tulwaji
is
which
carried
to taste
so that the
skin
may
not be pinched
by means
of a slip of padding.
These rings
day
be
cut
may
may
is
Shortt,
'
48
CHAP.
IV.
CHARACTERISTICS.
in the circle, so that
by introducing a
4
may
be opened a
little.
The known
times
in this quasi
;
one that certainly could not have undergone very it was first adopted by the people.
No.
o.
A TODA ARMLET.
Hence
Todas
it
may
the
to
unknown
separated.
4 Curiously enough, on return from the Nilagiris, a friend living at Kheri in Oudh, showed me an armlet which had just been cut out of the
in
far
the neighbourhood.
more
artistic
Toda ornament,
yet the
mode
of opening
suggestive.
As
it
and there are known to be primitive neighbouring jungles, it is just possible there may be some real connection between the two armlets, though separated during
of the civilised natives of the place,
3,000 or 4,000 years.
CHARACTERISTICS.
49
and elbow.
I
Very
see, in
tasteless
and heavy.
do not
and
laces
girdles,
They do
of the
not appear to
me
be
especially
characteristic
Todas, but rather, just what they can purchase from the tribes
surrounding them.
The photographs
of
lips are
You may
distinguish a
is
cut.
boy from a girl by the mode With the latter, the entire back-hair
till
in
is
the head, from the nape of the neck, over the poll to the top
of the forehead, and a cross slip carried over the top of the
ear.
The
The wearing
the
loin-cloth
is
identical.
First
comes
Kuvn corresponding
made
;
to
the
Hindustani
ornamented
little
This mantle
is
sufficiently large to
woman
most completely.
A decent though
made
cumbersome garment to and sleeping in than for any purin the corners of the mantle,
poses of labour.
Pockets are
by sewing the double cloth together at those places. This dress is more properly Dravidian than mere Toda, and is purchased
in the bazaars.
They
yet very
much
50
CHAP,
-
CHARACTERISTICS.
;
such as
,J
Yet
A pretty sight,
a group of
sitting,
my
expeditions,
was
women and
The
made
accurately
straight,
coil,
tucked
in
among
The
unadorned, adorned
morning.
The
curls are
opened out
in the
The eyebrows
stick
up with a charred
from the
fire-place
them over
butter, I could
niscences of
some phrenologising
experiences.
up
using daiiy a
wood ash
I
not
charcoal
and the
all
purposes.
and mouths
as fresh-looking as an infant's
or a
dog's.
IN.
51
CHAPTER
V.
IN,
The Todas a very ordinary people : the Interest they attract greatly due to A ssociation Habits andMannersfreefrom Eccentricity The Scenery of the Country : its Silence and Grace A cool Morning grows to a
Summer Day
Tasteless Toda.
is
this to contemplate.
The
well-
CKtAP,
marked Assyrian stamp of face, amidst more clumsy types, would, if for no other reason, make them attractive to us. But when one has actually witnessed and realised what I
,'
am
about to describe
the patriarchal
mode
:
of
life
in all its
wonderful artlessness
usages
effete,
simplicity
mity to primeval
man ; then
fact,
the interest in
them
redoubles,
more primitive
than, though
somewhat
similar to that
of our
traces
own
in
Celtic ancestors,
who
And
the
his
language,
of what
cognate to the
Celtic,
But
selves,
it
the Todas,
must be acknowledged that the interest we take iri is chiefly due to these associations for of thenv
:
the*
may have
result
especial
I think,
;
whose
mainly
52
CHAP,
*
IN.
present to
It is
all
the activities
them ignorant,
dirty,
and unkempt
the
many
Their
centuries of civilisation.
as ours do.
women
many
of the
refined,
And
staunch conservatives.
principles
The men rule their households on of worldly policy as we do, and without any striking
;
point of dissimilarity
treated
and,
as
somewhat
'a
arbitrarily
by
we
are apt
as
to be also.
precisely the
same
ours
not
we had all been brought up from infancy together. The customs of the people strangely seem to suggest the germs of many that even now exist among us. Indeed,
nothing in their ways surprised
act so
;
me more
much as we do to an extent, even, that deprived them much interest in my eyes. The country in which we find the Todas, though not by many moves perhaps the seat of his origin, is worthy of notice for thus we shall better realise how man lived in days when he had advanced scarce more than one step from the
of
;
period
in
what
style
of place he
until
country could no
progeny
then
tary mountain
very Laputa
in its
complete isolation of
is
some 7,000
ft.
in altitude
whose
evergreen surface
hills,
one
THE LAND HE LIVES
prairie.
IN.
53
;
The
hills as accessible as
its
those of Malvern
the prairie
CHAP,
^
land as ceaseless, in
ocean.
deep
damp
secluded valleys, or
gulleys,
the cool
down
where
its
from
prolonged
below.
precipitate
the
plains
Wherever,
may
the
monsoon
hills,
is
yearly
forests,
or
by
the rustic
sounds of Toda
cattle
The
short,
grass, in sfJots
it
crowded with
wild flowers.
swing
trees,
in
moss-covered timber.
variety of ferns
size,
;
O, might
here
In solitude live savage, in some glade Obscured, where highest woods, impenetrable To star or sunlight, spread their umbrage broad.'
54
IN.
GHAP.
hills.
Picture
it
an
Try
to
sky and
spect,
rarified
and
lovely.
is
There
Peak
that parleys with the setting sun/
The
last hill
all
may
liantly
transparent and
dis-
tances,
changing
tints,
have not
few
and,
I believe,
Had the Toda made this spot the entrance to his heaven Amn6r (of which, more in its proper place), he would at one
step have placed himself on a pinnacle of good taste, from
which
it
But to
have omitted
marks
though
him
as the tasteless
man he
by
is.
Let
me
here
describe
an inland scene
which,
casually witnessed
myself,
1 The artist in search of a study of aerial them so complete and satisfying as in this
view.
Owing
to
monsoon
rains, clear
days
in
month
which to watch it cannot often be got before the To be seen to perfection, both sunrise and sunset
Toda
men
and
cattle leap
from Makurti on
their journey to
Amnor; but
in the
in the scene
expression of this belief there appears to be no appreciation of the beauty ; merely that Makurti is the highest and westernmost hill, nearest the setting sun (See Chapter XII.), and therefore the most suitable
locality for the purpose.
CliAV,
'
IN.
55
A
cirits
is
They
known by
actual familiarity
to
when
filtered
And
can
sight,
which has
made a
lasting impression
still,
on
my
memory.
the
;
After a perfectly
damp
valleys, dense
dew on
all
frosted emerald.
The
all
slanting
hills,
rising sun, as
they glance
over the
the drops of dew hanging in rich completeness suspended from the delicate seed-stalks of the summer grass with which
the foreground
is
clothed.
It
is
cold.
The
breeze that
accompanies the dawn, waves the water-laden herbage, and in the pulsation of the full drops and the fresh sparkling of their
lights,
an
interest is attracted.
'Tis the
passage of Aurora
She sweeps
fresh
bells
reminding one of
all
that
is
and cool
fountains,
crystal, the
happy
tinkle of silver
Soon we
nature.
awoke
all living
The
and
calling
from tree to
The Toda
little
door of his hut, and, putting his towzled head into the air, mutters Erigitashk dawn,
master opens the
!
'
rising time.
All creation
is
alert
56
IN.
CHAP.
As
'
now grown
:
brilliant,
and
new
phase.
;
The
little
patches of
and
its
vapour ascends
it rises.
in
volumes on every
zealous sun
atmosphere as
The
now
reigns supreme
its
mass
its
dark
seen, radiates
from
the skies into the bright mist carrying the elongated shadows
it.
The
grass.
dewy
fit.
swamp
The
dark mass of green reeds seems, though the only quiet thing,
to be on the eve of
movement
its
the melted
frost,
the
The
getful of their
and
animate the
air
The
water-rat,
swamp
water, his
in the sun.
body
As
its
rise
and
fills
the
air,
that which
in the early
morn was
then steam-
now becomes quiet, genial and radiant up The trees on the distant hills stand out disThe cattle tinctly, each in its dark blue patch of shadow. And all nature smiles. The lie ruminating in the swamps.
ing and busy,
to the zenith.
clear
morning sky
1
is
till
the mid-
and
Can sweep, a
beautiful
and expressive,
CHAP,
r
The Toda
and
buffalo has
roamed over
many
I
But
do not
by
his language,
He
food
Ha
it,
He
Ha
He
!
sees the
Ha
But apparently
only so
much
cattle's
with water on
is
and
Ha
;
The sun
shining on
it,
soon dry
will
grow
thirsty
is
The
prevalent idea
is
working man,
so engrossed in cares
and
in the
occupation
leisure
for
no
The
phrenologist
knows
Toda has
unlimited leisure, as
now show
These
hollows
is
hills are
it is
soil
indeed
is
in the moist"
There
pottery.
But the
afford
Toda scheme
all
is
simpler'
far.
He
?
has cattle
who
him
?
he wants
why
should he work
Why
should he plough
is
And
right.
58
THE MAND.
CHAPTER
VI.
THE MAND.
Todas a pastoral Race Definition of a Nomad Todas migrate, but are not nomadic The Mand or Village Construction of Houses Interior Arrangement of Houses The surrounding Wall The Cattle-pen The Dairy or Pdlthchi Typical Plan of a Mand Selection of Village
Sites
Names of Villages,
chap.
r-
|The Todas
'
occupying them-
They keep no
Kotti.
other description
of
animals,
save cats
As
soil,
they have
to
rather hastily
in quest of food
cattle
imply a tribe which, without fixed place of residence, wanders whether that be game or pasture for its
is
the word
many
ment in the organs of Acquisitiveness, Constructiveness, Order, and Number, are also distinguished by the peculiarity, common to them all, of not tilling the soil, we may select links of
a complete gradation in idle
or ever-wandering
mode
of
life
and
theft
and hunter
we
class the
up to the settled pastoral races, amongst which Todas who, with a very strong bias in favour
;
THE MAND.
to
59
CHAP.
do
so,
entirely subsist.
I
make
no
having the
is
habitual wanderers.
Whether
it
days of
the
to
human
race,
man
skull gradually
changed
in the course of
many
or
if,
certain
it is,
form are
now
in
by a censtrong
tendency
attachment to a settled
home being
if
when
thwarted,
associated
with remembrances of
home and
in
landscape.
villages
Toda
rounding
families
reside
permanent
Mand
or
Madd having
it.
ground sur-
Each minor
Arsh
Mand, and a share of the village land. Nearly every Mand, however, has its duplicate, sometimes its triplicate, to which the entire body of the inhabitants
in the
of situations which
become exposed
and wind.
the wilds, that although at the time, the actual thermal state
may be
far
known
body so
as
man
and beast.
60
CHAP,
_
THE MAND.
also a
limited period,
one of
their
rife
amongst the
We
much as we do under very similar too, who can afford the luxury, have a
;
town
own
country-
men are. From what is here written Nilagiris may have upwards
surface, yet not
it
will
be understood
of one hundred
more than
in
forty of the
number be
occupied.
I
have ascertained,
eleven
Toda Mands
in
the
found tabulated
Chapter X.
that
consist of
many are formed by the juncand sometimes even of three rooms in a line
;
each with
its
own door
is
air
for a
the same.
all
from
be about 8
by 16 ft. and a house of three rooms would measure some 8 ft. by 24 ft. Each room holds one entire subdivision of a family.
ft.
The
roofs
of
all
houses
are
and
THE MAND.
bamboo, fastened with
in
split rattan,
tilt
CHAP.
VI ^-~
curved outline
like the
of a waggon, or brought to an
ridge-pole, similar to the
civilised
life.
wooden
is
The
found
method of roofing
which
tribes
is
that universallylatter,
well-to-do.
The
is
which
is
by
walls,
stout planking:
of the exact
same
tilt-
The
waggon
all
to the
bamboo
rafters are
flat
imbedded.
At
stones
domicile.
The doorway,
hole,
broad,
there
when
if
three rooms, the second and third doors will be found in the
sides, so
arranged that
all
the doors
may be to
leeward
usually
"
by a
opening, form the only passage for the household, and for light,
smoke, and
air.
;
The
thus
morning sun,
sit,
62
CHAP,
.
THE MAND.
and perform various
offices of
air themselves,
-
a domestic and
VI.
,
at
much
and were
it
their
As
more
think that
when
for a
judge
so,
partly from
Toda name
in part
house and
for
and
and verandah
doors at the
also,
side,
is
deduce from
they
It
first
we now
find them.
may be
is
it
ft.
my
idea of the
mode
house
Be
and 8
ft.
long, 8
us, as
ft.
broad,
as
and
that, as
Chapter X. shows
many
The
plan (No.
n)
is
that of every
is
Toda
mode
in
which room
economised.
form slings
into
which firewood
which
it
rapidly dries.
The women
:
common
property of
all
the natives
THE MAND.
of India, only one or two of this observation
adults
is
63
little
sticks at a time.
The
correctness
CHAP.
VI.
Kudi.
ft.
The The
fire-place
Vorsh, or Vorshkall.
by 2\
ft.,
in
which
bamboo
milk-pails
Honnuare placed.
No.
11.
c
E
O A
AO
J)
ft.
by 3!
ft.,
for the
floor, 5
ft.
by
ft.,
sleep.
F.
The
door.
in
some
is
by a low
This
so low
is
which
ft.
appearance of age,
(about 3
1
its
having
/
Tuar, Tuel.
all
are interchangeable.
Thus
Ar and El
are affixes
in the
formation of nouns.
[POPE.]
64
CHAP,
_
THE MAND.
in
originated
*
any defensive
project,
whether as protection
of wild
animals.
it
,-!
man
or the
inroads
left in
for
seems no doubt of
its
rub their bodies against the low houses in their hours of ease.
Neither the wall nor the enclosed area
sacred.
is
in
any degree
be found the
e,
Mand
will invariably
3
pound
Tuel into which the buffalos Esm Er a female of the village are driven every evening on return
or pen
2
community
in cattle,
is
fenced in strongly
feet in height
it is
:
in
some
at others
termed
Men
Tuel
according
is left
as the site
happens to be
prolific in
stone or timber.
of buffalos, being thoroughly competent to protect
in this
The herd
itself
any
shelter,
for
When
made
of
it
in with
in
the stones
2 Tuar, Tuel. Tamil, Suvar. In all the Dravidian dialects J and / are interchangeable. Thus Shri becomes Tiri. Ar and El are affixes
[Pope.]
word Er
is
invariably
THE MAND.
65
CHAP.
VI.
know
palthchi consisting
No.
12.
of two rooms
THE DAIRY
ROOM
the outer
porram-al-g-arsh the residence of the dairyman palkarpal and the inner room ulg-arsh the storage
lor
4
for
Palkarpal.
pal
(1)
identity of Toda
This
(2) is
is
is one of the most remarkable examples of the and Tamil. karr p al where (1) is the Dravidian word for milk;
This
(*)
(3)
(4)
;
the root of the verb = to milk (3) noun, milking ; (4)= person. [Pope.]
is
66
CHAP,
VI.
.
THE MAND.
of milk
*
...
pal
and
This
;
somewhat apart
presumably
hill, is
is
dug out
Mand
is
The
is
dairy
built
its
separate
which
very close up to
in.
The
outer door
much
of the
wall,
is
of minute dimensions
The accompanying
typical plan of a
Mand
The
hill
village itself
is
side
from the
full
tion of sites
The Todas have been credited with some taste in the selecfor Mands; owing to the beauty and often romantic nature of their situations invariably on some open grassy slope, where wood and spring or rivulet combine.
;
But
if
beautiful
for neither
do
their heads,
of the possession by them of any taste. I am disposed to attribute the success of these happy selections to the fact that, acting with a very
localities,
they have,
themselves and
bit of soil in
cattle
from the
proximity to water
the
5
whole
ob-
tained,
lovely land-
in
Toda termed
nei.
13
AUTOTYPE, LONDON.
TYPICAL MAND
THE MAND.
scape,
67
an
harmonious whole,
cultivated tastes.
A
the
knowledge of Dravidian dialects would probably show names of their villages, of which the following are a few
Bangadu. 7
Karshk. 8
Kakhodi.
Beresthro.
6
Menmadd. 9
Keshkir. 10
Kirzho.
Koana-koar.
Ebgodu.
Melkarshk.
*
*
7
11
affixes to
-come
[Pope.]
the
same
as
8
9
Karshk = stone.
See above.
villages
exist.
;
10
or
iri,
or
ari, affixes
to
root,
is
:
:
which is variously written from the same root. [Pope.] u Mt\ = upper; karshk = stone.
f 2
68
THE FAMILY.
CHAPTER
VII.
THE FAMILY.
Parturition
handed
ships.
Midwives ConfinementsInfanticidal Mother taken red Name Child Men's Names Nicknames Women's
this
List of
Relation-
CHAP.
The
-
to
'
,
In the course of
my
I
enquiries
told of
was
in labour.
was a
mere
trifle
from the
women
diffi-
Men
women
of
Three or
;
four!
the
is
house-full in fact
remain
in
attendance
one
whom
:
frame
the
others
performing various
offices
tending
toi
alleviate pain,
and
May not the ill-understood expression, She shall bear! upon my knees,' Gen. xxx. 3, have reference to the position
in
THE FAMILY.
'We
call
''
69
woman
my
'
informant
give a
an
kelachi' said
1
CHAP.
VII.
why
name
woman
is
can act
nevertheless a
borne out by
p'okku
facts.
The
umbilical cord
is
severed
by laying
it
on a
piece of wood,
'
knife.'
'
What
'
tie it
from the
thatch.
such a thing
ha
ha
ha
Tie
it
with string
ha
ha
ha
but
had
for so
is
many
or
if it
had no
On
is
the morning after the child has been born, the mother
removed to a shed
for :
her in
village
wood,
in anticitill
the
next new
moon
muttu whether
3
:
course of 3 or of 30 days.
the reason for this removal the
may
suppose
some periodic
on women.
;
1 Kelal = old man. Tamil kirra = old. Kelachi = old woman Kirra van = old man Kirra tti old woman tti pronounced chi Al = man. [Pope.] Keladi, in ancient Kanarese = a female friend. 2 Sansk. alayam = Purzarsh. In Tamil we have purra = outer. dwelling. Any termination may be converted in a Toda mouth to a [POPE.] guttural sound made up of 1, r, and sh. Mr. Metz is of opinion that purzh = mud; and that purzarsh means a mud hut or temporary house. 3 Muttu, new moon = jewel, pearl, in Sansk. and Dravid. [Pope.] Tiggalu, full moon, the moon. Ti is a part of dina = day. Q\z.\x = the moon, Sansk. In Tamil, tingal. [Pope.]
;
70
CHAP.
VII.
THE FAMILY.
:
but the
suffi-
profound
ignorance in
is
amply
want of knowledge of
described,
its
reasons.
The
the
custom
of
the
is
Some
notion,
nature
have
all
may have
founded
practice,
though
trace of
origin or cause,
may have
For a month
to a
woman
in
just after
inquisi-
In the course of
my
Chapter X.,
had ascertained
be an infanticide
that
its
I
me and this might Almost hoping such might be the case, and had discovered a mother red-handed, I enquired after
!
health.
'
women,
airily,
'
corner.'
Thither accordingly
visit,
hoping to receive
little silver-bits
one
freely
debarred.
anyone of
in its
artistic
little
picture
which
way was
Scene
sun
is
green herbage
sufficiently
forest
now
4 Kin-minthki = female infant. Kin = gin = little: a Dra vidian root. Minthki is probably a corruption of manuja or manushi = woman Sansk. [Pope.] Popen = male infant. This is a mere term of endearment. Dravidian
pommaisa^^;
with which
it
may be
compared.
[Pope.]
THE FAMILY.
young mother
earthen
71
infanticidal,
On
polyandrous
is
sitting
on the
CHAP,
VII.
floor, just
of unbleached cotton.
her
left
lies
something
like
a comic
The palm
wards the
directed to-
lowness of the
teeth,
Her body, foreshortened by reason of the door. The nut brown gipsy face, all eyes and
is
upturned towards
the visitor
The
inside of the
room
such as remains
little
visible
pitch-dark.
my
smiling away,
knowing of
groundless suspicions.
boy
is
named
peru
or pesru or hesru
=a
name
and
his birth.
day
it,
The child appears to be kept out of sight until the naming when the father, unaccompanied by the mother, takes
;
hidden
in
the
folds of his
:
mantle,
up
to
one of the
and standing
hand
the
ing
to forehead.
Then kneeling on
first
its
little
down
till it
touches the
'
;
soil,
names the
;
'
prayer
ultama,
er
ultama,
is
:
karr ultama,
:
the
meaning of which
I
'Be beneficent
may
and everyone.'
see
now
till
before me, a
her
husband
eminence,
5
May
it
'and
in
women and
72
THE FAMILY.
and loving eye, and with wide-open mouth, the naming
!
CHAP.
VII.
intent
of her son.
It
which
'
its
father calls
it
in the village
No
children
may
tuarof sacred
Such
is
places, until
the un-
The
reason why,
not
known
it
is
sufficient that
'
so.'
