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Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP) (2003-06)

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

Printed : July, 2006

Correct citation:

Reddy, M. D., Ram Prakash, T., Sreedhar Chouhan, Sankar Reddy, K., Krishna Murthy, S. K., and Venku Naidu, M. (2006). Project report on Agricultural Research Demonstrations and Trainings under Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP), ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

Published by : Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

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Agricultural Research, Demonstration And Training In Tankfed Irrigated Areas Under Andhra Pradesh Economic Restructuring Project (APERP), India (2003-06)

M. Devender Reddy T. Ram Prakash Sreedhar Chauhan K. Sankar Reddy S. K. Krishna Murthy M. Venku Naidu

Water Technology Centre

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University

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Dr. M. Devender Reddy Director, Water Technology Centre ANGRAU Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad
Foreword

Andhra Pradesh needs a secure water future to achieve its planned economic growth, improve the livelihoods and quality of rural/urban communities and revitalize its adequate ecosystem. With the present level of withdrawal of available water at 58% , the State is considered to be water scarce zone. The net irrigated area through the tanks has decreased over years. Some of the areas of concern are, lack of knowledge of water resources by individual users, large number of tube wells making the control of withdrawal and management very difficult. Moreover, there is a high risk of over exploitation of groundwater due to continuous growth and agricultural demand To demonstrate the potential of crop and crop sequences for better water use, explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving water use efficiency and cropping intensity, adoption of improved water management techniques to crops and situations; agricultural research, demonstration and training was taken up during 2003-06 by Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University in Medak, Mahabubnagar, Kadapa, Ananthapur and Vizayanagaram Districts under APERP Project. During these three years period, the work under APERP has generated information on crop diversification, popularization of less water requiring crops under tank ayacuts. Several extension programs such as trainings, demonstrations, press releases, TV programs, Radio Programs, All India Radio Programs were organized in this project. This book is a compilation of the results of the on-farm experiments, on-farm demonstrations carried out in large areas, various outcomes suitable for different tank command areas in different districts of the state, lessons learnt in this project etc. This book will be a invaluable tool for the policy makers interested in improving the efficiency of the micro-irrigation systems, researchers to continue further research, students, farmers and Officers working in the Agricultural Extension machinery of the state. I acknowledge the financial support extended by the World bank through APERP, support given by the University to successfully implement the project for three years in five districts. Hyderabad Date : July, 2006 M. Devender Reddy Nodal Officer, APERP ANGRAU

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INDEX Chapter Executive Summary I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Introduction Benchmark Survey & Resource Characterization Action plan Execution Objective wise work-done Results of Research & Demonstration Extension activities Input, Output and Outcome of the project Achievements of the project objectives Summary and Conclusions Impact Assessment 2 4 63 51 129 199 185 220 276 228 Page No.

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, DEMONSTRATION AND TRAINING IN TANKFED IRRIGATED AREAS UNDER APERP IMPLEMENTED BY ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Agricultural Research, Demonstration and Training was taken up during 2003-04, 2004-05 and 2005-06 by ANGRAU in Medak, Mahaboobnagar, Cuddapah, Anantapur and Vizianagaram districts covering four tanks in each district with following objectives Demonstrate potential crop and crop sequences for better water use, economic returns; explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE, Cropping intensity; improved on-farm agronomic practices including cultivars, farm implements, fertilizers, pest control; adoption of improved water management techniques to crop/situation including drip/sprinkler irrigation systems and multidisciplinary training programs for promoting farmers managerial capabilities. Benchmark survey of the selected tanks was conducted. The tanks did not receive water in all the districts except Anantapur for cultivation of paddy during 2003-04 and 200405. Crop diversification, popularization of less water requiring crops like maize, cotton, soybean, castor, jowar, redgram, bajra and green manure crops were tried in place of rice. Successful cultivation of above crops in wetlands was demonstrated to farmers in the tank ayacuts of Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Kadapa and Vizianagaram districts. Dry seeding of paddy, weed control by herbicides and other packages were demonstrated in well-irrigated areas. During rabi, irrigated dry crops in place of rice were taken with available resources. Crop intensification programme was achieved with cultivation of bengalgram and sunflower succeeding to maize, soybean or rice by utilizing conjunctive use of rain, ground and surface water in adopted tank commands. In Kharif 2005-06 the tanks received water fully in Ananthapur, Kadapa,and Vizianagaram districts and 50-75% in Medak and Mahabubnagar districts. During this year one crop of rice other than ID crops were taken with tank water or bore wells. Training programmes were conducted on suitable crop choice; new crop introduction; integrated nutrient / pest management practices; irrigation methods, crop intensification techniques etc to increase the awareness of farming community on better management of tank commands. Resource Characterization and Socio-Economic Status In Mahaboobnagar, the soils under tank command are red sandy (58%), red loamy and red sandy clay (37%) soils and black soils (5.37%). Majority of the soils in selected villages are neutral and non-saline in nature and low in organic carbon and available nitrogen status. There were 22 to 57% illiterates, 12-21% having primary education and 4-43% high school education. The marginal farmers varied from 18-44%, small farmers 22-50% and large farmers 17-53 % in selected villages. The availability of institutional credit is mostly restricted to large farmers and small and marginal farmers depend on local moneylenders. In Medak, most of the soils under the tank commands are neutral to alkaline and most of the soils are being kept fallow since a decade due to partial/unfilled condition of the tanks. Benchmark survey report revealed that 68-86% of the farmers are marginal (<1 ha), 8-28% are small (1-2.5ha) and only 2-8% are large (>2.5ha). Further 38-56% of the farmers are illiterates and only 4-10% are graduates. The major source of income is from agriculture, vi

agricultural labour, livestock, hamali and beedi works. Imbalance nutrition, indiscriminate use of pesticides, over exploitation of groundwater, improper weed management, and inefficient water management is the major production constraints. In Ananthapur, most of soils are alkaline in nature with severe zinc deficiency, shallow in depth with poor fertility status. Majority of the land is being kept fallow during kharif as filling of tanks take place in October- November. Rice is predominant crop under bore wells of tank aycut areas as well as if tanks get filled. There are many medium irrigation projects through out the district, which are the major source of water for tanks. The benchmark survey conducted to assess the initial status of the farmers in four tankfed villages revealed that 33.3 to 66% of the farmers are marginal (<1ha), 20-30% farmers are small (12.5ha) and 10 to 42.9% are large (>2.5ha). Further, 20 to 51 % of the farmers are illiterates, while, graduates were 1.75 to 2.4% only. Majority of the small and marginal farmers avail the loan facility from local moneylenders, while, large farmers borrow loans from commercial banks and co-operative societies etc. In Vizianagaram, The soils in the districts are mostly red sandy and red sandy clay soils and are poor in organic carbon, available nitrogen, low in available P and low to medium in available K. The net irrigated area by canals to net sown area is 11% and through tanks it is 27 % and wells 4.8%. Majority of the farmers are illiterate and belong to backward community and farmers are mostly marginal and small they follow traditional method of cultivation by using indigenous agricultural implements. Paddy is the major crop grown under tank ayacut and groundnut and other crops grown in elevated areas. Many of the cultivators were not aware of the importance of pesticides and fungicides. Farmers still apply DAP and grow more to rice even at panicle emergence. Most of the cultivators meet the cultivation expenses from local moneylenders. In Kadapa, marginal farmers are 25.0% and small farmers 71.4% and in Gangaperuru 34.4 % are marginal farmers and 71.4 % are small farmers 32.1 % farmers. Under the tank ayacut area 78.1 % farmers in Gangaperuru and Thippanapalli was bore wells. The existing cropping pattern in Thippanapalli and Gangaperuru tankfed areas is Rice-fallow if tanks are filled during Aug Sept and Rice Cucumber are commonly under tanks supported with bore wells. Results of Research and Demonstrations Mahaboobnagar Experiments on water saving technologies in paddy; Rotational irrigation at critical crop growth stages in maize, on farm evaluation of Integrated weed management, integrated nutrient management in paddy and integrated pest management in Cotton and intercropping in maize and castor with redgram were carried in selected tank commands in 2003-04 and 2004-05. Rotational irrigation system in paddy reduced the application of irrigations (5-10) compared to continuous saturation method both in black and red soils, but with slightly decreased grain (5.96%) and straw (2.69%) yields as compared to farmers method. Maize grain yield increased by 11 and 21 per cent in black and red soils respectively with two irrigations given at critical crop growth(silking and grain filling) stages as compared to cultivation under rainfed situation. There was 22 per cent increase in paddy grain yield due to green manuring (daincha) along with recommended fertilizers. In cotton, 18-20 per cent reduction in cost of cultivation was observed with IPM. Increase in net returns (6.5 and 17.34 vii

per cent) with maize + red gram and castor + red gram inter cropping. Among different rice based cropping systems, rice followed by vegetables was more remunerative, while in case of ID based cropping systems, maize followed by vegetables recorded more returns. Medak As a result of introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton during Kharif and Bengal gram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, red gram and coriander during Rabi, the cropping intensity which was 0.51, 0.24, 0.35 and 0.37 prior to project implementation increased to 1.47, 0.83, 1.31 and 1.26 at Kukunoorpally, Bhoompally, Mangole and Khajipur respectively after Project implementation. Introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, cotton during kharif and Bengal gram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, red gram and coriander during rabi were found to be profitable. Cultivation of Maize during kharif resulted in a mean grain yield of 2.23 and 2.95t/ha during 2003 and 2004. Sunflower during rabi recorded net returns of Rs. 7826/ha. Integrated nutrient management in maize and paddy fetched an additional net income of Rs.1089 and 4828 per ha. Integrated pest management in paddy and cotton recorded additional net returns of Rs. 8757 and 15327per ha. Alternate wetting and drying in paddy (Irrigating 24 hrs after the disappearance of water) resulted in significantly at par yield with continuous flooding under different tank commands. Dry seeding in paddy resulted in good economic returns under tank commands. Several I.D crops like Bengal gram, sunflower, groundnut, red gram, coriander were successfully grown under tank commands during rabi by conjunctive use of rainfall and ground water (Residual soil moisture and water from the bore wells) thus improving the WUE and increasing cropping intensity. Ananthapur Introduction of kharif crops like sunnhemp, diancha and green gram as green manures preceding to paddy and fodder and grain sorghum crops in kharif fetch an average net returns of Rs.1462/- to 3140/- ha-1 instead of keeping land fallow. Diversification of paddy with sunflower and hybrid sorghum under irrigated dry conditions resulted average net returns of Rs. 15937/- to 26546/ha. Results of field experiments and demonstrations conducted on rice revealed that grain and straw yields were higher with application of gypsum followed by zinc sulphate. There was more reduction in yield with gypsum application. Vizianagaram Paddy is cultivated mainly during Kharif season under tankfed commands and it is beset with problems like uncertain and inadequate supply of irrigation water for crop season. Tanks are varying sizes and mostly depend on the rainfall and rarely fed by canals. Depending up on the activity of South-West monsoon, they get filled up to their capacity. Kharif rice plantation commences only after tanks are filled up and there fore they often delayed. Keeping the above said problems in view much attention was given on the crop diversification and development of suitable crop production technologies with less water, which can yield remunerative returns. Aerobic and wet seeded rice, rotational irrigational practices in transplanted rice, growing short and medium duration varieties of rice to avoid terminal moisture stress, introduction of maize under tank commands during kharif season in the upper and middle reaches were tried.