Perhaps as
a matter of cleanliness:
but probably to
As women
it is
may
result
more
nei
is
given
named
;
The
names of men
Netaradi.
Beliani.
Kirnal.
Tinkuttan.
Narikutti.
Nidiaben.
Azavom.
Pernal.
Kedalben.
Kevi.
Nearly every
porra hesru
6
man
him by
in
his associates,
;
incident
life
sometimes
so, for
great,
and
their
freedom from
in
remarkable,
that
salient
points
figure
No
Toda,
he
may
be,
and no
Porra - outside.
THE
those ordinary sources.
FAMILY.
I notice,
73
are they ever called
Nor, as
CHAP.
'of such a village,' 'of the brae/ 'of the hill;' presumably
because every
tion
Mand
has
its
An
or
acknowledged
far as could
Gurugurgan
It
so
modesty.
let
this be remembered when we describe funeral obsequies purchased from a Badaga village for funeral purposes, it died
on the road.
And
this
word, whatever
its
meaning may
be,
in ridicule for
having purchased
His
father,
he
said,
was termed
Biilta,
from
Biilt,
a bird
in his
occupation of driving
Murukalu.
Kundagalla.
Bira.
Kundemati.
Some
1
sobriquets have,
as
might be expected,
indecent
meanings.
by your name or by your nickname ? I Generally by my porra hesru but when they want anything of me they are more civil, and Are you
called
'
'
use
I
my
proper name.'
sobriquets.
Indeed
all.
some delicacy
shown
in
And man
each
being willing to
'
not the
actual
name
of a
woman
74
CHAP.
r
THE FAMILY.
Queldirth.
Jinvani.
'
Tushquilth.
Nastufi.
Muneth.
Penpuv.
Dirthavilli.
Anchaguti.
Chizarem.
Pentirem.
woman
retains her
being
known,
It is etiquette in
either kotte
or panne; 7 the
if
her husband
is
of the
or
Pyki
second
if
of the Pekkan,
Todi, Kenna,
Kuttan
man
'
would
come here Nastufi or Beliani,' but kukh itva, come here woman,' or al itva, come here man.' But the more proper term by which a man speaks of his
not say
*
wife
is
yen
katvoti. 8
rules,
According to these
Nastufi,
people talking of
the
woman
kotte.
He
He would
List of Relationships.
....
.
Al.
Varsh. 9
Kotte.
Pann.
difficult.
They
are frequently of a
depreciatory character.
inhabitant.
K6tt& = a fort or large dwelling. Kotti = a person of a fort, a superior Pani =jewel. Pani = work. [POPE.] 8 Yen Katvoti. Yen or en = my, constantly prefixed in Dravidian to words indicative of relationship. Kattu m bind, join. V is an insertion of tense, used in forming verbal nouns with a future or indefinite temporal signification.
Ati
9
is
a feminine termination.
'
bound to me? [POPE.] But there is viras, a hero. In old high Tamil we have virral, and the termination al becomes
she
is
who
:
think, Sansk.
purusha.
in
Toda
sh as a general
rule.
[Pope.]
THE FAMILY.
CHAP.
VII.
Sister
Sister
elder
younger
'.
Enakkan.
elder Father's brotheryounger Father's elder and younger Mother's brother elder and
Father's brother
.
En
Ennin perud.
Ennin
kirud.
sister
Mami.
younger
Mother's sister
Maman.
Perud aw.
Mother's
sister
Son's wife
....
. .
elder younger
Kirud avv.
Mortwirth.
Daughter's husband
Enman mokh.
Mami.
Husband's mother
Wife's mother
Husband's father]
Wife's father
J
Maman.
Wife's sister
elder younger
elder younger
al
ennon.
al norvet.
katvoti akkan.
katvoti norvet kukh.
Wife's brother
Payal or Beial.
Grandson
son's son
Granddaughter
daughter
son's
Old man
Old woman
....
Kelachi.
Family, relation
Anatama,
paltial,
payal, 17
kutasaram. 18
Ancestor
Clan
17
Koleh
In old high Tamil
Paltial, payal.
is
we have
pattil
= house.
Al
they.
pattial
[Pope.]
Kutasaram.
THE FAMILY.
The word Anatama, 19 which means
brother,
is
77
elder
and younger
they
ennin
CHAP.
the generic
title
given to
all
^,-1
for
them
The son of my
'
the same as
my
brother.'
Yen peruden
kiruden
ershchi.
Anatama.
in Telugu,
lu.
In Kanarese, annajtamm'andaru.
elder
So
annajdamu
lu.
Here we have
for
and
plural-
ising particle
In Tamil, annan = elder brother; tambi =younger brother. The Dravidian root ana = upper, and may be compared with Greek av. Tam = one's own; so in terms of relationship = my own, my, a familiar
kindly expression.
[Pope.]
78
FOOD.
CHAPTER
FOOD.
VIII.
Diet Kutu Badaga and Kota Neighbours prey on the Todas Todas give away valuable Property Not flesh eaters Ceremony of eating Buffalo flesh Don't drink Spirits Children's Food Family Meals Grace before Meat No Weapons of the Chase No variety of Live
Stock.
CHAP.
VIII.
The Todas
cat,
tip-
corresponding in
of rounders.
play very
boys'
game
No violent exercise.
in
No means
of settling
disputes
by
scientific
or boxing.
Nothing
natural turbulence
of
They do
till
the ground.
Toda some time or another, they depended upon that animal more than they do now in a period when they
The products
diet.
No
doubt, at
races.
Now
they
and other
and tobacco
all
of which items
and
for
many
their
neighbours,
food.
the
79
Badaga
I
tribe,
them
as lords
CHAP,
'.
t
of the soil.
Badagas to
bf the produce, varying from TL- to J, and shows that the Todas are the earliest existing race occupying the plateau of the Nilagiri Mountains.
certain
Badaga
villages
kutu.
Members
draw
Mand go
entitled to
for support.
And
as
no very accurate
in
any
of
;
been supplied,
Toda
in lieu
concerned
shirk
payment of grain
as long as possible
whilst on the
his
of the
Toda
stores,
and
natural
visits for
JThe
as
Toda
actual
exactly as
the
much
grain
necessities:
rental.
Thus we
been
in the
and digestible
probably as
much
in quantity,
in variety, as
labour
From
exist
is
known
to
and of the
80
CHAP,
VIII.
FOOD.
,-L^
as this must,
by
contrast,
by
side,
mutually dependent
for
themselves
the shrewd
this
r)st unmercantile
as the Badaga, but
people.
more
laborious,
this
than the
retire-
simple people on
ment
to the Nilagiris
possibly
amongst other
male
buffalos,
motives,
by knowledge of the
the carcasses of the females, and the skins and horns of both,
gratis, so
j
mundane
process at work
Little fleas
have little fleas upon their backs to bite them have lesser fleas and so on ad infinitum.
;
To what
promptings to part
if utilised,
And
to permit skins
and
whose
sale
welcome addition
to their revenue
to be removed as return
ironis
little
What
There
the buffalo
is
;
the
Toda
to these
the milch-cow.
for believing the
good reason
Todas
'
assertion
FOOD.
that they have never at
buffalo
;
any time eaten the flesh of the female immense value and importance on the
CHAP,
VIII
.
,L
milk-giver.
And
though they
may have
meat
;
Not
is
meal of venison
a man's
life
is
all incidents.
all
Yet there
the
'
ceremony of
killing
and
eating a very
young male
calf
They take the animal into the dark recesses of the village wood where the Vorshal 4 kills it by blows of a club made
;
in
full
Although
fire is
is
fire
may
Mand, a sacred
the flesh, which
is
created
by the rubbing of
sticks
and
trees,
eaten only
by the men
permitted.
No
curious
and apparently
*
sacrificial
It
seems/
all,
scarcely too
much
must be
survivals, that
they had a
they
first
intention when and where now fallen into absurdity from having a new state of society, where their
6
been discarded.'
4 Vorshal. This is a sacred character, of whom we shall read more Chapter XVII. Ve, ve, are Dravidian roots indicative of heat. Varhis is Sanskrit for sacrificialfire. Virragu is Tamil for firewood. Vrishmi is Sanskrit for Agni, god of fire. Vrishakapi is the same. [Pope.]
5
6
in.
tree, see
Chapter XIV.
i.
p. 85.
82
CHAP.
FOOD.
The Todas
state
it,
as a matter of tradition
amongst them,
'
when
upon
roots.
is
They are even now partial, amongst others, known in India by the name of Salup Misri
-
to that
which
orchis
mascula
hills.
abound
sorts.
pomand herbs of
.
by
these
is
And
tobacco
a luxury.
by
and
it is
not
uncommon,
for
them
to be or rice
still
when
is
Boiled millet
warmed
milk
common
young
children.
As
but
is
is
either eaten
uncooked or boiled
Aryan
fears
life
or
are
and of 7 and 8
in the dairy.
This as a
which
women from
meals
men
if
there
Children of both
with the
men
or with the
women.
When
FOOD.
83
CHAP,
VIII
.
but see that both convenience and good habits have been!
consulted in following these rules.
-J
little
;_
member
of
Swami
bhumi
Swami
then places
earth.
it
tai 8 or
mother
of
game
roamed
their
open pastures
mon
fate.
The Toda
selves
half-wild,
and
their
skill
young by
;
tactics,
bravery and
the courageous and strong bulls at apex and flanks, and the
The Todas,
confident in the
armed with
light
wands
their protection,
Yet
presence
of considerable danger
They neither make nets, nor do pitfalls. They do not employ any of
mother.
It
May
84
CHAP,
'_
FOOD.
India.
No
or
of
their
on
fours.
No mode
down and
of
known
to them.
Had
the Todas
felt
any disposition
to
add to the
their
varieties
amount of
animal stock,
meat
diet,
Some
yet, as
attempt to do
so.
But
fowls, pigs,
and goats
villages.
to the
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
85
CHAPTER
IX.
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
Cause of idleness of primitive Races Their attributes Toda qualities, and form of Cranium The most primitive form of Skull How to judge of Cannibal heads Tylor, on the Development of the Human Race Dolichocephali the natural Inhabitants of warm Zones : Brachiocephali the result of harsher circumstances Endogamy and Dolichocephaly Why pure Brachiocephali are not met with Caste inimical to advance Brachiocephaly the counterpoise to Dolichocephaly Correlation between Brachiocephaly and Broad Shoulders.
It
will
my
readers,
;
CHAP.
much
that
in the
same way
,-!_
the
sta'ge
of
their
barbarism,
pursuit,
who
earn a
living
by
various
modes of occupation,
in
should persist
none of the impulses to action by which they have been moved, should in the least have commended themselves to
this
in their
is
very midst.
well
;
known
to be receding
from an inability to
and proudly elected to accept extinction, rather than compromise with civilisation by altering the pristine customs of
his race.
And we
greatly
86
CHAP,
,
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
'
is
called
on
make,
if
free
and
thriftless
hunting
and warring
or trader.
But
in
domestic
not far
by
tribes
own
primitive status
from
whom had
he
to change
he could at once
will
own purpose
been
for theirs.
endeavour to account
In the
as
if
first
place,
assume
of truth
the
mode
of
life
precisely
suits
constitution
of
their
minds
any
important
change
that
however much
failure
of supplies,
to their having
failed
which
must have
yet as we
to say, they
That
is
live entirely at
to there being a
ready market
now
places
them
in a con-
siderable degree of
homely comfort
a happy state,
room
which
is
to expand.
Although in the estimation of many, this perfect contentment with a very little may be considered a proof of good sense, and be held a great virtue, yet it must be acknowledged
that the phase
is
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
acquiesce
in.
8J
If
they
will
not trade,
chap.
IX
-
ashamed, yet
why none
No exciting and glorious war, with plunder the feathers of the chief, the titles of the hero No women to be attached, or prisoners to be enslaved or tortured No food but a milk
!
!
diet
and
woods are
full
!
What
the meaning
Have we come on
? ?
reign of conscience
in this absence of vigorous gain and of thrift as well as in their ultra domesticity, we have the attributes of a primeval race, which at an era, when other families of man were
appears to
:
my
qualities
in the disregard of
effects of
tend
to
and the
broad-
weakly,
and
produce
brachycephalic-headed
and
warm
in
climates
migrating
had
to emigrate
from
its
cradle land
bers, for
mutual protection, or
where
tribes,
inefficient natures
till
would mainaboriginal
as
the Todas
have
done
lately
the
habit of
of cattle
1
man
it
in living
:
on wild
fruit
and
roots,
The
in primitive races
causal organs excepted, no faculties are more uniformly defective than Acquisitiveness, Constructiveness, Number and
collectively small, they
;
form the invariable sign of a recent implying the unthriftiness, innocence of the value of property, contentedness with the simplest dwellings, and dislike to orderly rule, which are also the cause of their backward state. Tune is equally small and such people have but little sense of music.
Order.
*
When
'
primitive
origin
88
clever,
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
and persevering through ages of
civilisation
strife
with fellow-man,
presented by nature, had either by means of a preliminary course of cultivation of the soil, and become great nations, or, on the contrary, had like the North- American Indians under other
and
risen
and
less
favourable circumstances
skill
superadded other
mediate
animals.
traits
civilisation
The Toda
merely a simple,
thriftless,
and
idle
man,
that
who will
unmixed with
of superior tribes,
recognition,
by
selection,
is
work one
iota
him
I
to
do
proceed
now
to
the
Toda
for if
my
supposition
be correct
intense
gregariousness and
domes-
we have prominent
physiologic evidence
it
will
if,
in addition
to the
in
of
may
be successful
in
judging
we may be competent
;
to decide between
two
chief candidates
and dolichocephalic
as
terms
use
the
being well
understood
by
ethnologists
which
oldest,
I
feel'
man
and
practical
comdetail,
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
and
his infant
'
89
That the
domestic
a
-
CHAP.
IX
,J_
Toda
skull
is
practical
age,
all
faculties,
Next.
In
the
dark
prehistoric
whose
duration
appears unlimited,
families of
man
have passed, that race which possessed the greatest capacity for
overcoming obstacles
ceteris paribus,
taken
race.
in
must,
in
inevitably
survivor
and
therefore,
by laws of progresqualities
more primitive
Now
these active
tJie
are
groups of organs,
when well
The Toda
tion,
it,
tribe
is
entirely,
narrow-long-headed
dolichocephalic every
stated,
I
2
),
ttie
the skull
and, as
have before
large.
If
we add
in superior
mental organisation
think,
growing
of
of development, varying in directions and degrees of growth, with each different race. This phenomenon
the skull in stages
is
capable of explanation
as the
has termed
as
the
Todas
from
2
every individual
by
M'Lennan,
Primitive Marriage.'
90
CHAP,
IX
, '
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
so.
It
_*
would
grow with considerable uniformity, or remain unaltered throughout the tribe. But when marriage custom
either
changed to exogamy,
in alliances
then
we might
in shape.
We
diet,
find
the dolichocephalic
Toda, careless
of a
meat
Setting moral
considerations apart
and
much
troubled
with morals
arises
and stimulants
head.
alimentativeness
properties
of
the
brachycephalic
would produce
From what
it
may
be gathered that
may
We
shall
we may
its
also esti-
having been
on the improvement
state,'
in
form
of the
human
skull
'
The savage
he
writes,
'
in
some
showing
On
society during
a civilised
Now
this
Referred to direct
a great section of
it
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
domain of
It is
speculation,
CHAP.
1 a -_ ^'
development of mediaeval
velopment from
which again
order
a dein
civilisation
of
the
represented
culture being
back to what
may
is,
whether
;
this
middle culture
may be traced back to the lower culture that is, to savagery ? To affirm this is merely to assert that the same kind of development
in culture
its
course of proceeding
modern world,
it is
for
him
to prove,
by
valid evi-
permanent principle
the
will
hold good,
as in
astronomy or
these
geology.' 3
If
arguments which
have adduced
in
last
of whom believed the Todas form a somewhat advanced sample were the mild dolichocephalic
man
it is
where nature
is
favourable to
human
growth.
We may suppose
man
much
labour or
skill, it
difficulties des-
character
human
family which
These
and
in the course
of long ages,
brachycephalic,
savage,
and strong-bodied.
in intractable
Tylor,
'
i.
p. 28.
92
CHAP,
IX
climes,
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
these
races,
warlike,
would turn
conquest of
,,.
in anticipation
of the easy
we have
have, therefore, substantial grounds for entertaining the conviction that conquests of the
more
by
in
of the globe,
from the
earliest
point of prehistoric
age at
find a difficulty
number
of mouths.
we may, amongst
other causes,
stock,
the extreme
limits of the
married
in
amongst
alliance
themselves
alone
practising
endogamy
social
migration, or flight
free
from
or
opportunity to
make
there
to
we should expect
exhumed
have been
in the
entirely dolichocephalic.
tribes had,
observance of exogamy
intermixed
selection
;
or
if
action
natural
there
we should meet
cither
modified-dolicJiocephalic crania,
and
the
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
It is
93
exogamous
may
coexist
as neighbours in the
CHAP,
..
limited territory.
we
every individual
primarily
;
member
is
broad-headed
according
the
its
to this theory
was
in
in
the
first
instance
shaped by natural
selection;
nor both
same
influences.
Se-
condly
such
its
race
being
by
its
nature
warlike,
and
strong in
little
disposed to
members
to marriage within
own
tribe
hence,
in
their
people of other families of man, the probability of connectionships being formed with dolichocephali,
quent introduction of
midst,
would be increased.
tendency to deterioration
elements
sion,
;
Similarly a
process
will,
at
work
term
it
you
by
force of
which man
amongst
other animals
strain.
tends
exist.
to lapse, or revert to a
more dolichocephalic
Though
must always
is
The
difficulty in
maintaining
well known.
And
the very
same
tendency
may
readily
be observed
in the
human
family.
And
far in the
wrong
a sample of
we what man
if
consider the
Toda cranium
to afford us
as a race uninfluenced
by
selection,
94
CHAP,
**
-
SAVAGE ANTITYPE.
living
and
an open-air
life,
tends to revert
to.
have seen
many individuals of the Aryan family far more dolichocephalic than any Toda but never an entire race or tribe. The caste system of India which I believe to be merely
:
Even in peaceful pursuits as in war, and contentions with climate, we are always struggling over which against the difficulties presented by competition
interfering with natural selection.
;
the brachycephalichas
most chance of
Brachycephaly produced by selection, forms the natural counterpoise to dolichocephaly obtained through degeneration or inherited
from primitive
ancestors.
I
expressed
in the correla;
it is
Indeed narrow-headed
dolichocephalic
figures
races
many exceptions. men have often strong frames. But may well be noted as having light
their converse.
I incline,
compared with
however, as
the result of
my
have
laid
down
to the marriage
amongst
head
to
exogamous
two
his
races, of the
two
;
different descriptions of
different styles of
body
by which the
individual offspring
we may
other.
cranium from one parent and his bodily frame from the
CENSUS.
95
CHAPTER
CENSUS.
X.
Mode of taking Census Census Table Todas hide nothing but Niimber of Cattle Review of the Table Crowding Number of Todas
Vital Statistics
Does the
CHAP.
X.
Tribe increase, or
is it
dying out ?
'Among
am
my readers
3),
taken by
me in
Toda
more
tribe.
It will
be found
for
precise information as
first
sight
figures,
description
of
second
sheet,
termed
'
Statistics
of
Toda
Families,'
Table No.
4.
Both of these tables were compiled with as much scrupulous care and accuracy as could probably have well been bestowed
on
them
follows
collecting
village,
information was as
every soul,
male
us.-
and
female, old
1
The
96
CENSUS.
CHAP.
X.
39
rt
-5
<3
pq
<!
CENSUS.
V
r.
97
s a
3
bo bo
s-g
CHAP.
T
JjTS.
3 o
la
!i2d
X.
2 Z
-5
Jr&lJ
rt
Sp
E
rt
-"S
rt
j
rt
rt
*J>
'J I
I'll I 3
g O
urt
^-Js
4J
in
H S
"*
9\5"rt
S^K
s
C oj
S
o
<
E c
rt fc
rt
rt
vH
rt
be
tiKII
I
V B.
)
M o J2-B c
*-
v s rt be rt
fix o
.
rt'3
1
u -3 h
rt
JO
rt
/".
rt
wi
ti
T3
S"- 1.9
c u
re
*>
O bCU
s OQ
fc
S?.!>_
E E-a.22-B
* * > rt*o b
_
^N
1)
tfl
> 8 t S
'
rt
= =
rt
e ^!
rt
8*1 1* O rt C
2^
IP
ri
*1*
0*2 o
s o
JS
LB
1*5 g
E >, jj ^ O-B-S S U - rt o -^
*-
,* 3 S
;
M SiiE E O
03
u- .c
o < o
O gCQt-> o * w^
X
rt
rt
O^
nS
rt
o<i
11
98
CHAP,
r
CENSUS.
invariably be placed in front
;
women would
as
it
would be
are
more
reliable
and
intelligent
It
is
know
At
first
we found
little
the people in
front
of
us,
an ap-
prehensive
assembly.