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Kadapa Sowing of bajra and greengram preceding to rice crop recorded an average seed yield of 2225kg/ha and 66 kg/ha with net returns of Rs.8100 and Rs.8413 per hectare respectively. Higher seed yield of 5868kg/ha with net returns of Rs.22843/ha and B: C ratio of 1.47 was recorded in rotational water management of paddy compared to farmers practice of submergence (5525kg/ha). Besides, 1/3rd of irrigation water was saved from this practice. Lower seed yield of 3470kg/ha was recorded in semi dry paddy whereas in wet seeded rice, normal yields (4938kg/ha) were obtained and these were on par with yield obtained with farmers practice of transplanted rice. Jowar and sunflower sown as contingent crops in October and November recorded an average seed yields of 2076kg/ha and1700kg/ha with net returns of Rs.5782 and Rs.13325/ha and B: C ratios of 0.66 and 1.27 respectively. Sunflower and French bean grown in rice fallows recorded an average seed yield of 1770kg/ha and green pods of 7041kg/ha. The remunerative cropping systems evolved under tank fed areas are Greengram /Bajra - Jowar/Sunflower, if tanks are not filled up and greengram/ green manure - rice sunflower system under tanks supported with bore well. Extension programs Mahaboobnagar Training programmes were conducted to build the capacity of farmers regarding better crop and water management practices. On and off farm discussions were held with the farmers to understand their apprehensions regarding technological inputs and to give timely suggestions regarding crop husbandry. Technical information was popularized through pamphlets through out the district. Several extension activities were conducted to popularize the technologies and dissemination of the project results. Two TV programmes were broadcast in Teja TV Rythu Mithra programme on 06-10-2004 and 14-10-2004. Interviews of the farmers of project villages were broadcast on AIR on 23-10-2004 and 29-10-2004. A press meet was also organized to popularize the project results in the entire district on 08-11-2004. A field visit for Officers of Department of agriculture was conducted on 12-10-2004. A field day was organized in Indrakal village on 28-10-2004 Medak Eight training programs, Four Farmer scientist interaction meetings and Four Farmers, Scientists and Line department interaction meetings were conducted under APERP project during 2003-04 to 2005-06 at various centers covering different topics to benefit 30-250 farmers in each training programme. Due importance was given to the cropping pattern to be adopted for effective management of water under tank command areas, with the objective to have more acreage under command area profitable crops, which require less irrigation have been identified and recommended in place of rice. Special lectures were arranged to educate farmers on cultivation aspects, efficient irrigation water management and integrated pest management for successful growing of crops under irrigated dry conditions. Six leaflets, two pamphlets and two booklets were prepared under APERP project and were distributed to farmers during the Farmers, Scientists and Line department officers meetings.

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The impact of the project can be seen from the medium to higher knowledge gained by the farmers on agricultural production technology. Higher percentage of adoption of improved technology, increase in labour employment potential, an increase in cropping intensity and productivity of crops was achieved in beneficiary villages. Ananthapur Assistant Directors of Agriculture, Mandal Agricultural officers and other line departments were trained in latest technological aspects of cultivation of rice, groundnut, ragi, jowar, bengalgram, and horticultural crops etc. Training programmes were conducted to tankfed farmers on horticultural crops, management of groundnut PSND, management of alkaline soils, System of Rice Intensification (SRI technology) in rice and package of practices for different field crops and also on animal husbandry. A one day workshop was conducted on Management of different crops under tank command area on 15th February, 2005 and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop production in tank fed areas, involving the Department of Agriculture Officers, irrigation department officials, progressive farmers, scientists of Rural Development Trust and Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Field days were also conducted to bring awareness among the farmers regarding crop diversification from paddy. Vizianagaram Farmer- Scientist interactions, several awareness trainings were conducted to create awareness among the farmers on the efficient management of the scarce resource like water to reap maximum benefits covering 671 participants 13 training programmes on the following items. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Kadapa In Kadapa district nine training programs on Alternate crops to rice, Modern production technologies for cultivation of ID crops in Tank commanad areas, Production technology on Jowar and Sunflower, Irrigated dry crop and Production technology on Sunflower and Vegetable were conducted in selected tank command areas of the district
A field day was conducted on 01-02-2005 in Puttayapalli village of Kadapa district to popularize the success achieved in APERP project

Package of practices on direct sown rice later converted to wet (aerobic rice). Management of irrigated dry crops like maize, ragi, and groundnut during kharif season. Planning of potential rabi crops and management to increase production. Efficient utilization of irrigation water available in the tanks by adopting suitable crop planning. Management of pests / diseases on several crops commonly grown in the tank command. Balanced fertilizer management to maintain soil health including INM. Water management practices in transplanted rice and irrigation schedules in I.D. crops. Mid-seasonal training programmes to correct nutritional deficiencies / disorders, forecast of pests and diseases and their management.

SCIENTISTS IN-CHARGE AT DIFFERENT CENTRES

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M. DEVENDER REDDY Director Water TechnologCentr ANGRAU, RAJENDRANAGAR T. RAM PRAKASH Scientist (Soil Science), RARS, PALEM, MAHABOOBNAGAR SREEDHAR CHAUHAN Scientist (Agronomy) RARS, JAGTIAL, KARIMNAGAR K. SANKAR REDDY Senior Scientist (Agronomy) ARS, UTUKUR, KADAPA S. K. KRISHNA MURTHY Senior Scientist (Agronomy) / M. VIJAY SANKAR BABU Scientist (Soil Science), ARS, ANANTHAPUR M. VENKU NAIDU Senior Scientist (Agronomy) ARS, SEETHAMPET, SRIKAKULAM

NODAL OFFICER

2.

Mahabubnagr District

3.

Karimnagar District

4.

Kadapa District

5. 6.

Anantapur District

7.

Vizianagaram District

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Chapter-I

Introduction

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Introduction Water is a scarce resource and an expensive input in agricultural production. Efficiency in water use becomes a critical factor in increasing agricultural production and to maintain in at a high level. It is becoming increasingly clear that with the advent of the high yielding cultivars, the next major advance in our agricultural production is expected to come through efficient soil and water management. A great deal, remains to be done in this crucial area of agricultural development through irrigation management. Tank based water management system is a whole watershed system with a tank as its central point. Historical evidence proves the mastery gained by mankind in developing rainwater-harvesting structures for irrigation and drinking water needs. The stone scriptures at Porumamilla in Cuddapah district in A.P. date back to 1302 A.D. This text provides guidelines on the need to construct such structures, and where to construct. These rainwaterharvesting structures are popularly called as `Tanks', which are small water reservoirs with earthen dams. Thus, tank irrigation is an age-old established practice in India, particularly in semi-arid zones of entire Southern India. Historically, India and especially its southern states have been following traditional methods of soil and water management through a network of more than 8 lakh tanks. Tanks are artificial lakes created out of advantageous land for rainwater harvesting and for vegetative regeneration. These tanks were variously managed largely following the principles of equity and justice in sharing these resources. Today, Andhra Pradesh has 82,500 such tanks irrigating more than 11.44lakh acres directly. Though, oldest in terms of structure and management, tank irrigation in India has fallen from a maximum of about 4.8 million ha in 1960-70, to less than 4 million ha in 197576. Out of a total 44-lakh hectares of irrigated land in Andhra Pradesh, 26 percent falls under tank irrigation. In some parts, it is 55 percent particularly in Telangana, Rayalaseema and upland areas of coastal region. There are several factors that caused this decline of tank irrigation in extent and reliability, especially in Andhra Pradesh. In the last forty years, focus, priority and investment shifted to major irrigation structures, and mega projects. Tank maintenance has been neglected. The centralized management of the Government through Irrigation Department has decimated local management structure. Some tanks under local Panchayat bodies were not rehabilitated due to inadequate management resources. Tanks were also made redundant because of environmental degradation such as deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion and siltation. In addition, changes in land use pattern particularly in the catchment zones of reservoirs, has aggravated soil erosion and subsequent siltation in tank beds. Improvement in water management on the farm is the key to increase agricultural production. Hence, ensuring irrigation at the most responsive growth stages of crops and curtailing / deferring irrigation at somewhat less responsive stage will maximize W.U.E. Attention is also needed for diversification of cropping pattern within the existing commands in view of the water availability status vis--vis water requirement of various crops envisaged to be promoted and or other relevant socio-economic considerations.

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The Need: Andhra Pradesh ranks 2nd next to Uttar Pradesh in terms of area irrigated in India. Out of 130.23 lakh ha of gross cultivated area, 57.46 lakh ha (1999-2000) is the gross irrigated area indicating larger cultivated area is dependant on annual rainfall. Tanks account for 7.19 lakh ha of the gross area irrigated and constitute an improvement component under minor irrigation system. Rice is the major crop occupying over 92 per cent of area under the situation followed by sugarcane, groundnut and other. A tank is a perfect example of a complete hydrological system in which inputs and outputs of material and energy can be readily identified. The geomorphologic conditions in semi arid upland area favored development of minor irrigation structures, particularly tank irrigation. Tank irrigation enabled the development appropriate situations, which strengthened the social fabric in management of water resources. Restoration and rehabilitation of existing irrigational tanks is vital to restore the rural economy. Evolving appropriate methodology on restoration and management can lead into a sustainable development process. Today, the advantage is that most of the areas have existing structures and as such do not demand further capital investment. In some years, the area under tanks remains uncultivated for want of irrigation water. Indirectly, non-receipt of water in tanks affects water recharge in wells under the command. As the chances of drainage problem are comparatively less under the situation, more remunerative crops in place of rice and crop preceding and succeeding rice deserve priority. Approach: In order to improve the rate of practical adoption of improved water management technology, an approach is proposed for the technology transfer for on farm adoption. The action research envisages continuous liaison and mutual adjustment between the system beneficiaries i.e farmers. In this process besides testing of the improved water management technology, a field level situation is studied thoroughly for necessary feed back and improvement of technology.
Andhra Pradesh Land and Water profile

The total Geographical area of Andhra Pradesh is 275 lakh hectares of which the area falling under waste and degraded land category is 115 lakh hectares, which constitutes 42% of the total geographical area of the state. The state receives about 24,44,000 lakh cum volume of rainfall through an average annual rainfall of 896 mm falling aver the entire area of 275 lakh hectares out of the total volume of 24,44,000 lakh cum rainfall received. 10,02,040 lakh cum (41%) is loss an evaporation and evapo - transpiration, 9,77,600 lakh cum (40%) is loss as surface run off, which 2,44,400 lakh cum (10%) is retained as soil moisture and 2,19,960 lakh cum (9%) is recharged as ground water. As the percentage of total rainfall getting loss through evaporation and evapo - transpiration (41%) and run off (40%) is substantial, the situation as resulted in nearly 42% of the geographical area of the state turning in to waste and degraded lands. Thus, while total water available from surface and ground water together is about 118.71 crores cubic meters with an area covering 177 lakh hectares representing 88% of total cultivable area can be brought under irrigation, the present irrigated area is only 55 lakh hectares which is about 33% of cultivable area.

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Project Rationale Minor Irrigation (MI) schemes occupy an important place in the irrigation sector in Andhra Pradesh. Out of the total command area of 4.034 million ha. in the state 1.2 million ha. is contributed from 12,254 MI sources which is maintained by the Minor Irrigation Department. Out of these MI sources, there are 10,525 tank schemes commanding about 1.0 millions ha, spread over 22 districts with individual command area exceeding 40 ha. In addition, there are 70,47 tanks (as in 1996) with individual command area less than 40 ha commanding over 0.6 millions ha, which are maintained by Panchayatraj Department. The performance of these tanks, most of which are non- system tanks has steadily deteriorated over the years due to several factors including the deferred maintenance. It has also been observed that marginal and small farm holdings account for about 54% of the net area irrigated by all tanks in the state. The present proposal of minimum rehabilitation of 2934 minor irrigation tanks aims at mainly stabilization of existing irrigated area and also to bridge the gap between the designed command and the present irrigation tanks where these will be cost effective, and will ensure sustainable O&M through involvement of farmers. Thus the project rationale for taking up of minimum rehabilitation work irrigation scheme is consistent with the objectives of the Irrigation rehabilitation and Maintenance component under APERP. Project Implementation The Government of Andhra Pradesh under G O Ms No. 84 / I & CAD (PW-APERP) Dept. Dated 12.6.2003 of the Secretary to Govt., of A.P., A.P., Secretariat, Hyderabad has accorded sanction to Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad for implementation of the Agricultural Research Demonstration and Training under APERP under Tankfed Irrigated area in Andhra Pradesh, initially for a period of 2 years 2003-04 & 2004-05 later extended till September 2005 again it was extended upto March 2006. Objectives of the Study: 1. Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water ruse and economic returns. 2. Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which include sprinkler and drip irrigation systems. 3. Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns. 4. To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. 5. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizer, pest control and other measures. 6. Multidisciplinary training programs for promoting farmers managerial capabilities

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Chapter-II

Benchmark Survey & Resource Characterization

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Survey of the Catchment area (Factors leading to low inflows into Tanks)