The women,
squatting on the
The men,
from buffalo-tending,
stood open-mouthed,
stroll about,
leaning on
their sticks.
The
girls
would
now and
fire
After a
paying
their retired
all
home
this
visit
most
coin,
carefully avoiding
allusion to
and
following on a
the
judicious
of
small
made amongst
infants, in order to
One woman
boys, her girls
at a time.
:
one tending
kutu
:
cattle,
and describes
What
us,
when
tell if
of
most
unimportant
and what
another.
relation the
members
one
When
was
my
CENSUS.
boys and how
lost
99
?
many
girls
have you
So sorry
to hear
you
>
CHAP.
^
two daughters and a son. How old were they ? And so on, and so on we went, examining one woman after Had they shown, at any another, and village after village.
time, a desire to deceive
tion,
which,
A
as
it,
as
regards
human
popula-
we could have
Todas
reply
is
an answer
but as the
will,
should be avoided as
ascertain a
fact
;
much
possible.
If
you wish
follow
recipe
to
undermine
stalk
it.
it
down,
up
to
lie
enquiries with
Their only
is
to
tell
lie
My
way
herd
belief
is,
that,
their cattle,
Now
as there
is
no
of stalking
tell
down such a
subject,
and they
will not, or
cannot,
:
in the village
1
hills
and the
home
I
till
evening
was unable
test
to count
or to
form any
of the
have therefore
is
left
that subI
an open question.
one that
have
To some minds
the
this
may
villages
soul
Practically speaking,
is
Mands
containing
from two to
five
houses or rooms
pursuits to lead
Above
ignorance of the
IOO
CHAP.
r
CENSUS.
proceeding
further,
I
Before
will
review
this
Census
'
may
be useful
We
find that
Toda males
12
84, or of
100 75.
:
In a
S&6.
And
:
in the
Punjab as ioo:8r8. 2
in ten
3
In
districts
suspected
75-6 of
all ages.
The male
:
55, or
as 100
y.
72-4.
The male
same period
ages estimated
36
:
the
ratio of
29, or of
8o
6.
Although, as we
find, there is
of females to males
among
children than
amongst
adults, I
am
to
the limited
number of
or
my
8.
There
is
unmarried
girl
55 adult females, or
1.
r8
in 100.
If
we deduct from
;
men
marriageable age
a single
life.
garcon we have yet 1 2 men of who are stated in the Table to be leading From actual knowledge of the people, I form
Department.
3
Government of India. Foreign Dated 1867. deduced from a census of Oudh in 1868-69, relating to
female infanticide
among Rajput
families.
CENSUS.
f
lOl
We
find there to be
CHAP.
true, I
should be in a position to
tinct.
announce that the practice of polyandry had become exBut if to these 49 men, we add the 12 who are married
y
de facto
we
:
tion of 100
Such, in
my
belief, is
polyandry
as
in the tribe
much as 100 :4c The total of the Table gives a return of 196 people from whom, if we deduct the 10 dairymen who live apart, we find that 186 people, of both sexes and all ages, live in 35 rooms, the dimensions of which we know to be 8ft. by
77.
8ft.
each
rooms.
Such
But
in village
Menmadd,
or 8 in
If
some rooms.
health,
plight
we can scarcely form a conception of their miserable when epidemics arise but we can at once comprehend
:
how
if it
fatal
is
Let
make
a deep im-
we would
realise
numerous forms of
amongst civilised nations modern days, through the quick interchange of ideas
;
and inexperienced
which their
knowledge through means of the repeated hard knocks to own ignorance of the working of natural laws had
rendered them
liable,
trials.
perusal of
the
Table No.
3,
which affords
102
CHAP,
,'
CENSUS.
regarding the
the social
inhabitants,
will
particulars
give
a
It
curious
insight of
economy of the
lives.
Mand.
;
may
be
in
each room of
look closely
If
we
in
the details
of
for
instance
villages
rooms
Diljavenu
and
live 5
Koana-koar, we
which
women,
girl
The people do
some equally rude
I
do
find in a statistical
Report of the
at only
submitted
in the
number
fixed
partly also to
in the carefully
compiled Report,
I believe,
No
census
am
indebted to the
most
reliable
ages
giving a total of
704
t
souls.
1 1
villages of various
sizes
it
souls in those
each.
life.
Of
22
'
Statistical
Report of the
Mr.
J.
Breeks.
CENSUS.
103
at
The
them
precise
number
of
Mands occupied
any one
time,
we
407
in
males
of
whom
258 were
men
the prime of
Now,
doubled
lost to
if
be correct,
in
;
more than
about 23 years
me
causes,
With every
still
grieve to
very
much
:
to be lamented that
I
no
of the people
Of
the
ascertained
by personal
there were
only 2
viz., in
the village of
Koana:
in
Only
to shorten
life
its
soon
drawing to a close
blind
viz.,
:
in
the
same
village
an infant with a
in
skin disease
health.
and
in Kirzho, a
middle-aged
man
bad general
Many were
matism.
quarantine
after
child-birth.
fire
And
one
woman was
it.
contagious disease
is
not
uncommon, but
by smallpox.
am
None came
before
;
me marked
but as the
case of leprosy
104
CENSUS.
afflicted
CHAP,
.
man
'
As
a large
Up
and almost
women
men
and of
athletic exercise.
Nature seems to
of which the female
young men
It
is
Be
that as
it
fill
out in course
the
ap-
in
the young
to attain
in
climax
till
the
men
women
The
full-grown
Now
If
we
(x)
graph
And
suppose
life in
we
have
months
country
in
which high
civilisa-
CENSUS.
tion
105
CHAP.
its
entirely
exempt
was
F, or
in 45, or
2*23 per
annum. 6
shall find
7,
We
in a
Table No.
that of
26
M + 20
5
46 children,
who
were of
different ages,
to 20 years,
died.
youthful maladies.
If,
children,
less
selves
died
An
who
Not to fatigue my readers with further preliminaries, I will now submit the brief calculation which is to show whether the Todas are dying out or increasing in numbers and at
;
be expected
for,
why
exactness
is
unattain-
go,
at
in
(1)
(2)
pregnancy
(3)
;
(4)
the numbers
of each brood
(5)
tinues prolific.' 8
Suppose then we begin our reckoning with 177 married Paragraph (?) of this chapter informs
men and yj women. Tables Nos. 6 and 7 show that the average of women
6
7 8
Adam
The Wealth of Nations.' Essay on the Principle of Population.' Dugald Stewart, Lectures on Political Economy.'
Smith,
'
'
Malthus,
'
106
CHAP,
r
CENSUS.
bear
children for 20
woman.
We
The
graph
high
(a),
allowed in
;
pararate
is
a very
Hence
Calculation.
jj
Number
of
to
bear children.
77-18*29=
58*71
of children
born to those
who
die
319*85
The number
of children
who
survive
at the expiration of
20 years.
During these 20
cent, cent.
annum;
or
33*21
per
= 5878.
Thus
177-58*78=118*22
438*07
We
Todas have theoretically expanded to 438. Thus doubling in- 162 years. In the back settlements of America, where
'
CENSUS.
I07
CHAP.
,!_
5 years.'
And
it
Adam
in
when
the
powerful
enough
to cause population to
advance
I.
in
geometrical propor16.' 10
tion, or in
2. 4. 8.
It follows therefore,
number
of the
Toda
tribe at 713,
in the
1902
2852
1918
5604
and so on
in
men
the prime of
9
Malthus,
10
Adam
Smith,
IOS
FAMILY STATISTICS.
CHAPTER XL
FAMILY STATISTICS.
The day approaches when the Nilagiris will not afford support for the Todas Occupations which the Todas might take to A little educaToda Males bear to Females tion would give them a good start in life The cause of this disparity between the Sexes the ratio of ioo 75 A male-producing variety of man, formed by Infanticide Useful Family Statistics.
chap.
_
XT
that of
the
Toda
cattle should
multiply at the
when
th<
them
all.
may
on the due
from two
th<
derived
viz.,
that which
is
Badagas
Toda
am
the
that which
products of their
the second will
cattle
own
buffalos.
The
first is
a fixed quantity
become a
have attained
number.
t(
If then the
Todas
and customs,
it
is
Food,' wrote
Adam
;
Smith,
it
'
is
indissaic
t<
human
!
life
and
may
fact,
be
perish of hunger
;
In point of
in
however,
is,
question
in th<
b)
FAMILY STATISTICS.
the opposing principles to which
it
IO9
gives rise
by the industry
I
it
CHAP XL
Two
would not only rescue the Todas from immediate danger, but
might stamp an era whence their
viz.,
rise in
men
and the
sale of
male
cattle,
cattle-
With a
is
possible. Civilisation
impulses.
It
gives
to
nature the
;
that
in:
fittest
survive,
and the
then die out through the want and maladies which are the
results of their
of vigour.
modicum
education
a
:
little
writing and
local
ciphering,
start in life
some
geog-
intelligent of their
rest
number,
For the
arrives
as
come
it
en-
must do
numbers
the
little
would throw
would not
to be preyed
:
but
would have a good chance of becoming independent and imof the last chapter,
Adam
Smith,
'
The Wealth
of Nations.'
'
IIO
FAMILY STATISTICS.
of
all
CHAP.
r^-'
Toda males
ioo
:
75
statement
is
somewhat
and and
in children,
given in para-
graphs
(/3)
and
(y)
This excess
of males
is
truth
may be accepted
we cannot
quite
think
or that
more boys
are
born than
girls.
To what
in nature,
cause
may we
attribute
this
wide departure
within
known to be preserved, in all countries of whose population we have accurate knowledge ? If we are disposed to describe the cause, in some general expression, as race peculiarity,' we still cannot be satisfied
'
such eccentricity.
of
life,
We
;
mode
the climate
and
cribing
In
fact, as
regards
the Todas,
we can
widely
to
whom
;
traced
viz., in
and
in the practice of
infanticide.
We
mate
tribe,
is,
inti-
in
ing civilisation.
are
all
descended from
lines
of first-cousins
Let
me show
emphatically and
in
The
tribe
con-
clans; of which
FAMILY STATISTICS.
two are almost
of
extinct.
Ill
three clans, being
The remaining
members
ages each.
itself.
the
Peiki clan
marries
the inter-
solely within
this small
And
I
do not attribute
;
but
it is
as
a custom
is
found
in
junction with
In future chapters
fanticide as observed
we by
shall
struction
of
all
daughters in
sometimes two.
families
is
And we know
Toda
Now
let
a second
3 sons
The
first
mother
following
2.
the triba
custom
preserves
The second
and keeps
families,
1,
retains her
The
We
9 But
produce sons
inclination.
until, as
is
Thus the
we
find, families
grow
to
than daughters.
whicli caused
istic
it,
more or
less, into
of the people
formed.
In presenting Table No.
1
4,
have termed
Statistics of
Toda
my
readers,
112
u
<u
FAMILY STATISTICS.
a
all
4)43
.s
a * s
i*
Si!
I S
52.S
-
<
Ss
1
i's-s
"3
li
J Is
III
Pi
5
a O
tn
I'
I"* B v y
VO
I
I
eg 'a
1*1
"
8 3
^S2
o
saj-euiaj
WO
00
&%
FAMILY STATISTICS.
113
H4
CHAP.
XI.
FAMILY STATISTICS.
FAMILY STATISTICS.
II
n6
CHAP.
XI.
FAMILY STATISTICS.
FAMILY STATISTICS.
^2
117
u8
CHAP.
FAMILY STATISTICS.
Table No. V.
XL
'
Statistics
of Toda Families]
FAMILY STATISTICS.
II 9
CHAP.
Table No.
To
ascertain the 'ages at which
VI.
XI.
Commenced
Child-bearing
120
chap.
XI
-
FAMILY STATISTICS.
Table No.
VII.
'
_.
To
the 'period during ascertain the ' size of Toda Families : which the women bear children /' and the number ofyears intervening between the birth of children*
l
FAMILY STATISTICS.
it is
121
much
patient care
CHAP.
<
was taken
reasons
same
XI r-^
accuracy as
that
it
why
For the
latter
purpose
present
whereas
in the process of
dependence had,
in the main, to
be placed
many
Sup-
the
number of each
still
notions of the ages at which they did so, and the period that
For instance
and
;
one
will suffice
if it
was required to
died.
of a child
who had
The Some
had a
wife, or
husband, or
child, as the
Or
mother to have been either so much older or so much younger than one standing before us.
Table
render
which
will
tions as to
Toda
nature and
Toda
of,
progress,
all
it
seems a matter
with
women com4 or
5, will,
mence and
therefore,
The
details of these
be found tabulated
in
A point
has been made, not to omit any of the instances of Table 4 only the women in childor 5, that might prove of value
;
marriages, or those
who having
lately married,
left out.
122
CHAP.
FAMILY STATISTICS.
from these tables
earliest
XL
We see
I.
that,
The
age at which
is
women com.
mence
II.
child-bearing
at
about
.14
.
years.
which
is
.
women com.
mence child-bearing
III.
17*4 years.
women
.
leave
.
.37*4
years.
IV.
Women
19*6 years.
V.
The average
of children
is
5*7 children.
&y
children.
v_
RELIGION.
123
CHAPTER
Sun and Mo 071
XII.
RELIGION.
Prayers
clear conception of a
The Mysterious confused with Godhead No Supreme Being The use of a God Toda Belief Amnor Where situated Sin, Punishment little Gods, Spirits, WitchToda Religious Belief, whence derived. craft
to
',
we mean
CHAP.
XII.
judging of them, as
we can
alone judge,
by
their actions
more
in
keeping
with themselves.
to the rising and setting sun birsh and the at night, reciting the one formula of prayer
all
devout occasions
danenma, mokh
meaning of which has already been translated in note 5 of Chapter VII. To see a man amongst his family, stand out on a moonlight night with hand to forehead, asking most
gravely this blessing on his house, from one of the givers of
light, is
may have
to be the
We
fact;
Der,
Swami not
1
mode
or limits of their
124
CHAP,
-
RELIGION.
action.
They
is
But with
r-^
XII
them, there
to ripen into
confused in
like
Der cattle, relics, priests, are, as we shall see, the same category, until it would seem that Der,
is
Swami,
They
offices,
fence in those
consider holy
offices,
although
They do
tain
sin, to
power they
enter-
They have no
whether ever-
met with
in
They make no
little
oblations,
buffalo flesh, 2
or festive observance.
am
no God
dent to
of a
for
God
but
it
will
be perfectly
evi-
who
Supreme Being
Indeed
can show
this to
be the case
no 'holy
3
3
why
See Chapter VI 1 1.
Usuru.
In Tamil y and
is life;
Thus
uyir or u$ir
uyaru and ucaru are to be exalted, lifted up. In Kanarese, ucar = life, power. There may be a connection with Sanskrit uccha = high. [Pope.]
RELIGION.
125
CHAP.
XII
>
me, that the Pekkans are poor and have few herds, therefore
fay have no occasion for a God to protect them. I see the man now before me shaking his grave head, Aha, they don't
'
r-^
want a God.'
1
First divest
your mind of
cant,'
Toda
The What is
the use of a
God
it
if
not to protect
!
life
and property?
And
no property, no God
tive
mind, for
will liberate us
much from
whose description
am
entering upon.
The sum
and
die they
of real
their cattle,
Toda belief is, that they were born, they somehow rose out of the earth. When they
go to amnor, which
tout.
is
voila
They look on
:
this migration
from the
nomad
spirit.
point of view
body
or the
Some
is
them-
selves, to
The
abstruseness of
the question
They
satisfactorily
been settled
in a visit
A good
opportunity presenting
itself,
with which
I was favoured by an important religious character, I asked him where amnor was situate. He did not appear surprised
at the question, or in a
locality.
in the
;
as all Orientals
do who
;
living without
Amnor, amnar, omunar = the next world. Nar or nadu = district, country. This is Tamil.
Oma is
It
difficulty.
Yaman
In
seems
to
be = avan,
God of death. which in Tamil = there, and is sometimes used Tamil, ammai = the next state or stage in transis
the
'
migration.
[Pope.]
126
C J? P
-A.il.
.
RELIGION.
direct to the west.
*
goes down'
he
said.
The
then ceased to speak, was impressive, leaving a feeling of sadness as from the vibrations of an air just played, or of
that
is
'
a tale
told
;'
where Toda
without
in his
fail,
meet Toda
was
known
to
them
that this
man
papum
for sin,
but
more
hell.
What has
:
already
matters,
been described,
has also Gods
over certain
is
his
deep-grounded belief
any
little
may be looked on
as after-growths.
He
little
hills
g should be sufficient for them presiding and villages, but he seems to know nothing
and ghosts
about them.
Spirits
pilli
but
little
dark.
A reference
pure Sanskrit
commonly termed
almost
extraordinarily
either
are
Aryan
influence.
much From
their
deduce
the
possibility
that
prior
to
migration into India, the Aryas of that era, when probably of a somewhat similar stage of culture to the Todas,
influenced their rudimental religious proclivities.
may have
But that
religious subjects
have come to
;
them
quite in
sources through
RELIGION.
the
127
CHAP.
XII.
Hindu Badagas, with whom they have for several generawhose mode of worship they have had opportunities of noticing and with whom they have
tions been on intimate terms
:
Thus, as I
have noted, they have seized on a few words, and the names
of a score of small Gods connected with maladies and diseases,
of
\
whom
they
their
names
but without
j
having adopted a
128
THE BELL-GODS.
CHAPTER
A
religion based on the care
XIII.
THE BELL-GODS.
of the Cow Milk a Divine fluid The Bell-cow Her ancestral line The Bell-god Installation of the Bell-cow The TiriiriThe sacred Herd Bulls of the Herd Sanctification of Bulls Agnate law amongst the To das ;
Cattle-bell,
God The
Female
Antiquity of Bell-gods.
CHAP.
NOTHING amongst
people
is
r'~f
more
all
attach to
buffalo
village
management of the
is
The animal
the focus of
all
religio-social
apart from a
how
entirely
One cannot imagine the Toda consideration of his buffalo and when we reflect dependent the man is upon the animal how,
system
is
based.
turned into
buffalo, so far
from appearing
fits
milk-giver
and the
bull
his flocks
and herds
We
him
in process of
forming a
religion,
based upon
Few/
writes
Mr. Tylor,
'
who
will
again
N!4
THE BELL-GODS.
think
it
I
29
ridiculous, or the
knowledge of
its beliefs
it
superfluous to the
>
CHAP.
r-^-
rest of
mankind.
Far from
rubbish-heap of miscellaneous
logical in so high
classified, to
folly,
velopment
rational,
essentially
though working
l
inveterate ignorance.'
Our
'
friends appear to
dream
buffalo.
Sitting,
will pick
apparently
man
up a
bit of
cane or forked twig from the ground, and like the typical
Yankee is supposed to whittle a stick while he the Toda will employ himself for an hour at a
his bit of
speculates, so
time, splitting
little
may be
And
these treasures
are
Two
of
Photograph
No.
15.
if
nations, savage
and
in
we may trace
its
the alliance,
more or
less intimate,
;
of religion, in
its
symbols of
its use.
This correlation
is
certainly a
marked
feature in
Toda
customs.
Though
the
Todas have no
life,
in the place of
a religion
being performed
on sacred observances.
allied
with
and
to
distribution
milk.
The
as
being the
Tylor,
i.
p. 21.
130
CHAP,
chief gift of the
THE BELL-GODS.
Gods
:
all
milk.
Hence
XIII.
'
-*
they hold the care and milking of these animals and the charge
of the dairy, to be amongst the highest and most respected
offices.
The
buffalo
is
by a
sort of
some
has
It
them-
and
experienced
much
;
difficulty in ascertaining
what
now
because, whilst they will not eat the flesh, they cannot permit
them
to
them,
may no doubt
be
in part attribut-
But
known
to
make
it
money. Although
certain that
no Toda
in
Chapter
VI 1 1.,
act,
marked connection between the buffalo and the chief material objects to which any form of religious service viz., certain ancient cattle-bells, which originally came is paid
There
exists a
;
cattle-bells
konkuyet
Toda
faith.
by
now
own
styled
konku Der
or
mani Der. 2
This
a
the
Every
3
bell,
but certain
bell-
THE BELL-GODS.
131
CHAP.
.
cows of the sacred herds only, which are attached to the holy Mands, termed tirieri. 3 The size of the droves varies, from
accidental circumstances, between the
XIII ,_!
somewhat
in proportion to the
The
no
bell-cows, for
specific
has been
viz.,
a priest of the
tirieri,
styled
told
calling.
He
me
that no matter
bell
how
become, the
fail, it
belonged to her
she died
when, without
if
Moreover, that
issue, a bell-cow
:
the
no such female
would
tirieris
or the holy
Mand
would
itself
possessing a bell-cow.
is
The
office
bell-god
house
no one but a
it.
man
of that
The same holy man who gave me the above information, also described the installation of a new bell-cow. Twice a day,
morning and evening,
waves the
for three successive days, the priest
bell with his right
the while,
much
!
as follows
What
How well
Tirieri
= holy place.
Tira or
tiri is
= holy,
sacred.
root,
Ari or
exist.
iri,
which
root.
variously written
ir
ur = be
Ur = a
[Pope.]