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Resource Characterization & Bench Mark Survey

Medak

Medak has an area of 9518.18 sq km with a population of 2.6 million as per 2001 census and is the 16th largest district in the state. It has 46 revenue mandals and 12 ADA (Regular) divisions, each division consists of 3 to 5 mandals and Agricultural Officer looks after mandal agricultural activities where as at Divisional level, it is the Divisional Asst. Director of Agriculture (Regular) is the in charge of the agricultural activities. Land Utilization Particulars Category 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 Total geographical 951828 951828 951828 951828 area 2 Forests 82573 96266 96266 96266 3 Barren and Un 59491 60950 54293 56141 cultivable land 4 Land put to non 65648 66755 68012 71668 agricultural uses 5 Cultivable waste 21594 22807 21536 26389 6 Permanent pastures 28193 26800 26184 26033 and other grazing lands 7 Land under 7314 7448 6775 5364 miscellaneous tree crops and groves not included in net area sown 8 Current fallows and 196364 206959 177055 161893 other fallows 80422 78809 66891 72418 9 Net area sown 410229 385114 434901 435741 10 Normal rainfall 873 mm 1 Source: Chief Planning Officer, Medak Dist. at Sangareddy Rainfall: Mean annual rainfall in the district is 873mm with 37 rainy days. Major part of the rainfall received during the southwest monsoon from July to October. Soils The predominant soil types of the district are sandy loams 55%, black clay loams 44%, and laterite soils 1%. Black clay loams are concentrated in the Asst. Director of Agriculture divisions of Gajwel, Medak, Ramayampet, Narsapur, Sadasivpet, Shankarampet and Narayankhed, where as the sandyloams are concentrated in the ADA divisions of Siddipet, Dubbak, Ramayampet, Jogipet, Sangareddy and laterite soils in the district are concentrated in Zaheerabad ADA division only. 2004-05 951828 79238 60139 71794 26804 26448 5366

178053 472225

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Water table fluctuations in Medak district S.no Village/ Location Mandal Geology Depth to Water levels in m. bgl Water table fluctuation in Jan 2006 in relation to May- Jan2005 2005 4.14 3.48 6.66 4.41 11.61 6.86

May- Jan2004 2005 1 Bhoompally Mirdoddi Granite 24.60 24.83 2 Duddeda Duddeda Granite 23.20 24.25 3 Gajwel Gajwel Granite 30.63 29.75 Source: Ground Water Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh Land Holdings

May2005 25.49 26.50 34.50

Jan2006 21.35 19.84 22.89

According to 1995-96 Agricultural census there are 4.23 lakh holdings owning over 6.58 lakh ha. About 55% of the holdings were below one hectare with a total of 1.07 lakh hectares owned by them contributing one-sixth of the total extent. The area under small, semi-medium and medium is 20.13, 24.19 and 25.6 percent. Overall the average size of holding in the district stood at 1.55 ha. Farmers category particulars Sno 1 2 3 4 5 Category Marginal Small Semi medium Medium Large Total Total Number 233587 95353 59940 28928 5878 423686 Area (ha) 107368 132467 159134 168421 90421 657813 SC Number 54031 16043 6465 1459 94 78092 Area (ha) 23155 22350 16638 7863 1300 71306 ST Number 7689 4548 2841 1087 186 16349 Area (ha) 3946 6267 7323 6127 2743 26406

Cropping Pattern Predominant crops of the district during Kharif are Paddy, maize, Greengram, Blackgram, Redgram, Castor, Sugarcane, Jowar etc., where as during rabi the major crops are Bengalgram, Groundnut, Jowar, Safflower, Castor, Sunflower, and Paddy etc. Source wise Irrigation Particulars of the District Source 1 Canals 2 Wells, Bore wells, Dig wells 3 Other sources Area (ha) 5,708 74,645 29,929 Total 1,10,282

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Major and Medium Irrigation sources Medium irrigation projects in the district have a total registered ayacut of 11058 ha, but these projects are unable to meet fully the irrigation requirements of the command area, thus resulting in increasing the fallow lands in the command areas. Major and Medium Irrigation sources: Sno Major/ Medium Name of Registered the Project
Ayacut

Actual area irrigated Actual area irrigated 2003-04 (ha) 2004-05 (ha) Kharif Rabi Kharif Rabi 5000 2000 7000 5000 612 5612 3780 -3780 ----

1 2

Medium Medium Total

Ghanpur Nallvagu

(ha) 8650 2408 11058

Minor Irrigation sources In total there are 564 notified tanks (IB) and 5374 un-notified tanks (Panchayatraj) in Medak district. The total command area of the tanks is 90874.08 ha. The highest number of notified tanks is present in Hathnoora mandal (30), followed by Kowdipally (28). Medak mandal has got the highest area under tank commands (4465.89 ha) followed by Jinnaram (4352.54 ha). Haldi vagu project of Hakimpet mandal has got the largest command area of 1160 ha followed by Ganga Katva canal of Sadasivpet mandal with command area of 600 ha. Mandal wise details of the Tankfed area in Medak district S.no Mandal Name I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total II 13 14 15 16 Siddipet Division Siddipet Chinnakodoor Nagnoor Dubbak Mirdoddi Kondapak Doulthabad Gajwel Mulugu Jagdevpur Vergal Toopran Medak Division Medak Papannapet Shankarampet (A) Tekmal Major (Area in ha) 1252.0 582.532 677.148 1904.636 1609.028 1823.38 1444.924 1159.44 504.688 752.444 823.728 1186.02 13719.97 2730.74 581.232 865.388 733.144 -8Minor (Area in ha) 1321.724 922.316 972.86 1373.528 1193.228 1671.408 1350.052 1130.652 863.412 962.912 869.464 1241.26 13872.82 1735.156 1087.896 708.076 1168.912 Total (Area in ha) 2573.724 1504.848 1650.008 3278.164 2802.256 3494.788 2794.976 2290.104 1368.10 1715.356 1693.192 2427.28 27592.8 4465.896 1669.128 1573.464 1902.056

17 Ramayampet 18 Chegunta 19 Shankerampet (R) 20 Yeldurthy 21 Kulcharam 22 Narsapur 23 Shivampet 24 Jinnaram 25 Hathnoora 26 Kowdipally Total III Sangareddy Division 27 Manoor 28 Kangti 29 Kalher 30 Narayankhed 31 Regode 32 Alladurg 33 Andole 34 Raikode 35 Jharasangam 36 Zahirabad 37 Kohir 38 Pulkal 39 Sadasivpet 40 Kondapur 41 Sangareddy 42 Patancheru 43 Ramchandrapuram 44 Munipally 45 Nyalkal Total Grand Total Number of tanks Particulars

1948.052 1331.528 1863.068 2847.48 938.04 1656.188 1334.108 1335.36 2561.976 2121.14 22847.44 143.6 1113.388 757.324 540.172 536.808 866.184 1086.468 567.6 1061.696 411.816 527.6 904.588 1345.628 1328.068 1081.68 1369.396 158.88 0 0 13,800.9 50,368.32 564

1099.5 1287.076 1142.152 1215.7 838.212 936.364 1500.772 3017.18 1501.08 1416.652 18654.73 -15.616 574.512 1092.86 371.256 534.52 994.952 94.092 61.308 143.74 207.332 1100.128 455.34 326.516 631.692 1148.068 118.548 83.708 24.032 7,978.22 40,505.76 5,374 No. of tanks

3047.552 2618.604 3005.22 4063.18 1776.252 2592.552 2834.88 4352.54 4063.056 3537.796 41502.2 143.6 1129.004 1331.836 1633.032 908.064 1400.704 2081.42 661.692 1123.004 555.556 734.932 2004.716 1800.968 1654.584 1713.372 2517.464 277.428 83.708 24.032 21,779.12 90,874.08 5,938 Acreage (hectares) 14,237.76 9,908.48 16,359.52 50,368.32 90,874.08

Tanks with < 10 hectares ayacut 4,077 Tanks with 10-20 hectares ayacut 704 Tanks with 20-40 hectares ayacut 593 Tanks with > 40 hectares ayacut 564 Total 5,938 Source: Office of the Executive Engineer (I & CAD), Siddipet Office of the Executive Engineer (I & CAD), Sangareddy Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Siddipet Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Medak Office of the Executive Engineer (PR), Sangareddy

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Situation of tanks and tankfed agriculture: A survey was conducted in Medak district during April-May 2005 on the status of irrigated tanks by randomly selecting (Two from low rainfall areas of Mirdoddi mandal, five from high rainfall areas of Sangareddy mandal and thirteen from medium rainfall areas of Kondapak mandal). The salient features of the survey revealed that the average size of land holding in the tank commands is 0.75 ha. The soil types are 62, 25 and 13% black, red and problem soils respectively. About 55% of the tanks are not filled since 1995, 25% of the tanks are filled only once and 20% of the tanks filled twice or more than twice since 1995.There are 39 bore wells per tank of which only 17 are working. Most of the tanks have become defunct and farmers of the command area neglected the tanks canal system, which resulted in total destruction of field channels. Tanks are infested with perennial weeds like Ipomea, Prosophis and the tanks are not de-silted. Lack of high intensity rains (Which generate runoff) is the main reason for poor filling of the tanks. In addition to this, watershed works taken up in upper catchments, cultivation in catchments and burial of feeder channels also resulting in reduced inflows into the tanks. The farmers are not taking up ID crops under tank commands even though the farmers have realized (Seen in last decade) irregular inflows in to the tanks. They prefer to wait for rains and filling of the tank. This characteristic situation led to the low productivity of tank commands. Paddy or Paddy based cropping systems are mostly adopted systems in tank commands. Cultivation of ID crops / Vegetables is meager. Benchmark survey of the selected villages A study was made on the Resource characteristics of four tanks Kalakalamma cheruvu of Kukunoorpally village, Kondapak mandal and Pedda cheruvu of Bhoompally village, Mirdoddi mandal during July 2003 and Doddi cheruvu of Mangole village, Kondapak mandal and Pedda cheruvu of Khajipur village, Mirddodi mandal during the year June 2004. Bench Mark Survey was undertaken mainly to study the socio-economic conditions of the farmers, existing cropping pattern under the tanks and identify the various constraints and possibilities of achieving the projects major objective. A total number of 200 sample farmers (50 under each tank) were purposefully selected, majority of which are marginal (43-60%). The four selected tanks are more than 100 years old with primary source of water being rainfall and excess / out flows from the above reaches, how ever a critical analysis of tankfed area data reveals that the four tanks were fully filled only once (1996) in the past decennial period. i) Characterization of soil and water Black soils (50-87%) and red chalka soils are predominant in tank commands besides problem soils. The characteristics of soil and water are presented in table. ii) Socio-economic characterization Land holdings, educational status, social status, and agricultural machinery and livestock possession details collected through benchmark survey presented in table. - 10 -

Characteristics of the selected tanks Name of the village Name of the Tank Area of the tank Ayacut under the tank Kukunoorpally Kondapak Mandal Kalkalamma cheru 56.8 ha 41.27 ha (As per I&CAD records) 41.72 ha (As per revenue records) 167 the 0.244 ha Bhoompally Mirdoddi Mandal Pedda cheru 67.6 ha 170.4 (As per I&CAD records) 168.8 (As per revenue records) 500 0.336 Mangole Kondapak Mandal Doddi cheruvu 16.0 ha 62.444 ha Khajipur Mirdoddi Mandal Pedda cheruvu 61.6 ha 97.636 ha

Number of farmers Average size of holding Source of Water

200 0.312 ha

285 0.216 ha

Lakhadaram Medinipur Kondapoor Kazipoor Reddy cheruvu Bhoompalli Kodavelli Kalakalamma Cheruvu vagu Laxmi cheruvu Dharma Reddy cheruvu Kodakandla vagu Kudavelli vagu. More than 100 years Filled once in 1996-97

Mathpally forest Katta Kondapoor Kazipoor Kalva Bhoompalli Kudavelli DoddiCheruvuNalla vagu CheruvuOora Cheruvu (Thipparam)Etigadda Kistapur Kudlair Vagu More than 100 years 100% Filled in 1996-97 10-30% Filling each year. More than 100 years Filled once in 1996-97

Historical background of More than 100 years the tank 100% Filled in 1996-97 Number of times filled 10-30% Filling each year.