132
GHAP.
~
THE BELL-GODS,
Don't
T let
the
tirieri
go to ruin
!
XIII.
be well
!
bell is
kept fastened
it is
On
It
more sacred than any of the ordinary village droves of buffalos, and the bell-cows are infinitely more sacred than any other cows of the sacred drove. So
entire tirieri herd
is
The
far
is
tirieri
offspring of
some
herd
The
finer
he
permanently
pen
is
in the sacred
by being isolated for a day and night in a small woods of the tirieri, during which time he
He
is
not a very
In fact
it
is
permissible to
It
appears to
me
as
should permit
cannot admit
Knowing
THE BELL-GODS.
1
33
CHAP.
,-
XIII ',
,
and
line.
was
identical
viz.,
female
And
the
the nearer
animal
in general similitude.
on primitive marriage. Mr. M'Lennan in striving to that the most ancient system in which the idea of bloodrelationship was embodied, was a system of kinship through
1
work show
'
all
the
we know
is
can be traced
had
mains unwritten
it
human
to par-
when
women
ticular
men
when,
in short,
marriage as
it
exists
lized nations
was not
practised.
We
believe
when marriage in this sense was yet undreamt of. Wherever this has been the case, the paternity of children
times
essential to a
system
wanting
there would be
4
there could be
only.'
In Chapter
my
M'Lennan,
'
Primitive Marriage.'
134
CHAP,
THE BELL-GODS.
only
in
which argument
am
Now
therefore, I
system of kinship
is
perhaps
also, prior to
Toda
bell-gods.
The worship
ment of cattle
of the
bull,
may
worship.
TIRIERI PRIESTS.
1
35
CHAPTER
XIV.
TIRIERI PRIESTS.
The PdldlThe KdvildlThe Pdldl is a God The Peiki Clan termed 1 Duties of the PdldlNo mysteries Sacred nature of Sons oj God Priests The Pdldl becomes man again Purification for holy orders The Tude tree ; its botanical name and distribution The use of the Tude, an ancient practice The Pdldl enters on his duties.
'
EACH
ascetic
tiriri,
with
its
drove of
cattle,
1
is
in the
charge of an
ascetic,
milkman or
and an equally
CHAP, XIV
kavilal. 2
And
according
may be
attached to the
tirieris.
whose personal acquaintance I had made in the course of taking information on the interesting subject of the bell-god, was a man of about thirty-five years of age, who had
The
palal,
The
effect of that
and
solitary life
It
on
striking.
been
in sacred office to
the cleanliness
Kavilal, kaval
= guard',
al
al
= person,.
guard.
The former is a Turkish word. Yet ka is the Dravidian root for protect, In Tamil we have a kind of reduplication of it; thus, patu,ka. The Sanskrit corresponding root is pa. [Pope.]
136
'
TIRIERI PRIESTS.
of fashion, but the action
CHAP
XIV
*
'
"
fixed
**
charms.
affable.
Under
Waiting
first
'
its
influence,
till
he had
of a series of
Is
! '
it
true that
replied,
'
Todas
1
salute
the sun
'
asked
'
tschakh
he
so,
I,
God why
this a
should
I salute
At
pride, but I
The
palal for
attributes, but is
himself a God.
Let
me
mode
style
of their ordination.
the
members of which
God
or of the
;
Gods
are
not in any
way educated
to their office
nor by
form of influence,
They
are
compensate
for the
isola-
tion of the
life.
No Toda
will be,
it is
and as
hie
own successor
of an abstruse
dogmas
nature,
rites to
transmit at time
of
relief.
The
it
done
in these tirieris, is
NI5
THE
TUDE
OR SACRED BUSH.
AD
OF THE PEIKI
A M and EVE
OF COD.
TIRIERI PRIESTS.
37
.CHAPi XIV.
^-
member
little
doubt, to
every inquisitive
woman
also.
,L-
hitherto remained
unknown
the simple cause, that they have not been carefully enquired
into.
I
be found to
be
like sieves,
The simplicity
handed
down by memory,
more
especially so
is
of each tradition
standing, nothing
when it is remembered that the entire detail Notwithis known throughout the tribe.
is
more
rites,
and
can
may undergo
?
a certain
How
Not only
men, yet
and
The
palal, as
may be
touched by no
The
human being
is
not
so that of a buffalo
;
men
must therefore
five
keep
at a respectful distance
yards.
Women
He
is
tirieri
or holy men.
Even the
a God, and
him.
for the
their posts
when they
privation.
tire
of celibacy and
And
the palal
again,
by the simple
138
CHAP,
-'
TIRIERI PRIESTS.
life,
through
amongst
his
fellow-men,
a large amount of
been a God.
The
undergo
following
men
in the course of
ettnal
German
the
beats
must remain day and night alone in the woods of the tirieri, without a particle of clothing and with only a fire
to protect
He
with a stone, the bark off a branch of the tude 3 tree, which he
collects.
Then
Squeezing
some of the
right
it
hand
then lowering
to his
empty
it
This formula
over with
it,
washing
On
the eighth
day he
his office.
The
make
a suitable impression on a
man who
is
is
about to undertake a
solemn duty.
the
tirieri
The
all
this time,
and there
the palal and kavilal see that the novitiate does not slur the
rites.
distinctive
word to express
sari
4
purification,
is
effect
by saying
uddi,
'
he
right/
by
Tude,
4 Sari.
In Dravidian
qa.ri
[Pope.]
TIRIERI PRIESTS.
39
CHAP. XIV
,
Though
bush
;
the proper
tude,
is
simply a
poses,
others.
may
the
bush above
fragile,
all
It is
a very common
tree
on these hills,
and
by
all
seed, or sap.
am
Colonel Beddome,
its
botanic
names,
viz.,
Meliosma
Kew
me
a point on which
most
reliable account,
might form
traced to
geographical links
The
Hooker
is
so good as
to write, 'is
eastward.
Khassia,
Western and Eastern Himalaya, from Simla Silhet, and Mishmi hills in Assam.
or South
From
was important to
tribe,
form a
own
making
also afforded to
plant, to
Dravidian
race,
now
14O
CHAP,
TIRIERI PRIESTS.
is
given in photograph
J^Z-
No.
The tude
is
rite
or for
any other
When
of,
he proceeds to the
is
tirieri
close by,
whom
he
about to
was told by
my
Toda
friend, that
further ceremony.
N 1/
PRIESTLY DUTIES.
141
CHAPTER
PdldVs daily routine
XV.
PRIESTLY DUTIES.
the sacred HerdMilks the Cattle LibaNames of Toda GodsDoes the conception of organ of Form? Todas revere invisible Gods arise from the Kdvildl? Pdldl demonstrates that he Light, not Fire Who
Salutes
is
deficient
never touched
his
regard
is
Mand.
The daily routine of the palal's mysterious office was described On rising in the mornto me nearly in the following words.
i
CHAP,
>-
r^
ing, I
wash
face,
life
;
left hand.'
In
daily
this
human
purpose
Orientals cer-
tainly,
necessary to reserve
is
now
all
Then
is
which
alg arsh
being
but
ulg arsh of the house/ dairy purposes, the outer room porram
room
'
make a
and
5 wicks, thus/
if
*
appeared to
me
to be so.
bells,
which hang on
And
I light in silence,
or
'
relics
mani.'
my wand
belak
Having taken up
1:42
PRIESTLY DUTIES.
CHAP,
r^
'
is
bamboo
buffalos.
joint,
go out to
my
They
towards
me
them
my
forehead.'
Here
rising,
my
Moving
his
body on
his legs as
pivot,
left in silence,
describing
a small arc of a
as
if
He
did so without
bowing, keeping his body nearly erect throughout, and without speaking.
my
enquiry,
do
not,
common
all
is
1
mokh
ultama, and
arzbini.'
No, and
He
now
buffalo.
*
I alone, or if
the drove
is
large, assisted
by a
fellow-palal,
the
my
kavilal
may
not do so
lodging
the
honnus of milk
1
in the dairy.
On
room of the
dairy, I
'
go up to the
bells,
little
and dipping
hand
pour
here
makes a
a few drops
on each
Anmungano
Beligoshu
Godingatho
Dekularia
Kazudava.'
The
no one
1
propriety mention
is
permitted to
Nin
= / adore
thee.
PRIESTLY DUTIES.
1
143
These are good Gods, Gods of the whole Toda tribe, and CHAP. XV not Gods of my tirieri only. I have never seen them. They '
us.'
shapeless nature of
deficient
a conception
I
occasioned by the
Was
nei
Jews
'
also
then proceed to
I
make
After which,
prepare
my own
in
food.
The
my
in
informant's
tirieri,
;
He
but in
by the
own house
They
I
and
was
man
if
worshipped light
;
belak,
or
ditth.
The
reply
was
It
satisfactory
fire.
adoration of
may
not be touched
by
anyone on
by a
palal,
by the
kavilal.
be seen by what
one
:
is
only a
man yet
of his
tude,
life.
He
by
and
lives apart
of an
inferior degree.
He
but
he
may
relics,
is
or approach
Thus
whilst he
an associate
'
144
CHAP.
PRIESTLY DUTIES.
_^__1_
as I
had been
told,
of his giving his servant daily food, and of selling the produce
of his dairy, without touching anyone.
He
at once said
he
He
from
?
asked
for three
somethings
anythings
looked up to
What
gave him three tumblers, with the bright and sparkwhich he appeared gratified
:
ling appearance of
something
worthy of the
subject.
Much
pleased
now he
could show
couldn't he just
show
on a low
on which
as
which having
set
on the ground, he
poured
his nei
few paces.
to the
Now
its
from the
first
off,
pouring
As
of nei.
See,'
said,
'
am
my
touched
much
justice
and
gravity,
and
all
men were
rites
inviolable.
obtained
tended to confirm
lettered
has
un-
race
to
may
generation
combined with
the
PRIESTLY DUTIES.
identity of character
I45
CHAP.
r-^-
extremely primitive
watchwords.
and common
is
The whole
tribe
changeable
in disposition as
a herd of
dumb
animals.
amount of superstitious, or shall we say religious, regard is paid to the article milk, and in a less degree to the honnu which holds it. Until of late years, milk would never be adulterated. The honnu is tabued for ordinary purposes indeed the people do not like it to be taken up carelessly
certain
preferring that
it
be not touched at
all.
In this sensitiveness,
As might be
is
held in
still
greater reverence
as
the holy
men
of the
is
tirieri
may consume
made
tirieri in its
much
of
it
what
over must be
being sold
it
natural form.
The who in
1
nei
I sell
to the Badagas,
return supply
me and my
Very
little
and a
bably.
little
money.'
as
Thus
we
observe,
The
and
as kutu.
He
mar-
riages, or deaths,
though he
is
sometimes consulted
for the
adjustment of disputes.
I46
THE
TIRIERI.
CHAPTER
THE
XVI.
TIRIERI. 1
Tirtiri
Mand
described
The
Names of Tirieri We visit the Tirieri and holy Domain The Priests are away Who Stones? The Priests return A Bargain struck
1
'
CHAP.
XVI
A
in
tirieri
Mand, which
lives
is
the residence of
;
and makes
implements
house
and
his
The two
its
is
houses are a
little
apart,
surround them.
or hedge,
A cattle pen,
by
encompassed by
by.
wall
in-
occupies a position
close
The
site
with the outer world, and having the usual adjuncts of water,
grazing and
wood
land.
There are
tribe
Mar
Puzhash.
Kudar Markush
have explained
And
even
in
Mands have
colonies
sponding
which the
little
move
at certain
The
derivation of the
in
on the Bell-gods.
THE
TIRIERI.
H7
CHAP.
Having ascertained that the tirieri, with its sacred herd and mani der, was indeed the mainspring of the entire religious faith and social system of the Todas, it became a matter of
its
XVL
>
great
moment
to ascertain
of
its
penetralia.
by personal inspection the secrets Our ex-pa\al had indeed with great apparent
whole of the hidden mysteries, even to
under-tone and which no European, and probably no native beyond the tribe, had ever previously been allowed to hear. Here would be the test of his veracity both on this subject
and
in
We
relics,
we had consulted him. inside of a tirieri we must view the Gods. Such was the programme and money would
:
Calling therefore at
to
work of the magic words open sesame.' our friend's Mand, we readily induced him
'
accompany us
tirieri.
'
said.
Oh
no
We
gether,
fthe ever-silent
and he guided us over the squashy bogs, and through woods and again out on the green wild, and
:
through further nestling woods, with the cheery spring sun overhead all in the direction of his tirieri.
;
No one to overhear
'
Biiltaben
'
such
was
money.'
'
'
?'
he asked.
short,
all
He stopped tucked his stick under one arm, and pressing the tips of
the inner room.'
exclaimed,
'
drop
cannot do such a
vacate the
its
After a
un-
tirieri
Mand if anyone
ruined.'
:
sanctified entered
and
palal
would be
Another suggestion Let us see the Let the palal bring them outside that we may view
'
I48
dHAP.
r-^'
THE
TIRIERI.
them.
gain
is
We
won't go
near.'
Ah
that
is
feasible
U The bar-
struck forthwith.
again,
On we went
'
much
refreshed
by our
till
success, cross-
he was fuddled.
On
he fares and
below
'
There
Down we go
more
grave,
still
across at the place where for half a lifetime he had been a God.
Over some
in their dirt
and
up again
they were of
when, as we
we
find ourselves
shying horses
Don't go near
spot,
till
! '
So, like
we
We
domain.
The
palals
and
We
will sit
down
till
they return.
!
A pure green
an amphitheatre of
crowning
*
As with a
rural
The arena
filled
winding through which, a noble stream, and a score of sparkling rivulets cascading
down
the distant
hills.
A long tongue
;
of grass land projects from one side of the hilly margin into
the weald.
At
we
sit,
Wood,
rest
Surprising
! !
THE
Except the
single notes
TIRIERI.
of birds,
:
149
rich-sounding in the
wood
to
CHAP. XVI
r-^-
hum
hurry,
expanse.
The
tirieri
:
cattle are
in the
surrounding hollows
sides of the distant
or like specks,
may be
hills.
The
said,
vertical
sun
is
omnipresent.
have
were away.
the extreme west
is
Out on
Beyond
amnor.
to
taste,
How
Do
I
near
simple
is
appositeness
approaches
hitherto
intellect
an
injustice
Such are
my
now
When
remember
read
beauty,
I
of which we
free
shall shortly
which
the
from marked
must
acknowledge
advantage and
suitability of locality to
be a perfect
talent.
Had
Toda
really a love
for
utility,
Looking
wonder
at,
but indeed
admires the instinct which leads those born and bred under
its
No
till he tries to escape questions by Keep him in motion Who erected those The palals, who tired of their solitude, raised two stones ? them to while away time.' Never The man is sleepy
our Toda.
This
is
done
feigning sleepiness.
'
'
'
up a
!
without an object
2
Never
2 of
Practical, lazy,
Toda
See note
Chapter V.
':
150
CHAP.
THE
TIRIERI.
'
hills,
Whatever
;
absolutely certain
that
They
come,' said he at
last,
pointing to the
in
hills
near
us.
two clothed blackare approaching the jerky step of men descending a steep and at intervals no touching allowed Listen O
Sure enough, four little figures
in incline,
!
'
listen
They
all
Two
let
the kavilals
Toda
mantles
lamp-black
us.
and mustard-oil
with
wands come up
in their
to about
We
;
all sit
down
own
shadows.
Time
view
is
is
valuable
so the inter-
short.
We
mani from a
palals
distance.
We
There
1
in bringing out
the
Gods of
we
palals with
our eyes,
we must have
them bound
for in less
in
than
Gods
brass,
in their hands.
Two
some
5
buffalo-bells
konku apparently
:
of copper with
;
one about
little less.
A most
parade.
This is not the first time I had noticed Todas keeping step in walking. unusual sight in India, even amongst trained native soldiers off
THE
TIRIERI.
151
An
These
>
CHAP.
XVI.
r-^-
appear old
bright, and did not look worn, either by use or from the effects The two last had wooden handles. 'These of polishing.
be your Gods
'
if
was instantaneous, energetic and simultaneous that they had if they had, they would have been cattlenot clappers
:
bells
konku but
these were
before.
Gods
Der.
The
question
No.
19.
EELIC
'
GODS MANI
D$R.
1
Ofthee
Therefore entreat I, Father, to declare If I may gain such favour, as to gaze Upon thine image by no covering veil'd.
Dante, Paradise
It
konku
of the
is
deep-sounding whilst
district,
now worn by
sizes,
village cattle
called getti
a small tinkling
said,
'
thing.
Hence
deduce from
Now,' they
the
152
THE
TIRIERI.
CHAP.
XVI.
longer;'
would be coming.
Don't
we
tell
the kavilals
I
that
you have
*
paid us money.'
don't
tell
promised
at
And
Phew
153
CHAPTER
XVII.
The
tirieri
or
Toda cathemedium of
CHAP.
XVII.
gift to
man are repeated, though in less Mand of the tribe in the village
;
<"
The
in
Chapter VI.
Similarly as one or
more nearly-naked
recluses belonging to
the Peiki clan, are established as palals for the care of the
tirieri,
assisted
by
their kavilals
is
more mildly
also,
have
been purified
holy
offices of
in that
I state
permit the
154
CHAP,
.
'
,
to be performed
by members of the
inferior clan of
Pekkan.
clan,
Moreover,
belonging to their
own
Pekkan.
do not
feel certain of
It is the
fluid
and of the
nei
he has
has no
However
that
may
may alone
pene-
room of the
dairy.
Men and
boys freely
enter so far as the precincts of the tuar, and village feasts are
often given close about the outside.
and
in the instance
feet of
The
The only
differ-
own
relics,
cattle,
Gods
in the
is
merely a holy
man engaged
Thus,
cattle,
we have seen in Chapter XV. the palal saluting the in silence. But as a God in Toda opinion, should do
mokh
4
ultama,
al
ultama, er
Etud.
raise
4
This word seems allied to the Dravidian root ettu or [Pope.] See note 5 of Chapter VII.
ttu y
lift
up.
: ;
55
CHAP.
*.
are Der.
And
presume to
_L
may
But
in
adore thee,
adore thee.
certain cases
tells
me
that in
an additional
His
exact occupation
is
not understood.
is
the palthch
in
merely a dairy,
I
is
charge
will
perhaps of a
describe.
stripling.
is
Such a one
There
manifestly something
more
Mand.
And
there
is
the
tirieri
cases,
by
;
by the people
an
may
be touched.
dairy of an etud
Mand, but was always discovered when seemingly on the eve of success. Taking advantage therefore of a fog I paid a visit to the palthchi of an ordinary Mand,
which
a
I
wood
means of
secret approach.
in,
The
every
palkarpal
could observe at
The
outer
room was
fitted
up
in
way
as an
an axe
for cutting
wood was
Tarval.
In Tamil
tara,
we have
in all
The
forms,
taru
taravu = the order of a master or superior. Dravidian dialects, have kindred ideas.
[Pope.]
156
CHAP,
-
XVII r^
the door.
The door
room
in the
wooden
high,
partition wall
which led
to the inner
dimensions
about a cubit
by
and
This
behind me.
now
;
roof,
and on
viz.,
The
detail
no
relic,
nor
lights,
Only a
made
twigs
all
No.
15.
any other
villages.
In a
somewhat
One
size.
common
is
And
so the impression
left
after a visit,
is
that there
are,
however,
signs that such dairies are great, but do not afford the reason
why
they are
so.
And
there
was no one
to explain.
The
;
they had been satisfied with the knowledge which had grown
with their growth, that
the result of
it
I will
now
give
my own
enquiries
and speculations.
a ring for instance, a hatchet
out.
relic
of an ancestor
Kurpu.
Dravidian.
Kurippu
57
CHAP.
.
said,
a bell
konku.
That many of these etud Mands contain kurpus, I have That they all do so, or are ascertained by direct enquiry. supposed by the people to do so, is my belief. Hence we see
the etud
its
Mands
the
are shrines
dead.
Now
And
mui
It
Badaga name
for
such a village
is
mui Mand. 7
cognate tribe
knowledge which
this
possesses of
Toda
practice,
it
to be descriptive;
if
would materially
it
our
enquiries
does mean.
be approached
for
to
make good
joining
all
their word,
by repeating
I
it
at the etud
Mand.
By
me
with
and
in
;
consequence,
so holy that
men would be
'such spots. 8
Hence
that these
'
great'
Mands
verbal noun = a
[Pope.]
The Kanarese
in all the
Mani.
guages.
bell.
Used
Dravidian lan-
[Pope.]
;
Mr. Metz draws a distinction between kurpu and mani the latter is and implies a metal ring or bell. Thus although a mani is with this people always a kurpu, every kurpu is not a mani. It may be an axe or staff. To me it seems that the word mani is a refinement introduced through contact with the Hindus giving a more distinctly religious, sacred or
specific
;
Mui.
in
Mu
8
In old Kanarese Muyyi is retaliation. Tamil is old, ve7ierable. [Pope.] Mr. Metz tells me that an oath is taken, by removing the mantle, and
it,
stepping over
Mand.