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Soil and water characteristics under selected tank commands Name of the Tank Type of soils Kalkalamma cheru Red chalka soils 10% Black soils 87% Problematic soils 3% (Saline) Depth (15 Cm) Range 5.9-7.7 (Slightly acidic Slightly Alkaline) 0.09-0.59 (Normal) Nitrogen Low to High Low to High Medium to High Pedda cheru Red chalka soils 35% Black soils 55% Problematic soils 10% (Saline) Range 7.3 8.6 to (Neutral to Alkaline) 0.20-0.36 (Normal) Low to High Low High Doddi Cheruvu Red chalka soils 40 % Black soils 55 % Problematic soils 5% (Saline) Range 7.0-8.3 (Neutral to Alkaline) 0.37-0.50 (Normal) Low to High Low High Peddaa Cheruvu Red chalka soils 35% Black soils 55% Problematic soils 10% (Saline) Range 7.0 8.3 (Neutral to Alkaline) 0.21-0.34 (Normal) Low to High Low to High High

Soil Parameters PH

EC (dSm-1) Available (Kg/ha)

P2O5 (Kg/ha) K2O (Kg/ha)

Irrigation Water Characteristics PH 6.4 -7.1 6.7-7.4 6.5-7.2 6.6- 7.4

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Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the selected villages Particulars Land holdings (%) Kukunoorpally 60 33.3 6.7 18 20 7 5 26 12 7 5 100 10 15 3 15 55 570 215 240 -Nil4 60 700 960 Bhumpally 43.3 38.7 17.9 28 11 9 2 12 30 8 -100 62 2 31 620 126 137 1 6 11 830 1050 Mangole 57.3 24.9 17.8 25 19 11 -10 29 11 100 6 21 1 6 8 450 35 20 4 3 50 200 650 Khajipur 52.5 17.4 30.1 18 16 14 2 18 16 14 2 100 34 6 22 350 58 26 -Nil5 18 645 NA

Marginal Small Large Educational Illiterates Status Primary Education Secondary education Graduation / PG Social Status OC BC SC ST Buildings Own House (%) Cattle sheds (No.) Bore wells (No.) Open wells (No.) Agricultural Tractors Machinery Bullock carts (In the entire Country ploughs Village) Gorru Guntaka Power tillers Maize shellers Livestock Cows (In the entire Buffaloes Village) Draft animals

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iii) Cropping pattern adopted in the tankfed areas: a) If tank is filled (August-September) Kukunoorpall Bhoompally y soils- Rice-fallow Rice-fallow Rice-fallow Rice-Rice Rice-Sugarcane Mangole Ricefallow Ricefallow Rice-Rice Khajipur Rice-fallow Rice-fallow Rice-Rice

Rainfed-Red Tank Rainfed-Black soils- Rice-fallow Tank Rainfed-Red/Black Rice-Rice soils-Tank supported by bore-wells

b) If tank is un-filled / partially filled Kukunoorpall y Fallow-fallow (5-10%) Fallow-castor (2-3%) Bhoompally Fallow-fallow (30-40%) Fallow-castor (2%) Maize-fallow (<1%) Mangole Khajipur Fallow-fallow (20-30%) Fallow-castor (5-10%) Maize-fallow (1-3%) Fallow-fallow (40-45%) Fallow-Bengalgram (5%) Maize-fallow (2-3%) Maize-Bengalgram (2-3%) --

Rainfed-Red soils

Rainfed-Black Fallow-fallow (45-50%) soils FallowBengalgram (5-10%) Cotton-fallow (1%) Rainfed-Red soilssupported by bore-wells Rainfed-Black soilssupported by bore-wells Rice-fallow (1-2%) Cotton-fallow (<1%) Rice-Rice (10%) Rice-fallow (20%) Cotton-fallow (1%)

Fallow-fallow (30-35%) Fallow-castor (1-2%) Maize+ Redgram (<1%) Cowpea-fallow (<1%) Fallow-fallow Fallow-fallow (40-50%) (40-45%) FallowFallowBengalgram (1%) Bengalgram (1Maize-fallow 2%) (1%) Cotton-fallow Maize-Bengalgram (2-3%) (1%) Rice-fallow Rice-fallow (1-2%) (3-5%) Rice-fallow Rice-Groundnut (1-2%) (1-2%) Rice-Rice (1%) Rice-fallow (5-10%) Sugarcane (3%) Rice-Rice (3-5%) Rice-fallow (5-10%) Cotton-fallow (12%)

Rice-Rice (1%) Rice-fallow (5-10%) Sugarcane (2%)

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iv)

Production Constrains:

Maize: Dry spells Imbalanced fertilization Micro nutrient deficiency (Zinc) Weed infestation Use of F2 seed Paddy: Dry spells Non-availability of sufficient water for supplemental irrigation Poor Nursery management Transplanting over aged seedlings Transplanting more seedlings per hill Imbalanced fertilization Micro nutrient deficiencies (Zinc) Weed infestation Pest and disease attack in Nursery and Main field. Cotton: Dry spells In-discriminate use of pesticides (High doses, Mixing of 2-4 pesticides, Improper time of spray, Spraying even when the pest is below threshold level etc., leading to high Cost of Cultivation Bengalgram: Imbalanced fertilization Pest attack (Pod borer) Low Seed rate Castor: Dry spells Imbalanced fertilization Weed infestation In-discriminate use of pesticides

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v) Credit and Market facilities: Availability of Institutional credit (Manjeera Grameena Bank) is mostly restricted to large farmers. Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on local moneylenders (1836%) and Traders (fertilizer and pesticide dealers) for input expenses in all the selected villages. The farmers of Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages sell paddy at AMC, Siddipet, and to the local traders. Cotton, pulses, oilseeds are sold to the local traders and maize at Sub market yard Kukunoorpally. The farmers of Bhoompally and Khazipur villages sell paddy, pulses and oilseeds to the local traders, and maize at sub market yard Dubbaka.

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B) MAHABOOBNAGAR DISTRICT Climate of the district Climate of the district is semi arid with frequent occurrence of drought. Four distinct seasons occur in the district. They are Southwest monsoon (June-September), Northeast monsoon (October-December), Winter (January February) and Summer (March-May). Average annual rainfall of the district is 604 mm. South West monsoon is the major contributor (75%) to the total rainfall in the district. North East monsoon and summer showers contribute 20% and 5% respectively, to the total rainfall. Rainfall during July, August and September months, which coincide with the active cropping season, is very critical for survival of the crops as it contribute 62% to the total rainfall. Generally on-set of the South West monsoon occurs during the first fortnight of June. Late on-set of monsoon has become a common phenomenon during the past five years. Irrigation Particulars of The District Net area under irrigation and gross area under irrigation in the district is decreasing over years. Area irrigated more than once has also shown decreasing trend from 1998-99 to 2002-03. Similar trend is evident in case of the area irrigated by canals, tanks, other wells and other sources of irrigation. This decreasing trend is more prominent in case of tanks and open wells. However, area irrigated by tube wells and filter points is increasing at alarming rate. This trend is an indicator of over exploitation of ground water for irrigation purposes.
SOURCE WISE AREA IRRIGATED PARTICULARS OF MAHABOOBNAGAR DISTRICT (Net Area-Area in Acres)

Sl no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Source of irrigation Canals Tanks Tube wells & filter points Other wells Other sources Net area irrigated Gross area irrigated Area irrigated more than once

1998-99 33957 55870 205072 128161 15667 438728 559362 120634

1999-00 36038 8300 235896 95160 13020 388414 495698 107283

2000-01 43322 46740 262124 99438 12701 464325 579721 115396

2001-02 41668 18291 243801 85296 15224 404279 516326 112047

2002-03 27614 2381 247131 59254 11797 348174 440532 92358

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Major And Medium Irrigation Sources 2002 03 (ha) Major and medium irrigation projects in the district have a total registered ayacut of 80,862.22 ha, but these projects are unable to meet irrigation requirements of even one third of the command area. This is resulting in increasing fallow lands in the command areas. Tail end areas of the command areas rarely receive water even if the water is released in to the canals. Major and medium irrigation sources 2002 03 (ha) Sl. N o. 1 1 Major/ Mediu m 2 Major Name of the Project 3 Priya Darshni Jurala Project Rajoli Banda Diversion Scheme Sarala Sagar Project Koil Sagar Project Registere d Ayacut 4 40157.48 34448.82 1647.63 4606.29 80860.22 Actual area irrigated 2001-2002 2002-2003 Net Gross Net Gross 5 6 7 8 17716.5 23748.82 17716. 31496.0 4 54 6 8399.61 8399.61 4698.8 4698.82 2 0 1377.95 27494.0 9 0 1377.95 33526.38 0 0 22415. 35 0 0 36194.8 8

2 3

Medium Medium Total

Source: 1. S.E., P.J.P., Circle, Gadwal 2. E.E., I& CAD, Mahabubnagar, Wanparthy & RDS., LOC Division, Uppal Camp. Minor irrigation sources of the district In total, 668 PWD tanks and 5,374 Panchayat Raj tanks are present in Mahaboobnagar district. These tanks have total command area of 2,48,195 acres (97714.56 ha). Highest number of notified tanks (24) is present in Ghanpur mandal and these tanks have a command area of 6,193 acres. Lowest number of tanks (3) is present in Malddakal mandal with a command area of 393 acres. Largest command area under tanks is present under Addakal mandal (8232 acres) Followed by Ghanpoor mandal (7560 acres) and Kollapur mandal (7350 acres). Tanks notified PWD (Tanks with command area greater than 100 acres) are not present in Manopad, Waddepally and Alampoor mandals which fal under the command area of Jurala irrigation project. In case of PWD tanks, highest command area (2323.38 acres) under a single tank is present under Shankara samudram tank located Kanaipally village in Kothakota mandal. Gandi cheruvu in Lattupally village of Bijinaplly mandal has the lowest command area of 100.0 acres in the entire district.

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Crop Wise Irrigated Area In Mahaboobnagar District Paddy followed by groundnut is the main crop that is grown with irrigation (87% of the total irrigated crop area) during both kharif and rabi seasons owing to their high water requirement. Groundnut and paddy received 66% and 21 % of total irrigation potential, respectively. Chillies, Groundnut, onion and tomato are being cultivated under assured irrigated conditions during both the seasons. Jowar, ragi and castor are essentially grown as rainfed crops during kharif in the district. Maize, ragi and castor receive supplementary irrigations when Cultivated during rabi Soils of the Mahaboobnagar District In Mahaboobnagar district Red sandy soils (Dubbas) occupy 57.49% of the total cropped area. Where as the Red earths (Chalka) cover 37.20% and black soils occur in 5.30% of the total cropped area. The red soils have very low clay content consequently the water holding capacity of the soils is less. Most of the soils are low in their organic carbon content and poor in their fertility status. Low fertility status of the soils, low rainfall, poor adoption modern agricultural technologies by resource poor farmers have made the agriculture in the district a disaster. Situation of tanks and tank fed agriculture in Mahaboobnagar Out of the total 668 tanks notified by PWD tanks less than only 10 per cent of the tanks receive water every year. Even in those tanks that receive water, water is generally not sufficient for irrigating the crops. In most of the cases as the tanks have become defunct, farmers of the command area have neglected the tanks canal system resulting in total burial of field channels with debris and weeds. Even in tanks also several weeds like Ipomoea, Prosophis are growing and tanks are not desilted. Lack of sufficient rains is the main reason for this poor status of the tanks besides watershed works taken up in the upper catchment areas of the tanks are also resulting in reduced inflows in to tanks. Recurrent droughts leave the soils profiles in parched state and this results generation of low run off from the catchment areas. Generally the tank fed agriculture in the district presents a grim picture. Very few tanks in the district get water every season. In the survey conducted, it was revealed that majority of tanks are not getting sufficient water for irrigation even once in five years. Command areas under tank are kept fallow especially during rabi season. Practice of paddy cultivation, which was in vogue when the tanks used to get sufficient water, is being abandoned gradually. Farmers are realizing the impact of irregular in-flows in to tanks and the area, which was previously under paddy, is being diverted to ID crops.

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Crops and cropping systems in tank fed areas Paddy is the major crop cultivated in the tank commands. Rice-Rice, Rice- fallow cropping systems were the most popular cropping systems under the tank fed area. Currently, Irrigated Dry crops are replacing the paddy crop in the commands. Maize appears to be best alternative crop to the paddy followed cotton. Low cost of cultivation, low pest and disease incidence and high yield potential under moderately good management and climatic conditions are the major factors that are making maize popular not only in the tank commands but also in chalka soils. Even though the costs of cultivation are higher for cotton, higher returns are encouraging the farmers to take the risk. Under late onset of monsoon conditions or when the farmers cannot transplant the paddy nurseries due to scanty rains, sunflower is being grown in the tank commands. Traditional crops like castor and sorghum occupy very small areas in the tank commands. The farmers are also cultivating commercial crops like chillies, sunflower. Bengal gram, sunflower, safflower in black soils; groundnut and sunflower in red soils or light soils are being cultivated mainly during the rabi season. Farmers who can provide supplementary irrigation either with bore wells or open wells generally cultivate paddy during both kharif and rabi seasons. Practise of cultivating the summer paddy in small pockets with the available ground water and keeping the fields fallow during kharif is also in vogue under some tanks. Cropping systems that are gaining popularity in the tank commands of Mahaboobnagar district are Maize fallow Maize- sunflower Maize Groundnut Cotton- fallow Cotton- vegetables In corollary it can be understood that, a) Conjunctive use of Tank water and Ground water is not common in the tank fed areas. b) Farmers who have good ground water irrigation potential generally cultivate Paddy during kharif and rabi seasons. c) Farmers who can provide some supplementary irrigation cultivate commercial crops such as cotton and chilli. d) Groundnut, Maize, Castor, sunflower and sorghum are being cultivated rainfed crops during Kharif and as ID crops during rabi. e) Intercropping of cereals-pulses / Oil seeds - pulses is a common practice.

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DETAILS OF THE SELECTED TANKS Characterization of soils and water of the selected tank commands a) Vattem Name of the tank : Ragupathi cheruvu Area of the tank : 24 ac Command area : 120 ac Ayacutdars : 70 Water in tank : unfilled since 8 to 10 year Source of filling : Rainfall Soils of command area : Black soils Existing Cropping pattern : Rice Rice Rice-Fallow b) Lattupally Name of the tank : Gandi cheruvu Area of the tank : 16 ac Command area : 100 ac Ayacutdars : 47 Water in tank : unfilled since 6 to 7 year Source of filling : Rainfall Soils of the command area : Red and mixed Existing Cropping pattern : Rice Rice
Rice-Fallow

c) Indrakal Name of the tank: Command area Number of farmers command area Soils of command area Source of filling Filling History Traditional cropping pattern D. Maddigatla Name of the tank Command area of the tank No. of farmers in the command area Soils of the command area Source of filling Soils of the command area History of filling Traditional crops

: : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Nagula cheruvu 136 ac 50 Red soils Rain water Not filled in past 15 years Rice-fallow Rice-rice Maddikan cheru 336 acres 73 Black & Mixed soils Rain water Black & Mixed Not filled in the past 15 years Paddy

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Characterisation of Soil And Water Resources of the Selected Tanks

In vattem village, pH of the soil samples varied from 7.0 to 8.2 (7.82), where as in Lattupally, it ranges from 6.5 to 7.8 (7.26). Electrolyte Conductivity of the soils in Vattem ranges from 0.12 to 1.1 ds /m (0.562) and in Lattupally varied from 0.06 to 0.8 d s / m (0.352). Organic carbon status of 79.2% soils in vattem was low in and 20.8% soils were medium, where as in Lattupally, 84.5% soils were low and 14.5% soils were medium in their organic carbon status. In case of available nitrogen status of soil, most of the soils in Vattem (90.1%) were low and remaining was medium (9.9%). Majority of the soils were medium in their available P status which can be attributed to the continuous application od DAP AND 20-20-0 fertilizers and the remaining soils were low in their available P status. In case of available potassium, the 78.7% soils were found to be having high in available K and remaining soils were (21.3%) medium in vattem village. Where as in Lattupally also, 72.9% soils were high in avail. Potassium and remaining were medium Irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed for PH, EC and RSC. In vattem, most of the water samples exhibited pH of 6.5 to 7.8(7.02). Where as in Lattupally, PH ranges from 6.3 to 6.9 (6.92). In case of Electrical Conductivity, in Vattem, it ranged from 0.04 to 0.15 ds/m (0.062). In case of Lattupally, EC varied from 0.09 - 0.3 dsm-1 (0.121). In case of RSC, Vattem water samples ranged from 1.3 to 1.6(1.45) me/l where as in Lattupally, RSC values ranged from 0.9 to 1.5 me/l (1.02) which indicate the non salinity of irrigation water Soil and water characteristics of the tank command areas Soil Parameter Vattem Lattupally PH 7.0-8.2 (7.82) 6.5-8.2 (7.26) EC (d s /m) 0.12-1.1 0.06-0.8 (0.562) (0.352) Organic Carbon status 79.2% low 84.5% Low 20.8 % Medium 14.5% Medium Avail. Nitrogen status 90.1% Low 100% low 9.9 % Medium Available P status 34.2% Low 29.8% low 65.8% Medium 70.2 % Medium Available K status 21.3 % Medium 26.1 % Medium 78.7 % High 73.9 % High Irrigation Water Characterization PH 6.5-7.8 (7.02) 6.3-6.9 (6.92) EC (d s / m) 0.04-0.15 (0.062) 0.09-0.3 (0.14) RSC (me / l) 1.3-1.6 (1.45) 0.9-1.5 (1.02) In Indrakal village, pH of the soil samples varied from 7.4 to 8.1 (7.83), where as in Maddigatla, it ranges from 6.5 to 7.8 (7.4). Electrolyte Conductivity of the soils in Indrakal ranges from 0.19 to 0.84 ds /m (0.46) and in Maddigatla varied from 0.10 to 1.2 d s / m (0.83). Organic carbon status of 67.4% soils in Indrakal was low and 32.6% soils 22

were medium, where as in Maddigatla, 58.3% soils were low and 41.7% soils were medium in their organic carbon status. In case of available nitrogen status of soil, most of the soils in Indrakal (83.3%) were low and remaining soils were medium (16.7%). Majority of the soils were low in their available P status and the remaining soils were medium in their available P status. In case of available potassium, the 50.6% soils were found to be having high in available K and remaining soils were (49.6%) medium in Indrakal village. Where as in Maddigatla also, 42.3% soils were high in available potassium and remaining were medium. Irrigation water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, EC and RSC. In Indrakal, most of the water samples exhibited pH of 6.8 to 7.6(7.23) where as in Maddigatla, pH ranges from7.2to 8.0(7.45). In case of Electrical Conductivity, in Indrakal, it ranged from 0.08 to 0.19 ds/m (0.11). In case of Maddigatla, EC varied from 0.04 - 0.14 dsm-1 (0.07). In case of RSC, Indrakal water samples ranged from 1.1 to 1.9(1.21) me/l where as in Maddigatla, RSC values ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 me/l (1.5), which indicate the non-salinity of irrigation water. Soil and Water Characteristics of the tank command areas Soil Parameter PH EC (d s /m) Organic Carbon status Indrakal 7.4-8.1 (7.83) 0.19-0.84 (0.46) 67.4% low 33.6% Medium Avail. Nitrogen status 83.3% Low 16.7% Medium Available P status 54.7% Low 45.3% Medium Available K status 49.4% Medium 50.6% High Irrigation Water Characterization PH 6.8-7.6 (7.23) EC (d s / m) 0.08-0.19 (0.11) RSC (me / l) 1.1-1.9 (1.21) Maddigatla 6.9-7.8 (7.4) 0.10-1.2 (0.83) 58.3% Low 41.7% Medium 74.2%Low 25.8%medium 61.6% low 38.4% Medium 57.7% Medium 42.3% High 7.2-8.0 (7.45) 0.09-0.3 (0.07 1.4-1.8 (1.02)

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BENCH MARK SURVEY OF VATTEM VILLAGE Social and educational status of the farmers Vattem tank command area is 120 acres. Seventy-one farmers cultivate the entire command area. But these farmers belong to 36 families (Undivided). Of these farmers 66 percent (24 farmers) are other caste farmers, 11 (30.6%) farmers belong to backward communities and two farmers belong to Scheduled castes. Among the farmers of Vattem village 38 % are illiterates, 18 % have completed primary education, 6% completed secondary education, and 32 % completed high school education. Graduates constitute 6% of the total farmers. Land holding particulars Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 25.1 %, 22.2 % of the farmers are small farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 52.7 % of the total farmers of the command area. Besides the land holding in the command area of the tank all the farmers own dry land ranging from 0.4 ha to 12 ha. Family and asset particulars Average family size is 4.94 members of whom men constitute 51.2% and women constitute 48.8%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. 62% of large farmers own cattle shed and machinery sheds. In the entire command area nine bore wells and three open wells are present. All the open wells have dried up. All the bore wells are in working condition but the well yield depend on the season and availability of water in the tank. Seven farmers (19.5%) own tractors and 12 farmers own pump sets (33.3). All the farmers own small agricultural implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and levelers. (70 %) of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 18 farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 12 farmers (33.3%). 61.1% of the total farmers guntakas and 70% of the farmers (25 farmers) own gorru. 20 farmers have their own sprayers (55.5%).

24

Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Vattem tank command farmers S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Educational status Social status Land holdings Buildings Agricultural machinery Vattem Illierates - 38% Primary education - 18% Secondary education- 6% High school - 32% Graduates - 6% Other Castes 66% BCs - 30.6% SCs - 3.4% Marginal farmers- 25.1% Small farmers - 22.2% Large farmers - 52.70% Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 33.3% Bore wells - 25% Open wells - 8.5% Tractors -19.5% Wooden ploughs-70% Bullock carts-33.3% Gorru-70% Buffloes-72.2% Draft animals-58.3% Pump-sets 33.33% Iron Ploughs-50% Guntukas-61.1% Sprayer 55 % Cows-27.7% Sheep-13.8%

Livestock

Live stock 72.2 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 27.7 % farmers (10) have their own cows. 21 farmers (58.3%) farmers have their own draft animals. 22.2% of the farmers have calves and 13.8% of farmers have sheep. Cropping pattern Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under the tanks for paddy cultivation. 26 farmers (72.2 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands for paddy during the kharif season. 27.7% farmers cultivate ID crops if the rains are insufficient for for cultivation of paddy. 30.5 % farmers cultivate paddy during the rabi season also even in small patches. These farmers own either bore wells or open wells. Only 6 farmers cultivate paddy during the summer season. Costs of production Paddy: The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer. Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 12875 to Rs 12954 for paddy. Seeds contributed 10.5% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and ploughs contributed 23.4% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting contributed 48.5% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 10.6% and 7 %, respectively.