158
CHAP.
XVII.
the purpose
This belief
is
greatly strengthened
by the knowledge that throughout the East the practice is common, to hold similar meetings at shrines of holy men
Pirs, Jogis, Fakirs, &c.
"
than ordinary,
may
is
vow
that
if
so and so
or calf
a son
the
gift
of a
cow
important that
we
arrive at
some
decision on the
object and
use of a dairy
to
all
Toda faith. So long as we do not know what an etud Mand is, we should always feel that some material portion of their
religious
59
CHAPTER
XVIII.
The Todas
CHAP.
XVIII.
just conception of
Though perhaps
tainty, for the
most absolute
cer-
the existence
destinjes
;
influences their
them
kills
them
children,
and that
and
moon
in daily
all,
So
far as
they
may
at
all,
it
There
is
very
little
of
side, in
They
cephalic children of
1
sunny
regions, 1 to
whom
nature
is
more
of the
home
dolichocephali.
160
CHAP,
-
free
from horrors.
left his
reasoning seems to
their
come
them
in
in this
day of agony,
spirit,
it
to frame
Spirit
any
sort of link
pired
and the
whose
bosom
forms the
which
by
left
flame
that
body
somewhere.
And where
?
;
could
it
A high
writes Mr.
Baring-Gould,
apprehended.'
before
the
: '
notion
of
annihilation
can
be
Again
his
extinguished
his perceptions
broken short
and
he
will see
how
ext
2
tremely
I
difficult is
how incomplete
his success.'
in
incline
greatly to
its
belief that
origin
more
organ
of
Concentrativeness,
to
than
to
Hope,
which
first
ordinarily
considered
is
be
its
stronghold.
The
combination
primitive
races,
Hope
of
'
is
religious
organ whose
state.
my
I
theory
is
contained in the
Guy
Baring-Gould's work
2
'
Whiles
my
Baring- Gould.
'The Origin
of Religious Belief.'
<
l6l
that
it's
buried
but
;
CHAP.
XVIII
,
signifies naething.
have had
till
it
on
that, since
?
was buried
and how
dead, ye ken
it's
merely impossible.'
hey
may
not attain to
it.
No
is
Death
contrary.
if
thinking,
it
may be termed
more
be
lost.
by
one,
As
them
first,
This with
a faith assured, as
if
down from
incontrovertible sources.
They
find themselves
living, existing,
breathing
this breath-
go
The
reply
is
contained
in their knowledge.
'Tis
little
jump
is
nothing
They know
certain,
that
Todas and
cattle live in
amnor
In this there
soil
!
is
about
it
has long
The subject is not worth thinking been known Thinking is difficult to the
!
!
primitive mind.
If with all our
who have
3
I
would
for
I
words
comparison between this word ken, and the Toda dream, I smell, et cetera, in Chapter XXIX.
62
CHAP,
XVIII _ L
process of thought
instinctive stringing
stale facts together.
With
race,
out
be,
this
its
own problem
what could
its
had witnessed
in
The
sion,
appears to
of the simplicity and harmlessness of their own natures: unsensitive doubtless as to abstract right and wrong, but whose tendencies to the commission of crime are the very smallest
;
rather than in
any
ratio to
moral
qualities.
It is
but which the unrefined Toda sense does not censure as anything very heinous
;
in
we
to
meet a
of
criminal
Todas
in addition to
life
by moral
life,
who had
have words
for sin
and
hell,
they have to
;
all
appear-
ance, merely been adopted from the Hindus the former perhaps
in its milder sense,
But Todas
all
go to amn6r.
'
THE BOATH.
63
CHAPTER
XIX.
THE BOATH.
External appearance of the Boath Night visit Inside of the Boath Where are the Relics t The Boath an exceptional curiosity Speculations regarding it; a Bethel? connected with the Bothan t
On
I
a previous
visit to
CHAP,
'
is
situated, 1
it
at
my
to the
He
tions.
Toda solemnity and such an air, that there it, handed down from past generain the wrist of his upraised
Here a turn
pre-historic antiquity I
was hunting
for
How
my
secret
Nor could
get
To
feat
1
sit
like a scarecrow
was the
he seemed to accomplish
1
want to go
in/ I said,
edifice,
fingers in
*
What
happen
will tear
if I
go
in
The Gods
you
to pieces/
He
little offering,
I retired.
164
CHAP.
XIX.
THE BOATH.
of the building
is
The appearance
as follows
a conical
The
The whole
edifice
some fourteen
or fifteen cubits
tall
in diameter.
is
At
a distance
surrounded by a
and three
in height.
have represented
in
complete.
The apex
conception
of the cone
however
inadequate the
of steadying the
roof, or
dark night
I
and accompanied by a
friend
who,
had
N?
21
UTOTYPE, LONDON.
A T H
THE BOATH.
been
65
my
steady associate in
all
innocent
if
somewhat
inquisi-
CHAP,
-
torial visits
on burgla-
rious intent.
if
What
should
do, I thought as I
relic,
went along,
2,000 ^ears
said to have
really
met a valuable
say some
is
it
old,
Who
?
is
man
had mine.
Were
was
ripe to
commit
theft in
temple.
we
How
nobly
the
billy-cock
!
relief against
murky sky
The
buffalos in the
we were
certainly clean, as
compared
it
Indeed
must
we two and
a few
Though
all is
quiet
and our
isolation absolute,
we hold
the
vorshal
that the
might be within
nor
business.
for
Where
?
'
is
So he remained watching.
heard from behind the
the response as
if
into that
next
tails
of my coat.
from a diving-bell.
The door
sions,
by the way,
due
by the
eye, to approach in
dimen-
a cubit in height
by
Even
for full-grown
men.
In
we
crawled, and
it
when
us:
door
by blocking
up behind
and struck a
light.
do not supto
66
;
THE BOATH.
but a slight groan of disappointment, followed by rapid
CHAP,
^L.
find
nothing.
pitch darkness of the inside,
Tke
and
walls,
absorbing nearly
all
was
with difficulty
we
is
and form of
our possession.
The temple
the
size.
full
divided
by a thick wooden
floor in
partition wall
it is
which
buried, to
There
dimensions as the
Midway between
is
square,
made
of stone.
We
That
at
any
rate
is
not
empty.
It
is
relics
are kept.
Once more!
wall.
In through the
little
Quite easy
now
like
frog.
with
Next supple the whole body. Then go in Don't attempt to rise till you are five Han
!
cornerwise
feet off
on
frame at ground
door,
more
in
sorrow than
pots, honnus,
we proceed
to business.
Earthenware
to churn butter
by revolving between
altar,
No
bell,
for lights,
!
no
no
stone,
no
phallus or lingum.
No
snakes
telling
us
lies,
is full
of sawdust
quickly, like prairie dogs.
Out
The
transition
was
as
if
This
is
to prove a positive
One
thing
is
'
'
'
THE BOATH.
clear,
67
CHAP.
>
milk
small,
and why
locked,
about
relics
Some
cellent
time subsequent to the events just described, an exopportunity occurred of making further enquiry rerelics
garding
the
belief in
shaken
me
still.
in that
'The people of the village say there are relics mani temple dermane, 2 or gudi 3 I remarked as casually
ground
Aha/ with a Toda grunt and shake of the head. Then where are they ? Now this Toda had told us many things, and all he had
1
said
had proved to be
true.
had been
we
entertained
any particular
1
interest in it
He must
is
He
By
his
countenance
silence.
Enjoin'd
me
With
voice
his
*
hand
Sold
I
own.
In the
to
place,
it is
unique
in contour,
though constructed as
Gods.
plan
3
3
a temple a word probably borrowed from the Badagas. In Sanskrit, kudi is a house and a curve. In Telugu, it is used for a circle and a temple. In Kanarese it is a temple, and is written gudi. [Pope.]
168
THE BOATH.
for similar pur-
-t-^
CHAP,
dairy of a
it
tirieri
or
the
palthchi
of
any
Mand.
Then
is
holds a vat
whose use
people.
I feel
unknown
to the
was constructed
then
its
priest in charge
It is situated
on an exposed
and
in
a form,
nowhere
else
with a Kromlech
boath
5
The
specific
name by which
known
is
peculiar,
style of structure.
if
Now
we would form an
that
the
Todas are
of doing
way
some manifestly
fit
How
?
then
do we
a
an eccentric building
with any of
its
other institutions
Not
;
for
it
is
of lower grade in
Toda
estimation
its
Not an ordinary
palthchi, for
it.
few paces of
As
tion.
there
is
phenomenon,
submit a theory of
my own for
some
consideratribe con-
May
them on these
hills,
See Note 4 of Chapter VIII. An enclosed Jain temple is basti. The Welsh is It may be deemed fanciful to refer to booth or bothy. The This word is of very extensive use. bwth, the Gaelic is both. Tamil vid and Kanarese bid = house, may be compared. The Todas and Dravidians generally, have much in common with the
*
Boath.
Celtic tribes.
[Pope.]
THE BOATH.
69
CHAP,
'
some
relics,
cattle
attached
The
owners of
this
Genesis
xxviii.
18,
19
which
are all
hills.
in
other parts
in
erections
'
by the
I
W.
The Recovery
'
of Jerusalem.'
'During
my
wanderings
in
1867/ he says,
much
older date
and forty
no windows,
.
.
These
houses are generally found in groups, and near them are often
circles of
massive stones
similar to
in
called Druids'
The Recovery
of Jerusalem.'
170
CHAPTER
The two Funerals described
journeys
to the
1
XX.
a dying Toda The corpse Mand described Obsequies
ashes
Last
office
to
The
of the dead
Kotas
CHAP.
xx t-^
The
Toda may be
the
first
of which, appertaining to
The
described in
full in
is
after the
first.
It was, as I
understand,
community.
Of
late years,
however, certain
to
Todas should enable them, by combining sundry funerals, make one great show. Hence the bara kedu is often not
twelvemonth
Sansk. vacanta
after death.
is
Hase
or pach or pache.
t Root in Dravidian
to
pac = tender,
soft,
raw, green.
spring.
Perhaps
allied
= spring.
Gaelic fas
[Pope.] 2 Kedu. Tamil. Kanarese = destruction, death. Telugu. Chedu = perish. Compare Sanskrit kshi (nu) ^perish. [POPE.]
3
Bara.
Tamil
var.
sterile,
famine.
Compare Eng.
[Pope.]
171
my
CHAP.
XX.
<*.
who would
bring
me
timely information,
;
when
noticed a lad
move
and
The
reply to
my
too
much sick.'
He was
in fact
he thought bad.
When
man
is
ill
early demise,
he
is
may make
a respectable corpse.
These he
will
wear
until
Indeed a
own
When on
drink.
It is
him
milk,
if
the
Gods invoked
any way.
no
a son to perform
The laws
of
Manou
'
him who
is
we
find
The
upon
much
so as to
seem
into
The decorated
corpse
is
now wrapped
in a
new mantle,
172
CHAP,
-
xx
r-1
put.
He
is
now ready
for his
this
narrative,
who
preserve
the custom
common
So important do the Badagas conthis last rite to the living, that this
due performance of
keep a supply of
they
will
may
:
But to continue
The body
grove.
is
little
house and
laid
with
care on the rough bier, formed with branches from the village
The
lost.
nearest kdu
Mand
is
hill
we
see
on the horizon,
full six
miles
So there
is
no time to be
that sad
Good
his
all
man
some too
is
young,
all
too weak,
and
little
dale.
Now
his
house
shut up
the
door
:
is
closed.
Twigs
a neglected grind:
its ill-fed
the per-
all
conspire to
tell
the tale of
The
The
corpse
is
moments on
close by.
The
The whole
picture
is
before us
have a thorough
human
173
CHAP.
XX.
through the
past the
its
slushy pound
across the
trickling
burn with
fern-
made by Nature
so unconall
and
graceful, as
hope,
made
a moral lesson.
Up
The
It
primitive
its
cortege has
the
Mand
The well-worn
opened out
up some of
this
be-mantled, bareheaded
girls.
its
The
corpse
wobbles
'
four bearers,
stepping
women, suckling
go:
men,
flanked
and without a
The pace has grown too fast for sobs. The fresh wind, through the brilliant sunshine, now blows over the wold, without moving the crisp primeval grass which
crackles as they pass, but tossing about the
women's
curls
un-
We
Mand,
174
CHAP,
r^-
A timid
dozen
Then
advances step by
the boys,
and
all
Up
again to the
Mand
its
the
little
human
habitations.
for,
one
focus,
now seem-
ingly close at
to view
till
hand as they crest the rising ground, now lost suddenly we come on them all, quietly waiting
it
arrives
on the ground.
still
little
body of cows,
tail
belonging to
come pushing
along from the dead man's village, whence they have been
driven through pasture and through bog land, to perform
their part in the
approaching obsequies.
consists of a stone cattle-pen,
and a hut of
but
when
when
for
woman
my
house. 4
4
wood
is
Mr.
authority.
The
not
understood.
75
somewhat shabby
athare. 5
notice,
it
as
if,
and
CHAP.
XX '_
Arrived at the
Mand
the hut, and the bier on the ground, either inside or outside
the
little
Amidst
new
arrivals,
;
some engage themselves in building the and some of the women prepare meals
concourse of
visitors,
many
of
whom
over the
and
will
be hungry.
most nearly
body.
interested,
When
the
bell
konku
getti,
not
is
cattle,
They
little
hole
is
by
from
and throw
it
towards the
him go
into the
soil.'
which
Atharb. Atharm. Perhaps from the Sanskrit ad'hara, used as =fundamental. The meaning would be, the place where the final rites are performed,
Athare.
is
6
[Pope.]
In Chapter
XVI.
7 Purzh ulgama. I strong lingual, and sounds like rlz. Ul is a Dravidian root for in, within. In Kanarese, olage
was explained that getti is the ordinary existing I never saw a konku except as a tirieri relic. This R is In Tamil puruthi is dust, soil, fine earth.
it
= within. The
termination
A forms
the optative.
[Pope.]
176
CHAP,
last rite
xx
,-L^
this
of the words
as,
as
we
return to
it.'
The recumbent
if
corpse
little in
to give
an
air of authority.
Then
men
clinging
in succession
up
dead arm
is
raised,
sacred fire
is
is
now made by
The pyre
lighted.
Now the
is
corpse
in the
arms of these
mantle and
:
punctilious relatives
swung lengthwise
in its
ornaments
crying,
'
its
face downwards
i
the people
We
'
for you.'
drink.'
You
are going to
it
amnor.'
you.'
\
'
May
be well with
hair
is
and so
on.
A lock of
cut
was
face
careful to ascertain that the placing the body with its downwards had not been an accidental circumstance.
The people
usual answer,
It is
our custom.'
Nor had
satirical objections
down
at
the
moment
or
vindication
of,
the
apparently
are
re-
is
creature's crouched
is
it
held
arms over
its
As each animal
its
O
C\J
b o
77
indiscriminately
then groups of pairs both sexes with the tops of their foreheads joined, give
sitting in
CHAP
A most singular and intermore piquant and real, by the aspect of a small boy who, not finding his pair, was running about
way
to wailing
and lamentation.
till
his face
was
for a spare
head to
rest his
own
against.
till
when
a piece of
The
silver and'
as
knives,
off the
ends of
wooden
is
pestles
together
The
earth,
then
filled
up with
on which water
is
poured. Over
is
all
a stone.
The
broken.
buried,
by touching
avoiding
it
it
henceforward,
but merely
it.
on
account of the
may
conversation.
It is
jollification
little dis-
we should be
in the
same
But a number of
all
friends
and as
Nirrzh.
Nirru.
*=
sacred ashes,
ashes.
This
is
at
the root of
Penates.
it.
[Pope.]
10
Manes and
178
r-^
xx.
CHAP.
The
informed, the
same
as for
women and children are, I was men fewer cattle are killed, and
;
The
left
lying on the
ground.
So soon
as the place
is clear,
Toda men sometimes shave their heads and beards as a sign of mourning, though not often. Not so those of the Peiki
clan,
because
off.
'
offices.'
Women
never cut
their hair
The cremation
of the
body
is
whose names
do not know.
for
On showing samples of them, which had been collected me by a young man, to a palal, he swept them aside with
treated with great respect, they were as nothing.
his
"tew
179
CHAPTER XXL
THE DRY FUNERAL.
The burning of a Flute, Bow, and Arrows The Dance Scene with the Sacrificial CattleAgain ' dust to dust 'Catching the Cattle The The Cattle-bell No Priest concerned i?i the Ceremonies Sacrifice Sprinkling of blood Final burning of the Manes The Kotas remove the dead Cattle.
CHAP. XXI
>.
If the
first
obsequies
may be
r-l.
any we exhibit
in like
circumstances
the ceremonies of
or dry funeral
may
as
if
per-
Hence we
numbers
find
the
Todas
congregate
in
considerable
at the
:
their .ornaments
on
these occasions
own
and neighbouring
Kotas,
who
attend with
much
save
the mark!
of
these
may be
of a two days'
expression,
'
One now
Toda
see
with
my
nose.'
N 2
'
180
chap,
"
little
private ordinance of
own
in
burning
all his
or
staff,
the
honnu or milk
and clothes
also a flute
strings/
or flageolet, and a
and
arrows.
Be
it
particularly borne in
that
These
made by
in
Thus
was, I experienced
some
difficulty in
15.
will
be found
photograph No.
purchased
it
The
question asked
of the
\
is
man who
?
for
me from
'Who
dead
The opening
public
is
a kind of dance
I
witnessed
It consisted of the
body of men,
spokes of
:
like the
and
3
all
'
in
time
number
three,
which
notice in
It
may
be'
is
women
all
prepare food
in the
hut described
Here
The women
of the family serve out the supplies from the diminutive door to
s Captain Forsyth, in his ' Highlands of Central India/ writes of the Bygas, ' their bows are made entirely of the bamboo, "string" and
all/
3
for
I shout,
is
A U
!
A! U!
THE DRY FUNERAL.
the men,
l8l
over, dancing
all impartially.
The
repast
CHAP,
*
more
re-
be wanted
in the
pound.
Meanair their
while, as
finery
and keep
and teeth
in practice.
The proceedings of the second day Scene The circular pen, of about thirty
;
with
feet
and
toga.
Sun
hot.
in-
Smell strong.
struments.
voices.
Squeak of many
which,
one
for
getti,
not konku
hedging them
in
on every
:
side.
They make
frequent timorous
and
They crowd
:
outwards
sides to
keep
These
feints
till
and attitudes of
the
moment has
come when the remains of the dead, the insignificant manes the bit of skull and lock of hair, some handfuls of ashes, a
knuckle-bone or two
preserved in a corner
day of cremation, and now enclosed in the neat plaits of a new mantle, are laid at the gateway of the cattle pen the ashes of the several dead whose obsequies
of the dwelling since the
:
are this
of one
or
single toga.
The
kavilal
No priest palal
is
present.
A little hole
;
is
dug
very
l82*
CHAP, XXI
,
iii
succession, takes
who now
rite,
facing the
distended, stand, in
apprehensive of
Three more handfuls are thrown on to the mantle. active men now clamber over
full
of these scared
two men approaching from behind either side of the head, grapple the creature's horns, and interlace their arms over its neck, so as to bring their whole weight and
one at a time
strength to bear, until they have the animal under control
:
in
whilst
with what
appeared to
their sticks.
I
me
insufficient motive,
belaboured
back with
am
insufficient,
to be caught far
I
is
more
readily without
any beating.
Hence
which
knows
and
obeys
voice
so
well,
meaning.
cannot suggest,
from superstition.
less subject
and then
die in agony.'
But, in
my
opinion, this
Mr. Metz
is
tells
me he
;
has seen
depicted on photograph
No.
15,
at these festivals
but the
Todas
Government of Madras,
in the
1856.
'
83
CHAP. XXI
*-
each consisting of a
r-^-
by a few
cattle,
perspiring
One
struggle
as they pass
Then
As
each
is felled,
its
laid
may
on the
cloth,
The mourners,
the
first funeral,
giving
way
'
grief.
the de-
ceased
such
as "
buffaloes thriving?"
"
"Why
"
?
"
to
amnor
in the
conceive that
formerly,
when
reality
of the scene.
I
is
for
getti.
This bell
is
not holy,
my
enquiry
'
It
or
'
It is
Swami made
us.'
it so.'
Often said,
'
184
CHAP.
~^-
*-
It
*
may
konku
I
was
careful to ascertain
if,
My
me,
'
We the
palal
and kavilal
have no duties at
If
anyone But
because
we want
to
know what
lives.
us.'
going on
we
live
such lonely
we keep What
at a distance, because
I
no one
may
touch
have narrated,
is
But
in
6
;
my own
that old
It
slain at these
funerals. 7
was
own herd
for his
support in amnor.
But whether
to deprive the
if
means of sustenance
I
or
the fact of
better
is
actually worthless.
civilisation
loss.
is,
then, a pace
backwards
Another buffalo
:
is
then
a male
Shortt,
'
if
for a Peiki or
Pekkan
a female
if for
any of
Tribes on the Neilgherries.' See Chapter VII., where I write on the sources of nicknames.
N23
AUTOTYPE, LONDON.
MY INFORMANT
185
CHAP. XXI
-
artery of one of the fore legs, at the point of junction with the
r-l_
body,
it
is
cremation.
Nothing
no name for
as,
bakh
nirrzhk idu, or
its
ashes.'
contents are
now completely
burnt. 8
The main
amnor, and to
honour.
bow him
is
The whole
a grave, practical
which their
He
at time of
death
in this
obits
payable
next world.
'
When
of infants
who
Their
little
programme
is
comfortable in their
If the
it is
not touched. 9
carcases.
me
graph.
believe
it
flute,
and not
circumstances narrated are correct, though perhaps their sequence is not so. It is not easy to obtain absolutely reliable information from these untutored people and I did not witness either of the two ceremonies
:
myself.
9
this statement.
86
RELIGIOUS CULTURE.
CHAPTER
XXII.
RELIGIOUS CULTURE.
Toda Religion, a developmc7it from a Material Nucleus The Milk-giver an object of Deep Reverence Milkmen are Priests, then Gods To das have a bias in favour of Light as the Manifestation of Divinity Not Idolatrous Do not make offerings to a God Believe in TransmigraCallous on Demonolatry tion Influenced in religious matters by Todas of Turanian stage of culture. other Races
ci I A P.
'
What
^
we have
seen in
Toda
rites
and ceremonies,
is
little
else
people have
made
and care of an
article of
food, doubtless
at
one time
essential,
These
have acquired
ourselves
to the
all
we
find
now
growth of the
earliest
germs of
religious belief
and
mind of
primitive
man
We
when
grown from an object of the greatest solicitude, to become one of deep reverence, and so far as they have yet
of worship.
The
The
flesh is not
milk
is
almost sacred.
particular
the cow-bell
fWe
find
in
have
that
common milkmen
by
virtue of the
RELIGIOUS CULTURE.
187
1
priests.
The high
'
chap. XXII
<
fused with
Godhead
itself.
family styling
itself
sons of
into
;
office
its
males
prepared
and
chastened!
the\
I
approach to
all
holyi
to
me
to
held to be Toda performed religion unadulterated. They acknowledge the existence of Gods, perhaps even of a Supreme God Usuru Swami but their ideas on the subject
may be
think
trace in
them a
partiality
apart
from
fire
as par
excellence,
the
manifestation of divinity.
Their
beliefs,
whatever they
may
we
have grounds
the
mind being
such, that
if
for
them the
idea,
connecting Usuru
light,
Swami
:
a king above
gods
'
the
more readily
a teaching.
I
if
deference to the
cow was
of the
Toda
race
and as
Note the Toda words in Chapter XXIX., showing how frequently the word bel occurs, even in my small vocabulary see dawn, light, silver, bird, white. Also, the names of men, and of Gods, given in
2
;
previous Chapters.
88
RELIGIOUS CULTURE.
;
CHAP,
,
that,
'->
ramified.
The Toda
or rivers
sympathy with
pay attention
No
offerings to a
God, whether of
are
flesh
human
risen
or animal
or fruit of the
self-torture.
It
soil,
is
made
prejudices
they seem to
me
rather, not to
stage
when
religious observances
commence.
of forefathers
not performed.
The memory
piously re-
They
service
body
The
lies
funeral
soul
is
dogma
like
an
is
instinct in their
minds
Toda
is
requiring food.
But the
it is
so illogical, that
im-
any
in
my
confidence, that
diet, are
The
and the
work of demons and other unseen agencies, somewhat on a parallel with that of their knowledge of Divine work. Neither
one nor the other, troubles them much.
define the relative feeling,
Perhaps
may
best
by
latter.
Though they
do, to a certain
Indeed
feats of exorcism.
RELIGIOUS CULTURE.
I incline
89
any matters of
religion
beyond
what
CHAP,
-,
who
knows what
intensified
to
do with
and
has been
and improved.
From being
at first
memorials of
ancestors.
so
think
led them to
of
sin,
drop or to avoid
much
ideas
members of
al!
that
soul, or
and
forms of
in-
may
appear
come
to
them
partly,
no doubt,
some
from a
common
is
of
good meat
I
to
my
mind suggestive of
similar influences.
will
Toda
culture.
Impressed with
it
has not
awful, undefined.
know nothing
'
more.'
Baring-Gould,
The
190
INFANTICIDE.
CHAPTER
XXIII.
INFANTICIDE.
Infanticide probably, at some time, practised by every Race
Invention for restricting the Expansion Infanticide perhaps marks a Stage in human Progress Infanticide of primitive Races a The ancient Britons infanticidal work of Love Infanticide may be extinct, whilst Statistics imply its Continuance A dynamical problem solved by the Todas Infanticide
difficulties
His
Primeval
the crime of
$5?' A.X111. -
The more
'
closely
we enquire
infanticide
remedy
it
more
certainly will
be proved that
weak
dispositions, or to
We
another,
among savage
We
hear of
common
It is
setting
examples of
civilisation.
is
both
oc-
cupying tracts
distinct
INFANTICIDE.
descended of infanticidal ancestors,
if
191
only the vast antiquity
CHAP.
XXIII.
,
would
by means
and
of his hands,
Berries,
aided
roots
by simple
and
first
auxiliaries, as sticks
stones.
sp'routs,
insects
would have
support of an
formed the
diet of
omnivorous man.
by hunting and fishing. But many generations would have lived and died, and long ages may have elapsed, ere the climax of husbandry had been attained, and
man
learnt to domesticate
-rude,
its
milk.
Meanwhile the
natural sources,
relying
upon
vicissitudes of climate.
Bad
him
flocks of birds,
all
acting
necessity, would,
first
up
to a certain point,
now
act alike.
The
These separated
Nature would
;
families
formed fresh
nuclei,
expand on
repeat herself.
and no
food.
failure of supplies,
whose
estates
Hampered by
through his
all
the
supported
humanity
into
in
the midst of
these
difficulties, still
brought to bay.
In animal nature there are processes at work, tending to
I92
.CHAP, XXIII
.,
INFANTICIDE.
some relation between the number of mouths to be and the amount of food available and if only sufficient time be allowed for them to work, an equipoise is certainly established, in a way which we are accustomed to term
preserve
filled
;
'
naturally.'
Not
One
now
devised to
failed
;
Migrations had
difficulties
had
he was ordinarily
;
exposed
discover that
to.
too fast
human mouths
intellect could
means
them with
food.
He
noted
it was in this expanding habit of his .people, and in the number of unproductive members, lay the danger to his race
:
and he entertained no such hope that Nature could by any means be made to render more provision than what with ceaseless gleaning he had hitherto
of dying from starvation
taken from
It
her.
;
staring
him
of his
race.
He
little
knew
'
life,
where families did not suffer extermination by the drastic process which had in good faith been designed to save them, there time was gained, for man's
But
in those cases
methods of gaining a
Thus, as
I
living.
described:
most favourable to human growth true is an institution which, like offspring of undeveloped races others we now heartily condemn, has in its time served a A protest against the unaided and useful and practical end.
INFANTICIDE.
helpless condition
in
in
the
CHAP.
XXIII.
,
world
infanticide
human
progress.
styled by the
Todas kutacaram.
Herodotus describes,
barous race,
in
how
was
sickly, protested,
and
in vain, that
in
good
health.
Ancient history
tells
us that in
some
weak or
commanded
feeble
or allowed.
is
Amongst some
the aged as they
living savages
it
become
all for
The
most common
be able to show,
course
tribes
some
in public estimaof,
other and
or are superadded
the
list
But with them we have not in volume, any immediate concern, beyond suggesting
races which largely practise
direct descend-
female infanticide,
may
be,
not having completely died out, but only changed in the direction
their
and force of
its
current.
194
chap,
XXIII
their motives
INFANTICIDE.
and
their action
L>
first
causes,
and thus of
human
impulse, which
may
prove
more complicated
races,
and
to obtain.
human
race,
which
extinct,
We may
where
in fact,
it is
largely a
work of love
there
;
manner
or in
far
some
we
shall
probably not be
wrong
The following is the interesting evidence of an aged Toda, who speaks of what has been enacted under his own eyes. I give the narration very nearly in his own words visited these I was a little boy when Mr. Sullivan
;
'
mountains.
In those days
it
to kill children
but the practice has long died out, and now one never hears
of
*
it.
don't
know whether
it
to kill them,
but we were very poor, and could not support our children.
Now
putkuli but
formerly there
home
naked
1 Mentioned in Chapter VIII., Note 3. The English officer who first mounted the Nilagiri plateau, and visited the homes of the Todas. Events
of
Toda importance
all
visit
of Sulaivan Dore, as
we quote
'
'
chap.
xxiii. ^_
INFANTICIDE.
1
195
it
We
did not
kill
them
to please
the child
no, never
so
!
and the
think
How
could
we do
down
Do you
we could
1
kill it
ourselves
Those
tell lies
who say we
it
laid
it
by
2
!
We
and
3
it
non-
we drowned
in buffalo's
milk
;
sickly
killed
only
would
girls
not those
that
be a sin
papum
girls,
we had one
'This
is
or in
some
families
two
those that
way
it
was done.
An
it
old
woman kelachi 5
'
close its
here
pantomimic
sleep.
action.
'
It
head and go to
We
I
then buried
7
in the ground. 6
The
of four annas
I
don't
know
Who
can
3
I
tell
such a thing
batore, dated 25th June, 1856, to the address of the Secretary to the
Government of Fort St. George, very kindly placed at my disposal by the Revenue Department, Madras The mode of destroying the infant, if a female, is by exposing it the next morning at the door of the cattle kraal when first opened, the whole herd, half wild, rush over and annihilate the wretched infant the Todas never lifting their own hand against it.' 3 This response had reference to a report then current, of this second
;
'
is
confirmed by a
letter
from Mr.
J.
Governor of Fort
'
St.
George.
Alsomeans a female friend.' See Chapter VII., Note 1. 6 It will be remembered that Todas burn their dead. By burying these infants, can it be, that the people thought they had got rid of them for ever and ever 1 Hence my question, to which the next paragraph forms
a reply.
7
Four annas
is
196
chap.
m
INFANTICIDE.
am
man spoke
basing
my
belief,
than on
statistics.
If the
custom
still
with
whom
its
inti-
macy
is
maintained
and
ears.
(2.)
The people
examination as to the
their families,
would undoubtedly
or voice,
if
at
any
time,
(3.)
we were
three,
:
Two,
in families
and
may
well cared
or
my
the
in
Todas,
Government of Madras put a pressure on the order to impel them to forsake their murderous
But no
statistics exist,
practice. 8
means
in that treating
on the
Census
bear children,
noted as 17 years.
Those women
therefore,
who
that
are 48+17 = 65
who show
it is,
Hence
we must
8 Owing to a deficiency in the records of the Madras Government, we do not know how infanticide was actually stopped but the orders given in its letter of 21st July, 1820, were to frustrate the practice 'by all means of encouragement and persuasion.' In carrying these orders into effect, I believe that the persuasion employed was of an impressive
;
character.
INFANTICIDE.
197
CHAP.
IV., in
Table No.
Compiled from
order
cide.
8
i
VIII.
Statistics
XXIII.
Arranged according
I98
INFANTICIDE.
CHAP.
1-
65 years
down
to
women,
if
we would
Nt). 8
;
much
statistics of
Table
do not
be desired
even
to the degree I
field.
The
instances,
was being
eight years
by enabling us
is
to trace
some
sort of declining
The
disproportion between
it
neither
acknowledged
deficiencies,
statistics,
am
I
fully con-
have given,
it
have done
so,
because
thus
may
that,
the census shows to amount to 25 per cent, implies with certainty, only that infanticide has lately
been practised.
If the
custom were
with
less
My
human
is
race.
be observed that
females
alive,
it
who have
is
72*6.
inaccuracy of the
a
INFANTICIDE.
attending the census, and the personal care bestowed on
obtain genuine results,
I
199
it,
to
CHAP.
XXIII
,
i-
is as nearly correct as possible but have not the same confidence as regards those who had
died.
attribute
much
memory
of the people, in
really exist,
was suggested
my
mind, on observing how much girls were left out of count when they described the numbers in families, and of how great importance the birth of a son was esteemed. If a Toda is asked how many children kinmokh he has, his reply will
many
sons
mokh
9
:
and
if
further
tujmokh.
enquiry,
1, 2,
'
On
I
have
I
Where
are they
?
'
'
There
3, 4,
5/
Two
man
gravely counting
enumerated
2
3
woman had
Viewing human
many forces
in divers di-
passions,
pulling
;
we
the difficult physical problem of finding the condition of equilibrium of those especial forces which affected them
in fact, to
;
how,
is
stand
still in
that of perpetual
9
for son,
Mr. Metz asserts positively that the word mokh is used by the Todas and not for child. In other Dravidian dialects it may have expanded in its application so as to mean children, both male and female.
200
CHAP,
-
INFANTICIDE.
skill
compensatory
of savages, which
'-*
Weight.
Joda
have
groups
men
to surmount difficulties
;
by the
energies
how
that their
whole nature
state
of things
:
how
free
children
how
:
practical
their
though limited
in
range of vision
I
and how
deficient in tenacity.
have also
tried to enable
;
my
state of things
when
luxurious
outstepped
intellect
had
failed to
keep
Now,
resolve
all
these forces
the
natural tendencies of
by which surrounded
;
in such direction as exactly to neutralise one another and you work out the problem which the Todas had to solve. Only three courses were open to them (i.) The progressive
:
skill.
(2.)
Abstinence from
marriage.
(3.)
Destruction of children,
first,'
They
Nature,
tried the
and
failed.
who
is
own
was doubtless
We
natures
^
gentle above
to children
the
least suffering,
by
The
assures
me
in trie deed.
If the
INFANTICIDE.
201
Y YTTT
,
CHAP.
1
exertion,
in
some way
to
madly
to covet children.
The burden
have been
Give
me
it
children, or else
die.
With such
organisation
to live
The
equi-
by the
The
race would
dams
But
if
their
Com-
had they,
in fact,
by enabling them
tribe
to
overcome
been
matter
of infanticide.
The
in-
fanticidal.
We
races
is
which ignorant
to % escape the
dispositions
took
They may be
dolichocephalic
man
kill
expands,
he
changes
infants
ceases
to
202
INFANTICIDE.
in
xxiii.
,
chap,
the gentle
manner
'described in
'
this chapter.
The Toda's
sality
its
univer-
practical
little
suspecting,
and caring
still
less,
that
when, by
infanticide,
power of
his race,
he had
also, in
POLYANDRY.
203
CHAPTER
XXIV.
POLYANDRY.
Polyandry defined
Insta?icesin various parts of the world of Polyandry Among the Celtic Britons Laws of Inheritance Re-marriage of Widows Disgrace of being Childless Desire for Children.
polyandrous state
is
The
that form
of
as practised
correctly
woman with
We
rigidly
no matter what
form
to be cramped by
of the
'
comparing
'
it
too
life.
by our experiences
holy state
in civilised
Remember
their social
Their
their
Toda
nature
may
commonly
to
From
Turk and
perhaps,
rather respecting the awful man, for his prowess in ruling such
a household of
women and
is
children.
We
know,
also,
that his
existing
:
form of polygamy
nations, as
it
many
and that the practice has, within the memory of the present generation, been revived in a modern Christian community.
'
204
POLYANDRY.
is
XXIV
,
CHAP.
1^
restricted
by the force
of circumstances,
Her marriage
it
is
and
in point of antiquity,
probably
whips
creation.'
She weds
for
life,
worse
good beha-
That
to
modern
amply
the
Todas
alone, history
It will
afford
ample evidence.
Bible,
in
our purpose
The
their
whom we find the Jews, on embedded strictly analogous to those which obtain amongst the Todas, in respect to matrimony leads us irresistibly to the conclusion that polythe barbarians
first
midst of
rising
to
notice,
andry was,
And
that such
in
drawing attention
ancient usage.
we have
more
fascinating, as
it
is
important.
institution
amongst
the
famous Aryas
the
race to which
we
English, in
common
by
ties
It is still
practised
by portions of that
race,
now
settled in
Getes.
mode
'
of matrimonial alliance,
Talboys- Wheeler,
History of India.'
POLYANDRY.
which our own British forefathers
nation
in Celtic
205
days
before
the
CHAP.
blood
had become English through suffusion of Teutonic used to form, has been read by every school-boy. It
'
XXIV ^
,
i-
Caesar,
'for a
number of brothers
2
or
It is
not perhaps, quite pleasant to be told that such was the custom
of our
own
to
it
ancestors,
and
efforts
have
in
consequence been
made
was indeed the habit of the Celtic portion of the inhabitants, I see no cause for doubting. If, as I believe to
but that
be the
Todas,
case, the
is
any
light
may
cannot
to
interest.
is
the
viz.
in the
Southern Ghats.
It exists at this
known
3
to be the practice of
some
families of the
Iroquois.'
We shall
all
the conditions
simple customs
regard to the
partaking
the
full
force
of
laws
;
in
management and
and
inheritance of property
such
chattels,
Todas
I.
It
is
clans
2
koleh.
Caesar,
J.
8 4
De
Bello Gallico.'
Lubbock, The Origin of Civilization and Primitive Condition of Man.' Koleh is a Dravidian Kanarese word, which, though used by the
206
POLYANDRY,
Each
clan has grazing and forest land of
its
CHAP.
II.
is
XXIV
-^
own, which
situated in
III.
own
land.
is
Each
village
whose
in
cattle are
herded together.
is
without
it,
are
V.
The milk
is
lodged
in the palthchi, or
village dairy,
consumption
6
;
members
of
all ages, in
proportion to the
number of
in the herd.
VI.
The
is
Badagas,
VII.
perty
their
:
No
but,
under
all
;
circumstances of
life,
are supported
stock.
is
by
male
relations
common
VIII.
equally
When
among
divided
the sons.
an elder
no
sons, his
property.
line only.
Thus
(i)
marriages, have
(2)
If a
widower
are in
all the
(3)
If
one or more
women
common
Badagas,
to
several
is,
who have no
word for
6
clan.
8
7
Mr. J. Breeks, late Commissioner of the Neilgherries. See Chapter XVII. for the management of the dairy. See Chapter VIII. on the custom of collecting kutu.
POLYANDRY.
children as his
207
is
though
each
is
woman
CHAP,
'
own
child
of
the fathers.
arise, in
the matter of food and the guardianship of property, from the re-marriage of widows,
if
She
remains
in the family.'
Such
is
Toda
expression.
The
xxv. 5)
and have no
the wife
;
or
'
next
'
shall
go
in
take her to
him
it
to wife,
her.'
either pure
met on one
man who had young wife of about he might marry his elder
as a matter of course
was looked on
'
that the
widow should
two wives,
remain
in
the family
: '
and the
retention of
in a
The
had immediately espoused another for until children have been born, the Todas do not mind the marriage of a
family.
instances
made a
great
me
at the time.
To
raise
'
208
chap,
-
POLYANDRY.
may
is
1*
The
topic,
first
instance which
came
Toda
is
taken au
nature
of this
certain village
;
had collected
sitting
round
obedience to
summons
some way tabued. What is the matter with her ? Is she sick?' 'No.' 'Mourning?' 'No, not that' 'She is a
'
i
\>
barudi
crazy.'
no
fault
girls to
barudi, a widow.
:
Now,
it is
or to be childless
Toda
woman, widow, and barren woman. This person, we have seen, was neither old nor sterile, yet as a widow who should be, but was not, producing children, she was put to shame.
To be
for
.
a baruda, or widower,
is
men.
illustration.
Another
We
whose
joint wife
they had
woman
of
fifty,
who, having
been discarded as
life.
sterile,
was then
living a single
and neglected
the disgrace
Chapter VII.,
I
9
is
derivation of this
in
Note
N 24
AUTOTYPE,
LONDON.
P E
A
NTI
REM
\4-
MAIDEN OF
YEARS
POLYANDRY.
209
CHAP.
young married
steps
in
XXIV any ^- r
his
wife
The way
of the truth
which
my
my mind
of what
have written.
The
Bible affords
many
amongst
2
and of the
reproach attaching to
find
sterility.
In Genesis
xvi.,
5,
we
Sarai
prefers
Abram
should have
by her maid, rather than there should be none in the house. We meet with a similar occurrence, narrated too with a clearness that leaves no doubt as to the intention, in
children
Genesis xxx.,
4,
i.
in
Again
in
Samuel
The book
progeny
I
Of
have seen
many examples
to all appear-
more of a
human
feeling.
There
notions
is
in the spectacle
which
so
like
animals in
their
primitive
closing in round
many
2IO
POLYANDRY MARRIAGE.
CHAPTER XXV.
POLYANDRY
Betrothal
this
MARRIAGE.
Peculiar nature of Dowry Ask Papa 'Wilt thou have man ?' The Wedding Ring Plurality of Husbands Confusion of Progeny Toda expressions for Marriage The Bow and Arrow
in Weddings.
CHAP. XXV.
THE
is
arranged
in this
The father or other male guardian of the lad or the young man himself if of age and in a position to negociate seeks an interview with the male protector of his own affairs
fashion.
the
girl
whom he desires
to wed.