25

Maize: Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 8150 to Rs 8251. In case of large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively lesser compared to small and marginal farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 11.5 % to the total cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and intercultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 34.4 %, labour expenses from sowing to harvesting contributed 30.7% to the total costs. Fertilizers and pesticides contributed 23.4 % to the total costs. In case of small and marginal farmers relatively higher cost cultivation can be attributed to lack usage of agricultural machinery. However family labour involved reduced the total cost of cultivation. Sorghum: In case of sorghum red gram intercropping the cost of cultivation ranged between Rs 4625 and Rs 4850/ ha. Average cost of cultivation was Rs 4700/ ha. In case castorredgram intercropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs 9182.5/ ha to Rs 9555 /ha Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the total cost of cultivation was similsr to that of maize crop. Costs of production of important crops (Vattem village) Crops Rice Maize red gram Castor red gram Sorghum red gram Cotton Marginal (<1 ha) Costs 12875 + 8150 + 9200 + 4625 13125 Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha) Average Returns 27983 21223 14125 9500 35340

Returns Costs 28750 12975 20525 8205 14050 9150 32800

Returns Costs 27595 13012 20525 8400 9555 4850 16580

Returns Costs 27605 12954 22620 8251 14575 10200 38620 9314 4700 14742

9187.5 13750 4625 14520 9150 34600

Cotton: In case of cotton crop, differences in cost of cultivation were much wider among the small, marginal farmers and large farmers. In case of small farmers the cost of cultivation is Rs13125/ ha where as for the large farmers the costs escalate to Rs15500 / ha to Rs 17800/ha. Indicriminate appliacation of peticide is much wide spread among the large farmers compared to the small and marginal farmers. Contribution of pesticides towards the total cost of cultivation varied between 32 % to 38 % for the large farmers where as for the small farmers these costs contributed 25 to 33%. Seeds contribution to the total cost was less than 7 %. Hiring charges for the implements contributed 16-18% among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution 13% to the total cost did not vary much with the social strata of the farmers. Labour wages from sowing to picking of cotton contributed around 20 % of the total costs. 26

Income Income from the agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the farmers, especially small and marginal farmers. Some Marginal farmers (42%) work as farm labour or construction workers when there is no enough work to meet the family expenses. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers belonging to the scheduled castes community. These farmers are earning between Rs 5000-12000 per annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging between Rs 12000- Rs20000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. But farmers are forced to sell away their cattle due to lack of sufficient fodder especially during the summer season. Few farmers of the command area act as small time contractors during lean season. Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged Rs 12000 and above one lakh. 36.11 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 25000/ annum and 63.89 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per annum. Farmers are spending 5.55% to 60 % of their total income on education of their children. Family expenses ranged between 36% & 89% of the total income. Share of family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers. Where as the expenditure towards other expenses and farm development is higher in case of large farmers. Availability of institutional credit facility is mostly restricted to the large farmers. Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide dealers for input expenses. Farmers in Vattem village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla market yard, which is 25 km away from the village. In the opinion of farmers existing rice based cropping systems are gradually becoming non-remunerative due to insufficient rainfall, frequent breaks in the monsoon, tanks not receiving water to provide supplementary irrigations. But cultivating the paddy crop will provide food grains for family consumption as well fodder to the animals. If sufficient rainfall is received they will cultivate paddy because the soils in the command areas will be waterlogged and ID crops cannot survive under such conditions. If they cultivate ID crops they receive at least some income instead waiting for paddy crop. Commercial crops based cropping systems can be practiced in the tank commands instead wasting received rainfall. Cotton, maize appear suitable alternative to the paddy

27

BENCH MARK SURVEY OF LATTUPALLY VILLAGE Social and educational status of the farmers Lattupally tank command area is 100 acres. Twenty-six farmers cultivate the entire command area. Of these 26 farmers 27 percent (7 farmers) are other caste farmers, 4 (15.4%) farmers belong to backward communities and 15 (57.6 %) farmers belong to Scheduled tribes. Among the farmers of Lattupally village 57.6 % are illiterates, 11.6 % have completed primary education, and 27% completed secondary, 3.8 % completed high school education. Land holding particulars Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 30.7 %, 50.1% of the farmers are small farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 19.2 % of the total farmers of the command area. Family particulars Average family size is 4.55 members of whom men constitute 50.8% and women constitute 49.2%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. In the entire command area five bore wells and three open wells are present. All the open wells have dried up. All the bore wells are in working condition but the well yield depend on the season and availability of water in the tank. Seven farmers (26.9%) own tractors and 11 farmers own pump sets (42.3). All the farmers own small agricultural implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and levelers. 61.5 % of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 15 farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 10 farmers (38.4%). 53.8% of the total farmers own guntakas and 57.7% of the farmers (15 farmers) own gorru.. 10 farmers have their own sprayers (38.4%). Live stock 60 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 38.4 % farmers (10) have their own cows. 13 farmers (50 %) farmers have their own draft animals. 20% of the farmers have calves and 19.8% of farmers have sheep. Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the lattupally farmers S.No Parameter Lattupally 1 Educational status Illierates - 57.3% Primary education - 11.6% Secondary education- 27% High school - 3.8% Social status Other Castes 27% BCs 15.4% STs - 57.6% Land holdings Marginal farmers- 30.7% Small farmers - 50.1% Large farmers - 19.2% Buildings Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 40% Bore wells -19.2% Open wells - 11.5% 28

Agricultural machinery

Livestock Cropping pattern

Tractors -26.9% Wooden ploughs-61.5% Bullock carts-38.4% Gorru-57.7% Buffloes-76.9% Draft animals-54.5%

Pump-sets 42.3% Iron Ploughs-57.6% Guntukas-53.3% Sprayer 38.4 % Cows-27% Sheep-30.8%

Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under the tanks for paddy cultivation. 16 farmers (61.53 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands for paddy during the kharif season. 38.46% farmers cultivate ID crops if the rains are insufficient for cultivation of paddy. 27 % farmers who own bore wells or open wells cultivate paddy during the rabi season also even in small patches. Only 4 farmers (15.38 %) cultivate paddy during the summer season. Costs of production of important crops (Lattupally village) Crops Rice Maize red gram Castor red gram Sorghum red gram Cotton Paddy: The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer. Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 11600 to Rs 13012 for paddy. Seeds contributed 11.0% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and ploughs contributed 25.0% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting contributed 44.5% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 10.6% and 8.9 %, respectively. Maize: Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 7920 to Rs 8400. In case of large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively lesser compared to small and marginal farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 12.1 % to the total 29 Marginal (<1 ha) Costs Returns 11600 22550 + 7920 21425 + 9010 + 4825 12525 15025 9230 28620 Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha) Average Costs 12075 8215 8925 4825 13160 Returns Costs 21995 13012 21625 8400 14210 9230 29620 8625 4750 12850 Returns Costs 23105 12229 23640 8178 14575 9680 30260 8853 4800 12845 Returns 22233 22230 14603 9380 29500

cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and intercultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 36.4 %, labour expenses from sowing to harvesting contributed 26.8% to the total costs. Fertilizers and pesticides contributed 24.7 % to the total costs. In case of sorghum red gram inter cropping the cost of cultivation ranged between Rs 4750 and Rs 4825/ ha. Average cost of cultivation was Rs 4800/ ha. In case castorredgram inter cropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs 8625/ ha to Rs 9010 /ha Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the total cost of cultivation was similar to that of maize crop. Cotton In case of marginal farmers the cost of cultivation is Rs12525/ ha where as for the small farmers the cost of cultivation is Rs.13160 /ha and large farmers the costs are Rs.12850/ha Contribution of pesticides towards the total cost of cultivation varied between 30-32 %. Seeds contribution to the total cost was less than 7 %. Hiring charges for the implements contributed 16-18% among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution 18% to the total cost did not vary much with the social strata of the farmers. Labour wages from sowing to picking of cotton contributed around 26 % of the total costs. Income Agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the farmers, especially small and marginal farmers. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers belonging to the scheduled tribe community. These farmers are earning between Rs 5000-10000 per annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging between Rs 8000- Rs12000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs 12000 and above one lakh. 45.55 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 25000/ annum and 55.45 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per annum.Farmers are spending 10.9 % to 45 % of their total income on education of their children. Family expenses ranged between 45 to 80% of the total income. Share of family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers. Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide dealers for input expenses and the large farmers mostly utilize institutional credit facility. Farmers in Lattupally village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla market yard, which is 38 km away from the village. Farmers of Lattupally village opine that, even though they understand the importance of ID crops food grain requirements of the family and fodder requirements of cattle force them to cultivate paddy even in small areas with the available scanty irrigation water. Cropping systems including commercial crops like sunflower, groundnut, cotton and maize are highly suitable to the tank commands.

30

BENCH MARK SURVEY OF INDRAKAL VILLAGE Social and educational status of the farmers Indrakal tank command area is 136 acres. Fifty farmers cultivate the entire command area. Of these farmers 52 percent (26 farmers) are other caste farmers, 21 (42%) farmers belong to backward communities and three farmers belong to Scheduled castes. Among the farmers of Indrakal village 26 % are illiterates, 12 % have completed primary education, 40% completed secondary education and 20 % completed high school education. Graduates constitute 2% of the total farmers. Land holding particulars Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 18 %, 30 % of the farmers are small farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers (>2.5 ha) constitute 52 % of the total farmers of the command area. Besides the land holding in the command area of the tank all the farmers own dry land ranging from 0.2 ha to 6ha. Family and asset particulars Average family size is 3.94 members of whom men constitute 50.7% and women constitute 49.3%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. 44% of large farmers own cattle shed and machinery sheds. In the entire command area 12 bore wells and 5 open wells are present. All the open wells have dried up. All the bore wells are in working condition but the well yield depend on the season and availability of water in the tank. Four farmers (8%) own tractors and 17 farmers own pump sets (34%). All the farmers own small agricultural implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and levelers. (66 %)of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 24 farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 16 farmers (32%). 82% of the total farmers have guntakas and 66% of the farmers (33 farmers) own gorru. Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Indrakal tank command farmers S.No 1 Parameter Educational status Social status Land holdings Buildings Agricultural Indrakal Illiterates - 26% Primary education - 12% Secondary education - 40% High school - 20% Graduates -2% Other Castes 52% BCs 42% SCs - 6% Marginal farmers-18% Small farmers - 30% Large farmers - 52% Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 44% Bore wells - 24% Open wells - 10% Tractors -8% Pump-sets 34% 31

machinery Livestock Live stock

Wooden ploughs-66% Bullock carts-32% Gorru-66% Buffloes-88% Draft animals-80%

Iron Ploughs-24% Guntukas-82% Sprayer 96 % Cows-34% Sheep-22%

88 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 34 % farmers (17) have their own cows. 40 farmers (80%) have their own draft animals. 18% of the farmers have calves and 22% of farmers have sheep. Cropping pattern Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under the tanks for paddy cultivation. 30 farmers (72.2 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands for paddy during the kharif season. 30 % farmers cultivate paddy during the rabi season also even in small patches. These farmers own either bore wells or open wells. Only 4 farmers cultivate paddy during the summer season. Costs of production Paddy: The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer. Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 13538 to Rs 15463 for paddy. Seeds contributed 12.9% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and ploughs contributed 26% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting contributed 35.7% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 14.5% and 10.9 %, respectively. Maize: Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 6564 to Rs 7250. In case of large farmers the cost of cultivation was relatively higher compared to small and marginal farmers. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 11.5 % to the total cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and inter-cultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 33.3 %, labour expenses from sowing to harvesting contributed 31.8% to the total costs. Fertilizers and pesticides contributed 23.4 % to the total costs. In case castor- redgram intercropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs 6175 to Rs7275 /ha. Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the total cost of cultivation was similar to that of maize crop. 32

Costs of production of important crops (Indrakal village) Crops Rice Maize red gram Castor red gram Cotton Cotton: In case of cotton crop, differences in cost of cultivation were much wider among the small, marginal farmers and large farmers. In case of small farmers the cost of cultivation is Rs10500/ ha. Indiscriminate application of pesticides is much wide spread among the large farmers compared to the small and marginal farmers. Contribution of pesticides towards the total cost of cultivation varied between 33 % & 36 % for the large farmers where as for the small farmers these costs contributed 25 to 32%. Seeds contribution to the total cost was 15 %. Hiring charges for the implements contributed 16-18% among various farmers. Fertilizer contribution 13% to the total cost did not vary much with the social strata of the farmers. Labour wages from sowing to picking of cotton contributed around 20 % of the total costs. Income Income from the agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the farmers, especially small and marginal farmers. Some Marginal farmers (40%) work as farm labour or construction workers when there is no enough work to meet the family expenses. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers belonging to the scheduled castes community. These farmers are earning between Rs 6000-12000 per annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging between Rs 10000- Rs16000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. But farmers are forced to sell away their cattle due to lack of sufficient fodder especially during the summer season. Few farmers of the command area act as small time contractors during lean season. Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs 10000 and above one lakh. 14 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 30,000/ annum and 86 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 25000 per annum. Farmers are spending6% to35 % their total income on education of their children. Family expenses ranged between 30% & 75% of the total income. Share of family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers. Where as the expenditure towards other expenses and farm development is higher in case of large farmers. 33 Marginal (<1 ha) Costs Returns 13538 29750 + 6564 18750 + 6175 9525 11360 28125 Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha) Average Costs 14213 6780 6625 10500 Returns Costs 29590 15463 1960 7250 12060 29250 7275 11725 Returns Costs 30605 14405 20825 6865 12800 30150 6692 10583 Returns 29982 19725 12073 29175

Availability of institutional credit facility is mostly restricted to the large farmers. Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide dealers for input expenses. Farmers in Indrakal village mostly sell their farm produce in the Nagarkurnool market yard, which is 10 km away from the village. In the opinion of farmers existing rice based cropping systems are gradually becoming non-remunerative due to insufficient rainfall, frequent breaks in the monsoon, tanks not receiving water to provide supplementary irrigations. But cultivating the paddy crop will provide food grains for family consumption as well fodder to the animals.. Commercial crops based cropping systems can be practiced in the tank commands instead wasting received rainfall. Cotton, maize appear suitable alternative to the paddy BENCH MARK SURVEY OF MADDIGATLA VILLAGE Social and educational status of the farmers Maddigatla tank command area is 332 acres. Seventy-three farmers cultivate the entire command area. Of these 73 farmers 72.6 percent (53 farmers) are other caste famers, 14 (19.2%) farmers belong to backward communities and 6 (8.2 %) farmers belong to Scheduled tribes. Among the farmers of Maddigatla village 21.9 % are illiterates, 20.5 % have completed primary education, 15.1% completed secondary, 42.5% completed high school education. Land holding particulars Marginal farmers (<1 ha) constitute 43.8 %, 39.7% of the farmers are small farmers (1-2.5 ha) and large farmers ( >2.5 ha) constitute 16.5 % of the total farmers of the command area. Family particulars Average family size is 4 members of whom men constitute 50.1% and women constitute 49.9%. All the farmers in the command area own a house. In the entire command area twenty-five bore wells and ten open wells are present. All the open wells have dried up. All the bore wells are in working condition but the well yield depend on the season and availability of water in the tank. 28 farmers own pump sets (38.3). All the farmers own small agricultural implements like Sickles, spades, crowbars, axes and levelers..58.9 % of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 45 farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 30 farmers (41%). 64.4% of the total farmers own guntakas and 63% of the farmers (46 farmers) own gorru.. 34 farmers have their own sprayers (46.6%). 34

Live stock 27.41 % of the farmers have buffaloes and 38.4 % farmers (16) have their own cows. 48 farmers (65.7 %) farmers have their own draft animals. 20% of the farmers have calves and 20.5% of farmers have sheep. Socio-economic status and asset particulars of the Maddigatla farmers S.No Parameter 1 Educational status Social status Land holdings Buildings Agricultural machinery Livestock Cropping pattern Popular cropping systems that are practiced in the command area are rice based cropping systems. Rice- fallow, rice-rice cropping systems are the commonly practiced cropping systems. Farmers cultivate ID crops in their dry lands and keep the lands under the tanks for paddy cultivation. 40 farmers (54.8 %) cultivate paddy or keep their lands for paddy during the kharif season. 45.2% farmers cultivate ID crops if the rains are insufficient for cultivation of paddy. 30 % farmers who own bore wells or open wells cultivate paddy during the rabi season also even in small patches. Only 12 farmers (16.43 %) cultivate paddy during the summer season. Costs of production of important crops (Maddigatla village) Crops Marginal (<1 ha) Small (1-2.5 ha) Large (>2.5 ha) Rice Maize red gram Castor red gram Costs 13900 + 6575 + 6125 Returns Costs 29550 14250 18600 6850 11050 6525 Returns Costs 30250 14975 18850 7260 11300 7100 Average Returns 30453 18867 11187 Maddigatla Illierates - 21.9% Primary education - 20.5% Secondary education- 15.1% High school - 42.5% Other Castes 72.6% BCs 19.2% STs - 8.2% Marginal farmers- 43.8% Small farmers - 39.7% Large farmers - 16.5% Own House - 100% Cattle sheds - 46.6% Bore wells -34.2% Open wells - 13.6% Tractors -0% Pump-sets 38.3% Wooden ploughs-58.9% Iron Ploughs-61.6% Bullock carts-41% Guntukas-64.4% Gorru-63% Sprayer 46.6 % Buffloes-27.4% Cows-21.9% Draft animals-65.7% Sheep-20.5%

Returns Costs 31560 14375 19150 6895 11210 6583

35

Paddy: The total cost of cultivation did not vary much with the social status of the farmer. Cost of cultivation varied from Rs 13900 to Rs 14975 for paddy. Seeds contributed 12.0% to the total cost of cultivation. Where as hiring the implements such as tractor and ploughs contributed 16.7% to the total, labour wages from sowing to harvesting contributed 4.6% and remaining expenditure was incurred towards purchase of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides which contributed 14.5% and 10.8 %, respectively. Maize: Cost of cultivation for maize crop ranged between Rs 6575to Rs 7260. Expenditure incurred towards purchase of seeds contributed 12.1 % to the total cost. Tractor for preparatory cultivation and transport of the farm produce and intercultivation implements and threshing implements contributed 34.5 %, labour expenses from sowing to harvesting contributed 27.6% to the total costs. Fertilizers and pesticides contributed 25.8 % to the total costs. In case castor- redgram inter cropping the cost of cultivation varied between Rs 6125/ ha & Rs 7100 /ha Contribution of inputs, labour wages, machinery hiring towards the total cost of cultivation was similar to that of maize crop. Income Agriculture is main source of livelihood for majority of the farmers, especially small and marginal farmers. Sheep farming is another source of income for the farmers belonging to the scheduled tribe community. These farmers are earning between Rs 4000-9000 per annum depending on the size of flock. Dairy is providing in come ranging between Rs2000- Rs8000 to the farmers who posses milch cattle. Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged between Rs 8000 and above one lakh. 31.55 % of the farmers have a total income less than Rs 20000/ annum and 68.45 % of farmers have total in come higher than Rs 20000 per annum. Farmers are spending 9 % to 45 % of their total income on education of their children. Family expenses ranged between 35% & 75% of the total income. Share of family expenditure is higher in case of small and marginal farmers. Small and marginal farmers depend mostly on the local moneylenders or pesticide dealers for input expenses and the large farmers mostly utilize institutional credit facility. Farmers in Maddigatla village mostly sell their farm produce in the Jadcherla market yard, which is 25 km away from the village. Farmers of Maddigatla village opinion that, even though they understand the importance of ID crops food grain requirements of the family and fodder requirements of cattle force them to cultivate paddy even in small areas with the available scanty irrigation water. Cropping systems including commercial crops like maize and castor are highly suitable to the tank commands. 36

Constraints for crop production in tankfed areas The misapprehension as well as rational outlook about the various crop management practices has come to scrutiny during our investigation about farmers traditional way of cultivation. Farmers were well aware about impact of different dates of sowing, climatic calamities and land preparation for various crops, but lack of knowledge on new mode of agriculture such as entrepreneurial farming and integrated approach for farm problems. The capital poor farmer with less risk bearing ability is unable to invest money on modern crop management strategies in general and plant protection in particular. Due to small land holdings, practices such as such crop rotation, diversification of crops etc are being unfeasible. Due to lack of community approach crop protection measures are not long lasting as the inoculums spread from neighbouring field. Farm operations are not being carried out in time due to labour shortage. Lack of own seed for further use and dependence on unauthorised sources for seed. Lack of storage facilities. Higher cost of cultivation due to wastages of inputs. Mono cropping with over emphasis on rice. Lack of value addition to products. Over exploitation of ground water resources. Inadequate supply of water from tank. Salinity, alkalinity in the command area. Water logging in low-lying areas and seepage in below tank area. Poor water management and very low irrigation efficiency.

Technological Constraints Seeds from un-authorized sources, untreated with plant protection chemicals Use seedlings raised in somewhere without knowing even varieties. Lack of knowledge on chemical weed control Improper timing and imbalanced fertilizer application Lack of awareness regarding critical stages of crop growth. Unawareness about micronutrient deficiencies Indiscriminate application of pesticides without either knowledge on proper pesticides or ETL of pests Excessive use of Pyrethroids / single pesticides Lack of awareness about bio-fertilizers, bio pesticides and integrated approach for nutrient, pest and weed management

37

Constraints in Paddy Cultivation Transplanting of over aged seedlings. Late Planting Imbalanced Fertilization Low Organic manure application. Zinc Deficiency High Cost of Cultivation due to wastages of inputs Improper Water Management Moisture stress during critical stages Repeated application of pesticides either Monocrotophos or Quinolphos Labour intensive manual weeding

Awareness of Farmers Field preparation requirements for various crops Seasonal influence on crops and pest occurrence Awareness about organic matter addition Timely weeding Intercropping as insurance against crop failure Knowledge on varieties especially on leading hybrids of commercial crops Advantages of intercultural operations Use of agricultural machinery

38

C) Anantapur district
The bench mark survey conducted to assess the initial status of the farmers in four tankfed villages of tankfed area under APERP in Anantapur district revealed that 33.3% to 66% of the farmers are marginal (<1ha), 20%-30% farmers are small (1-2.5ha) and 10% to 42.9% are large (>2.5ha). In educational status 20 to 51 % of the farmers are illiterates, while, graduates were 1.75 to 2.4% only. Majority of the small and marginal farmers avail the loan facility from local moneylenders, while, large farmers borrow loans from commercial banks and co-operative societies etc. When water is available in the tank or bore wells in tankfed area farmers prefer to cultivate paddy during kharif season. The farmer opined that providing technical know how through field demonstrations and trainings largely enhance the productivity of the crops grown by them. Benchmark survey is an important tool conducted prior to implementation of the any project. It reveals the initial status of the farmers. It guides how to plan the project based on the constraints and how to combat the bottlenecks during project implementation. Hence the survey was taken up with the objectives of knowing the constraints of the crop production, social status of the farmers, and economic condition of the farmers, existing crops and cropping patterns in 4 villages of tankfed irrigation of Anantapur. A survey has been conducted prior to implementation of the project entitled Agricultural Research, Demonstrations and Training under APERP under Tankfed irrigated areas in A.P in four tankfed villages of Anantapur district viz., Pamurai, Pullalarevu, Rangampeta and Madigubba tank aycut. In Pamurai tank out of 80 farmers 65 members were surveyed, in Pullalarevu tank 45 members were surveyed out of 50 members, where as in Rangampeta and Madigubba 30 and 50 farmers were surveyed out of 50 and 120 farmers respectively. Data was collected on educational status (i.e., primary, secondary, high school, college), social status (open category, back ward cast and schedule cast and tribe), landing holdings (i.e, marginal (<1ha) small (1-2.5ha) and big farmers (>2.5 ha), fixed assets owned by the farmers, live stock status of the farmers. In addition to this data on crops and cropping pattern which they were practicing, cost of cultivation and net returns of the crops, annual income of the farmers, availability of the credit to the farmers, marketing facility and opinion of the farmers on existing cropping systems were collected from the farmers. a) Social and educational status of the farmers The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 1. Pamurai tank command area is 90 acres, which is being cultivated by 80 farmers. Out of 65 farmers surveyed, 69% are other caste farmers, 28% farmers belong to backward community and 3.0% belong to schedule tribe community. Among these 62% are illiterates, 14% have completed primary education, 21% have completed secondary education. 12.3% have completed high school education and 1.75% has graduate level education. Pullalarevu tank command area is 130 acres, which is being cultivated by 50 farmers. Out of 50 farmers surveyed, 76.2% are other caste farmers and 23.8% farmers belong to backward community. Among the farmers 42.9% are illiterates, 33.3% have 39

completed primary education, 7.1% have completed secondary education. 9.5% have completed high school education and 2.4% have graduate level education Rangampeta tank command area is 90 acres, which is being cultivated by 50 farmers. Survey covered for socio-economic status of the farmers in command area is 30 farmers. Of these, 33.3% farmers are other caste farmers. 50% farmers belong to backward communities and 16.6% farmers are scheduled castes. Among the farmers of Rangampeta village 60% have primary education, 20% are illiterates, and 20% farmers have secondary school education. Madigubba tank command area is 350 acres, which is being cultivated by 120 farmers. Survey covered for socio-economic status of the farmers in command area is 50 farmers. Of these, 60% farmers are other caste farmers, 30% farmers belong to backward communities and 10% farmers are scheduled castes. Among the farmers of Madigubba village 58% have primary education, 30% farmers are illiterates and 12% have secondary school education. Educational and Social status of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages Parameter (%) Social status Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta Madigubba

Other castes BCs SCs Illiterates Primary education Secondary education High school Graduates

69 28 3 51 14 21 12.3 1.75

76.2 23.8 --42.9 33.3 7.1 9.5 2.4

33.3 50 16.6 20 60 20 -------

36 40 24 30 58 12 -------

Educational status

b. Land holding and family particulars: The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 2. Among the farmers of Pamurai, marginal farmers (< 1 ha) constitute 46.6%, 29.8% of the farmers are small (1 2.5 ha) and 22.8% of the farmers are big (> 2.5 ha). Besides the land holding in the tank command area, farmers have own dry lands. Average family size is 4.8 members. Among them men constitute 57% and women constitute 43%. Among the farmers of Pullalarevu, marginal farmers constitute 33.3%, 23.8% of the farmers are small and 42.9% of the farmers are big. Besides the land holding in the tank command area, farmers have own dry lands. Average family size is 4.3 members. Among them men constitute 54% and women constitute 46%. Among the farmers of Rangampeta, marginal farmers constitute 66.6%, 20% of the farmers are small and big farmers constitute 13.3% of the total farmers of the 40

command area surveyed. Average family size is 3.5 members of whom men constitute 52% and women constitute 48%. Among the farmers of Madigubba, marginal farmers constitute 60%, 30% of the farmers are small and big farmers constitute 10% of the total farmers of the command area surveyed. Average family size is 4 members of whom men constitute 53.7% and women constitute 46.3%. Land holdings particulars of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages of Anantapur district S.No. Items % of farmers Marginal farmers Small farmers Big farmers Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta Madigubba

1. 2. 3.