If his project
be encouraged,
This
endowment
keikuli to
J
be given.
is
Money
be, will
is
a very scarce
:
article in
the
money may
be spent
transferable property, as
we saw
buffalos
it
i
of which the
four in number.
We
man
to say,
will give
you two
hence
DraKaikuli
owing to female
1
demand
Keikuli or kekhuli.
Kai = hand.
is
Koli =
what
is received.
= receive.
kukh = woman.
Vilai
= price.
m wages.
[POPE.]
POLYANDRY MARRIAGE.
the dowry
is
by
and
CHAP. XXV.
will give
me
but give
girl's
me
the damsel
Genesis xxxiv.,
all
12.
The
I
father
may
reply,
We
are
relations.
don't
You
sincerity.
you
in
exchange
may be
Such,
more or
as I
it
may
be
less
by method of managing
assured
am
my
Mr. Metz,
is
actual
Toda
It
these
some more ancient practice, or it may be a method suggested by self respect. The girl has been asked in marriage. She is not to be had for nothing. The young man is in earnest, and it is going to be a wedding and
a survival of
am may be
I
no mistake.
We
as
is
much
in
the
exchange of dowers.
Seemingly
is
a worthless
But worked
way by
simple minds,
it
honesty of intention.
tunity of observing
And as we
have oppormatrimonial
becomes a security
good behaviour,
by
affording the
means
compact.
When
foot
by placing
his
on
his'
mode
Affairs
described in
Chapter
IV., saying,
give
'
tashken.
may now be
somewhat corresponding
in consulting the
be taken, consists
young
lady's sentiments
on
The dowry
is
may
if
that
is
to say,
the
POLYANDRY MARRIAGE.
accepts him, he must marry her.
CHAP,
,-1-
girl
The power
of taking or
still
rejecting this
hers, the
taste,
is
man who
how
far
he
is
to her
now
afforded her.
all
In the absence of
Most practical and sensible race rites and ceremonies, but with the
full
young people are now held An to be a married pair, on trial for a day and night. eight feet square is given up to them, and in entire house
community of
relatives,
these
is
this
they
live
The damsel
required to
ciatory
remarks.
tell
her
will
man and
fine of
wife. 2
some portion
referred to a
tribunal of Elders
kutacaram.
his wife a necklace, 3 of value accordgirls
unmarried
and
sets her
The
bride
may
receive
tried to ascertain
my
in
informant had
I feel
throw
a pair of brass
The
2
wife
now
husband to
his
own
'
'
Toda custom.
POLYANDRY MARRIAGE.
as
may
It is
CHAP.
._
marriage both in
name and
in fact,
is
identical.
XXV
woman
is
married
\
'
with her
own consent
to one
man he who
own good
But
all
now,
if
may
each,
if
husband also, on making up a share of the dowry that has been paid. In fact it was formerly their almost universal custom in the days when women were more scarce than they are now for a
to live together in
and cattle
all in
common.
Now
if
we
may
we can
at
in perfectly lawful
wedded
life,
may be met
to
man
why
living
a group of wives.
We
tribes
complications
in the family.'
and
sisters.
And
we
as,
as
is
manifest, a genera-
two of such marriages must produce inextricable confind that the Todas,
fusion in relationships, so
who
like
nothing so
much
them anatama. 4
They
will
214
CHAP,
-
POLYANDRY MARRIAGE.
:
XXV r^
their
mothers being
'
sisters,
'
An
uncle
is
styled
my
is
little
father
most
significant.
I
have described
its
elastic.
It
is
internal
working without
Thus, when
women
are scarce,
men have
to
men
This condition
of permanent routine^
mind.
The
word
is
by the
kudiken
'
join. 5
Thus,
'
Beliani
married to
Nastufi
But
in addressing
?
'
man
the ordinary
?
'
way
is
6f putting
?
;
'
it,
would be to
reply,
Is there
a son
'
Mokh
detail,
is
vathchya
a son
He
or
would
if
Yes, there
married,
An
illade
'
joined a
woman, a son
not.'
gavthchya
made
of a
?
woman would
6
be, Belthta
'
me
a singular
custom connected with weddings, which he learnt subsequently to my having left the Nilagiris of which no sort of
:
When
village
5
first
child,
tive
am not certain that in the word 'join/ we have got the most primimeaning of kudiken. The Hindustani word kudna, and its Sanskrit root kurdd =p/ay, might be compared. 6 For the modes in which husbands and wives address one another,
I
N<?
25
AUTOTYPE
LONDON
N
THE
A
ASTU
LITTLE
MARRIED GIRL
OF
SAVAGE 16 YEARS.
N?26
AUTOTYPE, LONDON.
B E L! A N
UNiVL; :SiTV
POLYANDRY MARRIAGE.
lainp.
Kneeling before the light, she receives from her husband a bow and arrow, made by him, 7 which she salutes by lowering her forehead to them. Taking up the weapons,
she asks,
*
CHAP.
r-
What
rently having a
the
'
her the
Question
The
The
pair remain
at the spot without shelter but that of the tree overhead, all night, eating a
in the
morning,
much
But
custom
when Todas
weapons.
for
object, and the reason for postsome months after marriage, is not
antecedent to polyandry
it
may have
coming
It will
the Kotas.
2l6
POLYANDRY MORALITY.
CHAPTER
POLYANDRY
Fickleness not necessarily
XXVI.
MORALITY.
of Barbarous
Dower Dowry
an
attribute
Women's hifluence sometimes not paid What then? Divorces are rare Company behaviour very fair No bachelors No Ultra Communistic Not much known of Private Practices
Man Use
of the
CHAP.
THESE
XXVI
.
,
1^
leaving and
much
as the
whim
seizes them.
it
Indeed
appears a
common
is,
in
a
is
He
people,
of
fire
license
or perhaps the
Arcadian simplicity,
On
the
whatever
may
society
owes
to
duction of polyandry
and
if in this
early stage
we
find
much
let
merely a very
Secluded and isolated from man, there seems no reason why the Toda should not
POLYANDRY MORALITY.
remain unchanged
in habits,
21 7
all
almost through
time
but in
>
CHAP.
may
be observed
XXVI
,
commence
up
to a
certain
The combined
afford
dower and
inheritance,
as
strong guarantees
tie as
of the
marriage
give.
any race of
inferior
than these.
his
far as
he
is
concerned,
closed,
and
dowry
is
held to be due.
:
The
the father
liable for
Women,
perty, the
as
we have
husband and
the family
is
alone respon-
If
of her family
to feed her,'
would be interested
in the question of
it
who
is
were,
become guardians
of the law.
Or
if,
dowry he had
could inherit
custom that
their
women
Of
course, such
could
never hold,
except in conditions of
left
faith.
A child
to starve, or a
woman
livelihood,
unknown
means of
fulfilling
by
POLYANDRY MORALITY.
Had
this
CHAP,
XXVT % -^ been a hard-working people, such a difficulty could have been surmounted by his acting as Jacob did for Rachel, whose proposition, accepted by Laban, was I will serve thee for seven years for her. Genesis xxix., 1 8. But no circumstance N has yet induced the dolichocephalic Toda to labour.
'
'
'
is
simply
But
mark the
daughter
it
decision
as
whether son or
The mother
it
nurses and
it
during infancy
it
but when
can take
care of itself
stock,
it
when
in fact
goes to
its father's
home.
influence
but
Some one must feed and women have no property hence the
;
it.
of the kutacaram.
As
it
would
would
He
might be fined
a buffalo or two
quiet.
The
it is
is,
child
suffer in
any
way
there
is
heir he
and
If the
Toda mode
impression that
family,
women
not of
influence in the
real.
By
good position
in the house.
It is not
so of
much
like
that the
for
even
if
enforce a
women have
POLYANDRY MORALITY.
for the
219
CHAP,
experience in the
should
die,
the
X VL
,
.,
trustee of
any
cattle
may have
left,
and as guardian of
In the event of a
husband, he
support the
first
not
many
amongst
civilised people,
must be absent
What an
give into the* direct nature of their minds promise, and the promise
is
Both
parties
it
their
bond
It is
not that
is
and
all
so
much
alike, that
We
and
same
peculiarity
amongst the
it
inferior animals,
I
instinct.
that
much
we observe
is
work
combining for a
in
common
contour. 1
?
cranial
Are
1
herds or troops
This peculiarity was a remarkable feature in the Indian Mutiny of the year 1857 ; the rebellion of a semi-barbarous race, of striking uniformity of cranial development.
220
CHAP.
I
POLYANDRY MORALITY.
confess to a feeling of great astonishment that barbarians
1"
members of the Teutonic family of of fickleness, Toda social morality can scarcely be defended. We find him bound down to keep the peace, and behave himself as a Toda should, and not throw his wife and children on the parish. But for the rest we find him still a gross savage. In the outward behaviour of the sexes, I have been amused to notice how much the custom and etiquette observed in
ness and good sense of
nations.
from
their model.
list
Modest-
They remain habitually They have at home, keeping together as demure as cats. their own places of private resort, on which members of the opposite sex would not presume to intrude. They manage
their
cumbersome garments
to perfection.
But
it
must not
It is the
scrupljes.
human animal
No
and
unmarried class
with
its
loves
broils.
for that
same
its
society
much
life
hum-drum
The warm
these people.
entirely
the other
way
it is
'
very
much married
'
people.
girl is
Every
some-
man and
and
bound by grinding
life.
social
law,
in
the bonds
of unpoetic
merely husbands
girl,
cripple
and of those
women
POLYANDRY MORALITY.
were widows,
I
221
did not meet with a single instance of unmarBut, on the contrary, I have been able
in childhood,
CHAP.
XXVI.
to record several
either to
boys or to
young men
and
in
one instance of a
to a
boy of fourteen
limits
9.
mode
houses
of
:
and unac-
by such moral doubts as a sense of personal property outraged, would prompt the disquisitive as
to be uncontrolled
proportion
of
the sexes
unlimited
opportunity.
These
communism
Very
is
in fullest operation.
possibly,
some
etiquette
may
be
in force
among them
But
I
on
have
My
belief
is
and
every
Mr. Metz
is
in full
accord with
me that
the
common
practice
The almost
their
veins,
is
if
a reason
may
not
Surrounded by
tribes,
much
in
Tod as,
for
;
many
years in close
222
CHAP.
XXVI.
POLYANDRY MORALITY.
Table No. IX.
Child Marriages. Compiled from Statistics of Toda Familie. Table No. IV.
*
No. on the
List
223
CHAPTER
XXVII.
CAUSE.
POLYANDRY ITS
Savage social Custom traced Causes ascribed by various Authors Origin of the Family Absolute and Limited Communism Infanticide
to Chatige
Rapid Change
Many
chap.
XXVIL
the
of
to
opinion
that the
races
the Aryas,
have
in the
course of migrations
in Central Asia, to
seek
new homes
may
insti-
commends
itself to
the suffrages of
women through
women
are
the
influence
One
whom
'
its
low by
family.'
1
'
224
CHAP.
.
Sir
" tional
In which opinion he
that
'in
who
sees
women
4
are in the
minority, as
system very
Indian polyandry
is
begotten.'
None
to
practice to
absolute origin
it
what
is,
at best,
probably one of
proximate causes
light
on
this
The
oft
census taken of
all civilised
countries,
are born in
die,
them
as males
different
though from
men
are exposed
and that the balance remains on the whole, nearly the same,
in spite of
many
disturbing effects.
that
if
we
perforce view
unnatural
influences must
their relations.
probably
symmetry of
We are
in all ages,
between the sexes, has and under every diversity of circumstance, appeared
human
race.
How
recorded
then,
the
last
chapter,
that
every
Toda woman
3 Lubbock, 'The Origin of Civilisation and Primitive Condition of Man.' 4 Bonwick, Daily Life and Origin of the Tasmanians.'
'
POLYANDRY ITS CAUSE.
marries,
2 2$
do we come to
had so arranged
CHAP
XXVII.
,
the proportion, that only one wife was available for several ^
husbands
which polyandry,
cretion
in its
first
it.
we now find
communism,
ground
fair
cranium
in
which
it
and at a period
in equal
it
clan, kinsfolk,
or tribe
are nearly
synonymous.
period in
At some advanced
had increased
in size,
human
:
progress
when
clans
fostered
5 I beg here to acknowledge the pleasure and advantage I have derived from the study of Mr. M'Lennan's work 'Primitive Marriage'; many of
to
226
CHAP, XXVII
,
sexes feel
one another
I
coupled with
characterising the
then barbarian
;
life
would become
by
its
primitive society
The
property in
common amongst
little
members.
By
family
further condensation
and exclusiveness. They would become smaller in their component numbers, by being more free of aliens until at last, the family came to be represented mainly by a knot of brothers, half-brothers, and cousins? married to closely-related kinswomen in nearly equal numbers the men being the
: ;
common
progeny
own
children only.
have most unfortunately not obtained the evidence which would warrant my asserting absolutely
that such close inter-marriage
occasion no surprise.
the Todas
daily
life
yet
of a rude people,
still is
when once we thoroughly realise the mode of we can no longer doubt that such
was and
6 'My little-father's son is the same as my brother.' Toda saying. See Chapter VII. 7 Supposing three brothers married three women a b c in the
ABC
boys, or
girls,
timesanterior to infanticideand that six were borne by each woman, of which two are fathered to
be represented as multiples of A B C with a bcx 2 a A, 2 a B, 2 a C 2 b A, 2 b B, 2 b C
each husband.
If the children of the unions
the sons of a
j, ,?
may be written
b
c
2 c
A,2
c B, 2 c
C
and a A,
Then each
'
227
We
know by a
Abram
married
his half-sister,
CHAP. XXVII
,
Buddhist
legends preserved in the Mahawansi, present a curious instance of promiscuous marriage amongst the primitive Aryas.
Four brothers
sisters,
in huts
made
same mother. 8
its
rise
it
munism.
to
be,
it
may
appear
must
still
be acknowledged as an advance on
No
the
various systems of
whilst,
quarters,
evidence in
favour.
One
would be shown
by
and
in the desire
feel to
The known
the
habits
forming
my
impression of
It
seems
system
social
&c, would be
'
i.
Q 2
228
CHAP,
i
'
shall
for systematic
as
of
weak of both
sexes
or before we
why
polyanto
imply
Circumstances, such as
endeavoured
in
Chapter XXIII. to
Parents
depict, drove a
sexes.
The
is
styled polyandry,
it
whereas
to
nearly equal
between them.
The
between the
scale, to
women
at last
have
was permitted to
number of girls, necessary for the continuation of the species, That the limit was one wife for a famib live.
its
interests to
be attended
to.
Many
elastic
have promoted
reduction of
or disease.
own
rapid extinction,
by enfeebling
its
and worthy of
229
CHAP. XXVII
,
more than one daughter in a family thus forming a small reserve of women, with which the vacancies which would arise in other families,
to
retain,
in
some
instances,
>-
from a deficiency
in
girls
not having
The
sexes,
much
in
consonance with
Now
that the
custom of
immediate
fruit,
remarkable
though very
still
far
observe
communism
marriage.
people, whilst
monogamy grows to be the national form It may be that the Todas in this process
of
that
prior
infanticide
instigated
if
by the
natural
predilections
of
unaltered dispositions.
very
much doubt
wife,
one
form of marriage
even
if
eccentric custom
for,
to marry,
tie
;
must
which,
When
cuous style
the practice of
monogamy
is
230
CHAP.
POLYANDRY-ITS CAUSE.
anticipated effect of a precon-
A.X.V11.
'
whether
was
its
unforeseen consequence
force
it still
were
in unison with
many
The same,
or parallel personal
And
in the
abandonment of polyandry,
in
Now
if
we
had they been a people possessing a strong sense of personal property, and of dislike to publicity had they been warlike and quarrelsome: had they, in fact,
:
know them
and Combativeness had they been brachycephalic, in factand withal been amorous, we could readily have imagined
ness,
their taking to a
polygamous style
but
it
would be contrary
continued
wife of
energetic
personalities,
families
could
have
in
many
and
conspicuously so of the
organ dictated
means of escaping
annihilation, I
am
combined with the moderate expression of an amativeness not above the average, enabled
deficient organs,
same group of
polyandry to maintain
I
its position when once established. have no means of ascertaining that the organs, upon whose sizes and combinations have depended the allied and
23
CHAP,
v-
human
But
which these
of suffering man.
association that
do constitute the
would
if
in this
day
precisely the
same
necessities arose.
be
correct,
we have an evidence
In due time
which had then concreted into definite form, could not easily
have been disturbed, even
felt
if
the
insti-
Fourteen years
girls
movement.
end so
But
distant,
in council,
would
On
The men
number of
;
it
limits the
mouths to be
their
filled.
Nor
is
it
duties
are
light
for
women
tremely light
have
marked
marry
is
influence in the
Again, parents
:
know
they
and
at small cost.
The thorn
in their rose,
This
is,
no
Hence we
menced, there
'
232
CHAP, XXVII ^
1
itself
an extremely
difficult
effect
system.
Moreover, as
have shown
in
girls,
amongst
tribes with
see,
whom
excess
Hence, as we
the
to
when
may now
affirm the
is
female infants
practised to excess,
we must
And where
we
polyandry
met
It is
with,
we may be
it
confident that
infanticide, or that
British forefathers,
made in Chapter XXIIL, that our who are known to have been polyandrous,
;
were also
It
infanticidal.
the
apparently insuperable
efforts
oppose themselves to
in
made
which
we have gained
of the unsuspected
'
natural
lead
.233
CHAPTER
XXVIII.
SHADES OF EVENING.
The cattle come home The people assemble Day's food Prayer to the Setting Sun The family retires to rest Maternal aspect of Nature
in
Mild
Climates.
The
chap.
5~S
Badaga
villages,
for
on the ground.
The women
at
the infants
have been suckled over and over again, and passed from arm
to
arm of the
is
girls
of the family
and wood
is
in the slings.
There
is
nothing
now
to
do but
and absent-minded
to eyebrow, scan the broad pasture lands lying under the setting
Something of importance seems to be looked for. Rumour spreads, that the buffalos are coming in. The dense mass may now be seen approaching, slowly and leisurely as welland led by the more pressing milch cows, fed animals should who filing through the intervening swamp, and with ears
sun.
hill
lies
a few,
own,
234
SHADES OF EVENING.
:
xxvui
* '"
1
group outside.
The people
and to stop
sit
about watching.
And
whilst
some
lads
stand round the herd, to quiet the nervous with their voices,
flirtations
with their
sticks, lest
;
Over
all,
hallowing
just
beams have
man
and talking
resumed.
We
;
understand
now
and
their
to
present ease
them.
may
be observed through
fire in
:
by
stick, as
she
head thrown back, eyes with a hand outspread, warding the heat from her
side, the
half-closed,
family
sit
the calves.
We
'
note a
man
ekarvashk 'sunset.
He
rests his
wand
in place
with the elbows, leisurely puts feet to the ground. Bending slightly, and with joined hands to forehead, he says in a low tone, 'Eyan, appn danenma, mokh ultama, al ultama, er
!
! '
Then
readjusting his
back again to
as
it
his seat.
He
subsides in oriental glory behind the hill then resuming the sotto voce conversation, enquires after the health of the new born calf, and if the mother has begun giving milk. An innocent grave smile plays on his
face
luminous
God
when
<
A good
cow
!
'
he remarks,
slowly nodding.
SHADES OF EVENING.
Long looked for dinner appears to be ready heated woman now emerges into the open air, and
and boys enter the
talk.
;
235
for ,the
the
men
^
,
CHAP,
When
each
member
eaten,
and the
offerings to
bhumi
doors, the
whole family
grouped about
;
in
primitive dinginess,
some
its
The
naked palkarpal
add
squats apart upon the wall, whence he can hear the news and
his distant note to the conversation.
And
air
The
grows
and the
careful
rises to
take the infant she has kept under her dress, into the well
baked house.
now vanished
! '
womanly
her arm,
little
face.
'
Swami, Swami
Mokh
doorway.
Two
in her teens,
and eyes
no child to shiver
bringing her head
for.
down
a quick Eyan,
and
in
A
The
prolonged rustle
may be
with a mantle on
the
floor
their nakedness.
who
is
now
236
CHAP,
,
SHADES OF EVENING.
patting.
i
all is still,
within.
'
Irzhtashk
says a
man
'
it
is
night
bed time/
rising.
Irzhtashk
is
repeated by these
men
of few words,
They
Two
moon, asking
it
to be gracious,
village.
may
shuts.
A little
:
more
settling
the snatch of
and
all
again
is
hushed.
mount the
hill
to see
and
Not a sound
is
now
brilliant,
pursuing her
this
illumines
hill
and
and
:
miles
away down
now showing
the
rounded outlines of
hills
:
tracts of forest,
now throwing
close
;
woods
by bringing out each stick of the gnarled trees with the free hand of an accomplished artist, and sheening
gracefully into
resting firmly
then
and
side
and counting
pen
and
She traverses all his free domain; the undulating pastures and the lonely tarn examines the single tree out on the wild,
:
Some savage
;
moon as a god, ever in pursuit of but the Todas are very ignorant, and do not know to
;!
SHADES OF EVENING.
under whose shelter the lads had sat
interest she takes in all their
last day.
237
Such an CHAP. XXVIII moving spirit
,
haunts
like the
pitying
look as
if,
knowing
It
is
their
by
and
in
bhumi
tai
it is
then
we note man,
and
all
he and his
is
cattle
and
all
that
is
most
all
that
rest.
made
I
for
man's convenience
and comfort
Daily
have lowered
'
my
'
made my
lesser light
!
so beautiful, he mis-
work
my
children,
and of such
are
They
still
is
need
my care. They
great
feelings,
such as these How forcibly do the words of Dante come up to disturb our unjust thoughts
A man
Is
.
born
.
.
and none
is
there
write
his acts,
;
And
As
and
reason sees, are good And he offendeth not in word or deed But unbaptized he dies, and void of faith. Where is the justice that condemns him ?
far as
:
human
he believeth not ? What then, And who art thou, that on the stool would'st To judge at distance of a thousand miles With the short-sighted vision of a span ? 2
His blame
if
Where
sit
ELLAM ULTAMA.
2
Dante,
Paradiso,'
Canto
xix.,
translated
by Cary.
A BRIEF OUTLINE
OF THE
GRAMMAR
OF THE
TUDA LANGUAGE
REV.
G.
U.
POPE,
D.D.,
[From a
collection
NOTICE.
These
outlines are the result of a
With the
J.
W.
Comin-
Society in Ootacamund.
have put
I
think that the facts of the language are here gathered together.
be-
difficult to ascertain
what
is
originally
later immigrants.
have ventured to
differ
Caldwell,
a new
interest.
advance
my
While
TUDA GRAMMAR.
24
CHAPTER XXIX.
OUTLINES
OF THE
TUDA GRAMMAR
I.
THE ALPHABET.
has no compositions, written or
1.
CHAP.
The Tudas,
animals
races.
No
trace
written character
it is
ur-sprache
'
of those
was reduced
to writing.
2. This language, of which but a very scanty fragment remains in use, has more sounds than any other Dravidian
dialect,
it,
seeming to have
tribe.
The
air,
calling to each
other from
to
another.
Their speech
'
2A2
CHAP. XXIX.
1.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
3.
The vowels
Short.
*
are
Long.
6.
a, as in
America.
he.
a, as
aw, in
al,
*
'
bawl/
Ex. atham,
2.
i,
Ex.
7.
i,
a ma?i.
thou.
as in
'
pin.'
as in
pique/
Ex.
8.
m,
'
u, as in
Cook.'
u, as in
School/
three.
Ex. mudu,
9.
as in
'
hem/
to me.
e,
as a in
'
pale/
Ex. yenak,
5.
Ex.
10.
6,
et,
why %
0,
as in
'
opinion/
cold.
as in
'opium/
Ex. kor,
Some
6 sounds as in German, or as en
French, in
fleur.'
as in
German, or
as
in French, in
'
pur/
to an
a,
fi
i.
The Dravidian
'
half
u.'
e.
interchangeable:
thus,
the
Kanarese
4.
Ml is
in
Tuda
kol.
The Consonants
k, as in
'
are
1.
kalendar/
Ex. adken,
Iplay.
to her.
2. 3.
g, as in
'
k'h, as in
gun/ blockhead/
' '
Ex. avalg,
4. g'h, as in
5. j,
loghouse/
g may be
aspirated.
as in 'jam/
'
6.
7.
ch, as in
t,
chin/
as in
'
ten/
'
8.
9.
th, as in
this/
th, as in
'
thin/
I stand.
, ,
10. d, as in
'dog/
11. t, lingual.
12.
Ex. muttiken,
Ex. kftda, Ex. pui,
Ifeel.
d, lingual.
'
together.
13. p, as in
pen/
strike.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
14.
15.
if,
243
insect.
as in
'
fun.'
Ex. pu an
CHAP.
b, as in 'bull.'
XX fe
16. v, as in
17.
'very/
b'h.
18. 19.
m, as
in
'man/
n, as in 'no.'
1,
20.
hard, lingual.
Ex. ar,
six.
23.
sh.
24. zh:
Ex. elzh,
seve?i.
5.
It is difficult to
decide whether
all
to the
Tuda
itself.
The
kh and
ch, are, it
may
be suspected, foreign to
6.
Some
is
of
them seem
to
r,
which
found
in all the
sounded
r,
y,
and
in
Tinnevelly L
t
In Telugu
is
r,
softened
into
or changed into
or
d.
It is a
kind of
triple
sounded
and
z.
11.
It
(Comp.
eru, seven,
kir,
43.)
Thus Kan.
and Tam.
make
in
Tuda
elzh.
kil
under
kirzb.
burude
puruti,
mud
purzh.
7. It may be stated as a rule that the Tuda sh and zh, (which are strong Unguals) generally represent a final 1 or } of
the Kanarese
:
(lu)
in
Tuda
parsh.
arsh.
virzh.
pitrsh.
Ml
(lu), vi/y
bow
puli, tiger
8.
Sometimes sh
thus,
is
karsh.
244
CHAP.
,
TUDA GRAMMAR.
9.
The
letter f is
full
and
'
clear,
'
-/
first
as as
in
unknown
to
them
and
are
sin.
I
as th in thin,
Enough has become with us enuf. So the Tuda puf, an insect,' is probably Old Kan. purlu.
'
It
is
is
most
difficult to trace.
nose
'
(?
'
Kan.
mitte, 'projecting').
'
maf is
'
Badagan
deer
(?
(Kan.) mdva,
of respect).
or a
' '
(?
man).
10.
is
in
Tuda sometimes
repre-
sented
thus,
nar-k-en,
nor,
' '
I walk.'
district.'
(Kan. nad).
(lingual) are often euphonically
(?)
11.
Th
(as in thin)
and sh
This is quite a Tuda peculiarity. inserted in Tuda words. The former sound is not at all Dravidian (though it is
;
Keltic)
and the
latter is
in Sanskrit derivatives.
Sh
is,
K. Nil
temp. part,
+ inflectionable
part. en.
Here th
is
/ am.
R. er
K.
en.
Here, too, sh
is
insertion.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
12.
;
245
CHAP,
IX
'_
In
Tuda v
;
or
;
is
initial
alone
in
(lit.
one-step)
'
and on or
is
the
English
one
'
is
pronounced
won.'
The
is
one of the
many
and
note-
the
So y may, as in the other Drav. dialects, be prefixed to any word beginning with e. Thus, enak or yenak=&? me.
This, too,,
influences
:
is
found
is
in English,
and
is
ewe
pronounced yew.
NOUNS.
1 3.
number or gender.
14.
The Nominative,
15.
The
g or k;
(2) for
and
(3) for
inda,
These correspond very exactly to the Old Kanarese, ?, and of (comp. 43).
16.
The
following
is
a Paradigm of a
al,
Tuda noun
al,
alg, to ox for
man
alorzh, in a man.
17.
are alike,
chiefly
by
Tuda
in the
sentence
is
regulated.
;
verb
is
the object
an
adjective.
246
TUDA GRAMMAR.
tne latter case ad, the root of the epicene pronoun of the
'2H^ XXIX,
^n
'
which
is
any
case.
thu (tk
flat)
to the root
form a genitive.
18.
19.
(1)
The pronoun
6m, am, we
yem, am, us
yen
yem
yen-ak,
ox for
me
Abl
fyen-endl
I
*rom me.
-eddJ
yem-ak,
NOTE.
(1.)
person
is uncertain.
an, in
(2.)
The
;
inflections
all
have en
(3.)
and
in the oldest
forms
y is
prefixed at pleasure to
cases be-
ginning with
eni, 6n.
(4.)
e.
to the
ini,
ne*nu, in the
In later Tamil Kanarese and Telugu we find forms nan, nam, and Nom. Singular and nam, mdmu in the Nom. Plural. This
;
do not regard as primitive, since it is wanting in all the old The Dravidian languages prefix n to several words which they forms. have received from other languages. Thus the Sanskrit yuga is in Tamil nugam and nangitram is the form in which the word anchor has settled down in the Dravidian dialects. I can see how n might have crept in I cannot imagine its disappearance from every ancient dialect. but I (5.) This is not the place for a full discussion of the subject would compare an with the very ancient form S. aham. Nor can I think it clear that 6m is not related to the Sanskrit vayam, or to the Greek r^tic, t>r dftjucf, and Ve'dic asme.
I
; ;
;
n or
TUDA GRAMMAR.
20.
(2)
247
CHAP. XXIX.
"
The pronoun
Singular.
Voc
Nom }nt.
Inh
nim-a
mm
{nim-ak
nim, nim-adu
Dat.
nin-ak
rnin-end or nin-edd, by
Abl.
<
ox from thee
nim-end, nim-edd
Inin-orzh, in thee
nim-orzh
it is
root
Here n
21.
is,
I think,
undoubtedly
radical.
The pronoun
is
se, it
number.
Thus atham=^,
[Generally
they.
Sanskrit]
It
is
declined like al (
N. A. G.
Dat.
atham
athan-g
f
Abl
ath-end, atham-edd,
athamend
l atham-orzh, ath-orzh.
The resemblance
to S. adas
is
remarkable.
;
Kan. atanu=he
It will
adu=it.
make no
This
is
number
or gender.
(ille,
(Comp.
;
26.)
a remote demonstrative
(hie,
&c.)
itham
is
used for
the proximate
&c).
248
TUDA GRAMMAR.
Tuda
uses the pronouns
CHAP. XXIX.
avan
aval
(ille)
ivan
(hie)
(ilia)
ival (hsec)
avar ; ivar, which are declined like kind of genitive in du avandu, &c.
:
al,
Here avan, &c, are the remote demonstratives, and &c, the proximate demonstratives.
These appear to be forms recently introduced,
reintroduced into
or, it
ivan,
may be,
Tuda from Kanarese or Tamil. A vandu = avan + du, and is prefixed to a noun
adjectivally,
The
The
22.
(1)
use of a and
as demonstrative prefixes
is
thoroughly
Dravidian.
root of this pronoun
is
evidently
d.
TUDA ADVERBS.
to English adverbs exist in
Words answering
Tuda.
Some
verb.
(2)
1. 2.
The
yes
following
list
includes nearly
f
all
no
,
'
,
ha aha
r
-J
These seem to be
jections.
1
r
'
'
L
4.
5.
why how
who,what1
above
below
before (place)
before (time)
ete
T. and K.
yetete
Reduplicate of
ete. (3.)
6.
athario
/Atham=*, %x=who?
L
6 an in-
terrogative particle.
7.
m*L mok
kli,
m/is
\
I
Dr
ian
Mok
from
Sansk. =-before.
8.
9.
erk
mud
much
TUDA GRAMMAR.
10.
249
behind
250
CHAP.
4.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
remotion
'
25
CHAP.
,
updm much.
Thus
:
it
man
greatest, smallest
upam-etud, upamkirud,
25.
(1)
The
an indicative
mood and an
:
imperative
mood
II.
a negative
It
An
indefinite
tense,
which
is
present or future
(3)
II.
past tense.
conjecturally restored.
26.
The verb
to be
is
thus inflected.
Root
I.
er.
Affirmative Form.
Indicative Mood.
(I)
Indefinite Present.
Singular.
1.
Plural.
(an) er-sh-k-en,
(ni) er-sh-ch-i
I am
(6m) er-sh-k-imi
(nima) er-sh-ch-i
(avar) er-sh-ch-i.
2.
3.
(avan) er-sh-ch-i
Singular.
1
Plural.
(an) edd-er-sh-p-ini,
I was
(6m) edd-er-sh-p-imi
<
^
is
\ edd-er-sh-ch-i
J
nima
Hedd-er-sh-chJ
3 (avan).
(avar)
This
evidently a
prefixing
erd.
( 30.)
The
form
what seems
to be an alternative
in p-ini: ershpini=ershken.
252
CHAP. XXIX.
Sh
is
is
TUDA GRAMMAR.
the
Tuda
substitute for
shk=kk
scea\=shall.
Ch
a softened form of
so in Saxon, s$ddc=speech
Imperative Mood.
era, be thou
ir-ma,
let it be.
Of this ma
Negative Form.
Present
:
(I) Indefinite
/,
&*&,
am
not.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
II.
253
CHAP. XXIX.
Negative Form.
Mood.
:
Indicative
(I)
Indefinite Present
/,
&*c, dance
not.
254
CHAP.
-
TUDA GRAMMAR.
it is still
In Malayalim
in the
found
in the present of
many verbs
;
form of kunnu.
'
must,'
it is
preserved
as
it is
enough.'
In Old Kanarese
to
any
TH
This
is
d in
Kanarese.
negative
The
poral
mode
This
is
common
to
all
the
Dravidian
languages.
29.
The
Plural.
imi,
Pers.
Pers. 1
Pers.
J
emi
II.
i,
III.
it
adi
See 19-21.
Tuda
The
In
is
one
of these.
the
is
in
Tuda
an kudid nalorzh
\Ijoined day-in].
Here kudid
is
in
is
called a
'
relative
to zvhen (J)
an adid nal, the day I danced. Thus edd is = Kan. idda, which was.'
'
( 26.)
->
TUDA GRAMMAR.
831. Tuda also forms a verbal noun, a kind of
from verbs ending
in a flat
255
infinitive,
flat
CHAP.
XXIX
,
languages.
Thus
makes
;
ata, dancing
Kan. ddu,
dta,
and
in Tel. the
same].
The
is
thus
dancing did-(not)-I.
(27.)
And
here
(1)
Surely this
sprache.'
(2)
is
the
kar
of the
I ndo-
Germanic 'grund-
May
kirra
(3)
throw light on the Tamil temporal particle and probably on the K. ( 28.) Does it not seem that the negative particle in such forms is really dropped ? The emphatic ' dancing- did- 1 remains, and the formula of negation has perished. (Comp. Earle's Philology of the English Tongue, p. 427.)
this not
?
'
32.
still
surviving
in-
among
flections
We
have,
it
v, p,
as in
Kanarese
as a
and Tamil.
now used
and
The forms
it.
ad-th-b-ini
er-sh-p-imi
( 27.)
infinitive
is
mood
in a
perhaps existed
for the
is
34.
The adverb
is
birnd,
in
'
root which
found
Old Kanarese,
burst/ and in
256
TUDA GRAMMAR.
viru,
'
CHAP.
,
Tamil
of
fall/
from which,
is
formed.
There
is,
therefore, a trace
( 22.)
35. There
no passive
inflection in
Tuda.
a,
is,
Beliani kudthiya?
E and
37. It
is
Tuda
retains
any
trace of a subjunctive
mood.
The
lent to
Atham
kukh
He to
If
woman yet
one
man
will
Here kAda is apparently a negative participle qualifying the noun vali=time (Kan. vile).
meaning of go. Here adi and arzh are joined to the root. They seem But they are probably borto be the Kan. are or Tarn. al.
rowed from Tamil.
The forms
The
verbal root
is
thus,
thus,
ma
to the root
38. The Tuda has neither prepositions nor conjunctions. This want of link words is an index of the entire absence of
'
'
39-
By way
of illustration,
TUDA GRAMMAR.
257
CHAP.
SENTENCES.
(The words are
(1)
x *ix.
.
When
I widow.
1
(2) Is Nastufi
married ?
silver
tied}
badge.
belthta= silver
(?)
tali=
token.)
marriage
gavthya =gavth+ a or ya. This seems to be an adv. part, shaving lowed by the interrog. ( 36).
(3) Is Beliani
married ?
Beliani
kukhag kudthya?
Belictni to-a
woman joined}
Here a
is
kukhag.
inserted to connect
kukh with
its
case
ending g.
(4)
Your wife walks not with my wife. Nin katt-vodi-kukh yen katt-vodi
kukh nadevadi.
My
my
brothers.
Yen peruden
My great-father
taman
younger-brother
yen ( 19) penid, kirud ( 23). anan (K. a.iia.=elder brother. The R. seem taman (K. tamma=younger brother). en(K. dLyya.=father, priest).
ershchi (26).
to
mean
above.)
The
final n, as
seems to be
fairly in
the language
but
suspect
it is
only an
in
258
CHAP.
(6)
TUDA GRAMMAR.
That one's
(relatives).
father
and
this
one's
XXIX
atham
en itham en beal That father this father related-man atham, itham (21) beal (be the root of the Kan. Impersonal verb beku + a]
It will
( 16)).
Link words
scarcely
'
of
*
all
kinds are
'
wanting.
In
fact,
Tuda has
any
symbolic
words,
Beliani
kukh
mokh
illade
edd
is
not)
30)
The
40.
finite
verb ershchi
is
understood.
LISTS OF WORDS.
I.
Verbal Roots.
Dr.
jr,
1.
am,
sit
=see =see
=1
see a vision.
chiri-chu.
alu.
K. kanas.
(S.
K. K.
T.aru.
afru.)
kathe.
K. K.
L=IcryA
K. ad. K. nil. K. nad. K. dd.
bicchad.
K. alavdhe=\oq\ia.city.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
18. give
259
260
CHAP.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
38. sister (elder)
26l
262
CHAP.
AXIX.
TUPA GRAMMAR.
6a
buffalo (male)
TUPA GRAMMAR.
90. ghee (clarified
263
K.
neyi).
nei
(A.
butter)
91. Affixes to
iri,
of villages
ari,
from
root
er.
92.
head
madd
mouth
98. ear
99. tooth
102. finger
103.
/^
/<?<%/
104. navel
105.
106.
membrum
virile
2&4
CHAP.
118.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
Toda sanctum
TUDA GRAMMAR.
145. sunset
146. nighty bedtime
265
146.
ekarvashk
ir,
(Comp.
?%^=go).
irulu
= darkness.
is
CHAP. XXIX.
It
probably a corruption
of
kdlam
= time,
and
seems to be kashk).
147. midnight 148. sun
nadujama
(Kan.=middle
watch).
266
CHAP. XXIX.
174. hill
175. valley 176. river
177. forest 178. tree,
TUDA GRAMMAR.
ditu
kli
(K. (K.
(A.
titta).
kit).
par
koar,
K. pari-yu,
flow).
men
(K.
^-
tnara).
wood
men
tapi, tuxe
(K. tnara).
179. bush
180. grass
181. flower 182.
(Comp.
(A.
120).
pullu
(A. Kan.)
Kan.)
p'halam).
S. sdra.
yhv
/jwiflff
pom
kar, nir
(A.K.flann-u. Tam.paratn.
S.
183.
(K.
184).
184. /#/*?-
nir
(K. niru).
185. #z#*/
186. soil
purzh
(K. burude,
6).
mannu
187.
<?/</
193. norths
1
94.
.$tf#/^ J
195.
<?dtf/
196. west
TUDA GRAMMAR.
203.
267
268
CHAP.
TUDA GRAMMAR.
originally one cerebral, as
XXIX
,
1,
( 28) are
k
b
It is
perhaps
in vain to
these, but
k seems
allied to
th
may be connected
establish.
b
(3)
is
possibly allied to
S.
Vhu and
its
cognates.
(k)
edd (end)
ad
;
orzh.
Of these g
connect with
ge=do
44.
(1)
On
;
the whole
is
The Tuda
flectional
most of
who have
isolation,
way
as the result of
same extent as the other South-Indian tribe9 and the language has thus dwindled down to a mere skeleton.
auxiliaries to the
It
now
(2)
people.
to
have been
originally
Old
pro-
and have
Their language
"
TUDA GRAMMAR.
the Poligars.
269
xxix'
'
Of Telugu
for tree is
it is
influences I see
no
trace.
Tuda
mara but the soft r is always avoided by the Tudas, who turn vdram into vdm. Nor can I trace any resemblance in Tucja to Malayalim, in
any of the points where that
Note.
lines
'
dialect differs
from
its sisters.
to the
above
list,
since the
'
out-
left
the Chapter,
W. E. M.
ADDENDA.
(Translation of Deuteronomy, chap. xxv. 5.)
vodd
ennan
athum enorvet-mokh
other-born
voddin one
An
(younger brother)
arzulch
uddadi,
if they
are,
vodd, al
one
mokh
illade,
is
Toda house
Toda-man a son
not,
(childless)
k&dag-pokadi
if
kedag-pokan katvodi-kukh
en-odd-
he goes
to
alg
kattati,
man must
illaveniadi,
payal
or if not, the brother-in-law (near relation) that woman ?iear shall sleep,
enorvet
adi.
a
'
27*
APPENDIX
CHAPTER
IV.
The exclamation, Tya / or Icha / I perused in a small pamphlet by the Rev. Mr. Dowries, of the Church Missionary Society, on the customs of the Siah-posh Kafirs ; which appeared in a number of the 'Pioneer' for the month of May 1873, tne following passage ; 'in meeting, they salute each other by saying Too teascha, are you come ? (?) are you well.
CHAPTER
Pernal, the
VII.
name of a Toda. At page 349 of the Anthropological month of January 1873, it is stated on the authority
that
Colonel
Pearse,
the
chief
deity
of the
Malayalis
is
Purinall.
article
The
places of
quoted, hill-top
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