47 30 23

33.3 23.8 42.9

66.6 20 13.3

60 30 10

c. Status of the fixed assets The details of the assets owned by farmers of four villages are presented. All the farmers surveyed in the tank command area of Pamurai have own houses. Among the ayacut farmers, 38.6% have own cattle sheds, 29.8% of the farmers own bore wells in the tank ayacut. Only one farmer has opened well in the ayacut area. All the bore wells are in working condition. All the farmers in the command area of Pullalarevu have own buildings. Among the ayacut farmers, 59.5% have own cattle sheds, 45.2% of the farmers have own borewells in the tank aycut. Only one farmer has opened well in the aycut area. 50% of the borewells are in working condition.21.4% of the farmers has farmhouses and 4.8% of them have machinery sheds. All the farmers surveyed in the tank command area of Rangampeta have own houses. In entire command area 20 bore wells and 5 open wells are present. All the bore wells are in working condition but the open well yield depends on the season and availability of water in the tank. All the farmers in the command area of Madigubba have own houses. In entire command area 35 bore wells and 15 open wells are present. All the bore wells are in working condition but the open well yield depends on the season and availability of water in the tank Fixed assets of the farmers of the of four tankfed villages Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta % of farmers Own house Cattle sheds Bore wells Open wells 100 39 30 2 100 60 45 5 41 100 62 67 10 100 60 60 10 Madigubba

d. Agricultural machinery and livestock status of the farmers The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 4. Almost all the farmers in the all the tank command area of Pamurai, Pullalarevu, Rangampeta and Madigubba own small agricultural implements like sickles, spades, crow bars and axes. In Pamurai tank aycut, 30% of the farmers have own pump sets, 57.9% of the farmers have wooden ploughs. Only 3.5% of the farmers have iron ploughs, bullock carts are owned by 28.1% of the farmers, 70.2% of the farmers have blade harrows, 54.4% of the farmers have bullock drawn seed drills, 14% of the farmers own sprayers and 5.3% of the farmers have levelers. Among the livestock, 42.1% of the farmers have buffaloes and 10.5% farmers have cows. 36.8% of the farmers have their own bullocks, 12.3% farmers have sheep and 15.8% have poultry. In Pullalarevu tank aycut area, 9.5% of the farmers have tractors, 42.9% of the farmers have own pump sets, and 61.9% of the farmers have wooden ploughs. Only 14.3% of the farmers have iron ploughs, bullock carts are owned by 64.3% of the farmers, 90.5% of the farmers have blade harrows, 80.9% of the farmers have bullock drawn seed drills, and 38.1% of the farmers have sprayers and 4.8% of the farmers have levelers. In Rangampeta tank aycut area, 66.6% of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 16.6% of the farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by 22 farmers 60% of the total farmers own blade harrows and 73.3% of the farmers own bullock drawn seed drills. 30% farmers have their own sprayers. 73.3% of the farmers have buffaloes and 26.6% farmers have their own cows. 73.3% farmers have their own draft animals. 30% of farmers have sheep. In Madigubba tank aycut area, 64% of the farmers own wooden ploughs. 24% of the farmers own iron ploughs. Bullock carts are owned by (76%) of the farmers. 84% of the total farmers own blade harrows and 80% of the farmers own bullock drawn seed drills. 40% farmers have their own sprayers. 84% of the farmers have buffaloes and 12% farmers have their own cows. 42% of the farmers have their own draft animals. 16% of farmers have sheep. Agricultural machinery and livestock status of the farmers Parameter Items Pamurai Pullalarevu Rangampeta Madigubba % of farmers Agricultural Tractors machinery Pumpsets Wooden ploughs Iron ploughs Bullock carts Guntaka Gorru Sprayer Levelers Livestock Buffaloes Cows Draft animals Sheep --30 58 3.5 28 70 54.4 14 5.3 42 1.5 37 12.3 9.5 42.9 61.9 14.3 64.3 90.5 80.9 38.1 4.8 52.4 21.4 62 --42 6.6 66.6 66.6 16.6 60 60 73.3 40 73.3 26.6 73.3 30 --20 66.6 64.6 24.6 70 84 80 40 84 12 42 16 ---

Cropping pattern Rice based cropping system is practiced in all the four tank command areas of Anantapur district. If tanks filled during August September, fallow rice fallow is followed. Rice-rice-fallow under borewells in tank ayacut is the commonly practiced cropping system. Farmers in the district have drylands in which groundnut is the predominant under rainfed situation. Especially in tank ayacut farmers go for paddy if tanks are filled. Even under borewells in tank command area, farmers grow paddy in both the seasons and keep the land fallow during summer. Cost of cultivation and net returns a. Paddy The details in this respect of all the four villages are presented in table 5. The cost of cultivation for paddy did not vary much among the farmers (i.e., marginal, small and large farmers) of tank command area. Cost of cultivation for paddy ranged between Rs. 5705/- to Rs. 8280/- in case of marginal farmers, Rs. 5300/- to Rs. 8065/-, in case of small farmers and Rs. 5700/- to Rs. 7710/- in case of big farmers. Net returns in paddy ranged between Rs. 10855/- to Rs. 16860/- acre in case of marginal farmers, Rs. 9735/- to Rs. 14870/- and Rs. 9955/- to Rs. 16005/- in case of small and big farmers respectively. b. Groundnut The cost of cultivation for groundnut did not vary much among different categories of the farmers. It is ranged between Rs. 3675/- to Rs. 4995/- with average net returns of Rs. 7860/- in case of marginal farmers; Rs. 3465/- to Rs.5350/- with an average net returns of Rs. 5343/- in case of small farmers and Rs. 3628/- to Rs. 6040/- with an average net returns of Rs. 7855/- in case of large farmers. These costs and net returns of groundnut are under rainfed conditions. It is purely depends on rainfall of particular year. c. Sunflower The cost of cultivation for sunflower ranged between Rs. 4300/- to Rs. 5875/with average net returns of Rs. 7863/acre. Cost of cultivation and net returns of the different crops under tankfed area of Anantapur district Crop Marginal farmers Small farmers Big farmers Cost of Net returns Cost of Net returns Cost of Net cultivation (Rs./acre) cultivation (Rs./acre) cultivation returns (Rs./acre) (Rs./acre) (Rs./acre) (Rs./acre) Paddy Groundnut Sunflower 5705-8280 3675-4995 4300-5875 43 10855-16860 5300-8065 7860 3465-5350 9735-14870 5343 7863 5700-7710 995516005 3628-6040 7855

Cost of cultivation (Rs./acre)

Net returns (Rs./acre)

Annual income and credit facility Income from agriculture and livestock is main source of livelihood to the farmers of all the 4 villages. Some of the farmers work as agriculture labour and other contract works during lean season to meet the family expenses. Some of the farmers in the tank aycut are working as contract labour in nearby factories during lean season and also have small business shop in the near by town. Annual income of the farmer from all sources ranged between Rs. 21740/- to Rs.264597/- at Pamurai tank aycut. Annual income of the farmer from all sources ranged between Rs. 34654/- to Rs. 35240/- at Pullalarevu tank aycut. Total income of the farmers from all the sources ranged from Rs. 15000/- to Rs. 75000/- per annum at Rangampeta tank aycut. Total income of the farmers from all the sources of income ranged from Rs. 10000/- to Rs. 80000/- per annum at Madigubba tank aycut. Availability of credit facility from Co-Operative and commercial banks is mostly to large farmers. Small and marginal farmers have credit from local moneylenders. Some farmers have credit facility from more than two sources i.e., commercial banks, local moneylenders, pesticide dealers and Co-Operative societies. Similar trend of credit facility is being noticed in the rest of the 3 villages. Opinion of the farmers Farmers are of the opinion that the existing cropping pattern is not remunerative as soils in the tank aycut are alkaline in nature. Further, in spite of this, they are cultivating paddy crop since it is a staple food and also giving fodder to their livestock. From the benchmark survey conducted in 4 villages, the results indicated that tanks are get filled occasionally and the rest of the time land is kept fallow. Paddy is predominant crop under tankfed and bore wells in tank aycut area. Smallholdings are main problem in tank command area. Majority of the farmers still depends on moneylenders for the finance both for agricultural and family expenses. Hence, the experiments and demonstrations are planned to solve these problems. General characteristics of soils under tank command areas Alkaline nature of the soils Severe Zn deficiency Shallow depth of the soil with poor fertility status Soil depth is up to 20-25 cm in light black soils In clay loam and sandy loam soils up to 45 cm soil depth. In top layers (0 15 cm) 8.2 10.0 pH Lower layers 8.1 9.9 pH EC top layers 0.103 to 1.791 dSm-1 Lower layer EC 0.142 to 1.256 dSm-1 Soils are low in nitrogen (88 239 kg/ha available nitrogen) The available phosphorus and potassium are medium to high

44

Physicochemical characteristics of soils of tankfed villages i) Pamurai tank Characters Depth (cm) 0 15 Range PH EC (dSm-1) Available nitrogen (kg/ha) P2O5 (kg/ha) K2O (kg/ha) 8.1 9.6 0.235 2.41 110 169 10 96 122 592 Mean 8.7 0.900 136 25 289 15 30 Range 8.2 10.1 0.234 2.42 73 218 10 83 141- 567 Mean 8.9 1.02 130 26 268

At Pamurai, soils are light black in colour and PH ranged between 8.1-9.6 in surface soil and 8.2 10.1in subsurface and EC ranged between 0.235 2.41 in surface soil and 0.234 2.42 in sub surface soil which falls under category of alkaline soils based on EC and PH classification. Available nitrogen is low in both the layer of the soil. Whereas, available P and K are medium to high in both surface and sub surface layers. ii) Rangampeta tank Characters Depth (cm) 0 15 Range PH EC (dSm-1) P2O5 (kg/ha) K2O (kg/ha) 8.2 9.9 0.103 1.791 3.3 48.8 58 618 Mean 8.9 0.624 12.0 309 15 30 Range 8.1 9.9 0.118-1.256 3.3 48.8 37 593 Mean 9.1 0.609 11.8 260

At Rangampeta, soils are shallow in depth, light black sandy soils. P H and EC ranged between 8.2 & 9.9 and 0.103 & 1.791 in surface layer and 8.1 9.9 and 0.118 1.256 in sub surface layer respectively.

45

iii) Pullalarevu and Madigubba tanks Characters Pullalarevu tank PH EC (dSm-1) Madigubba tank PH EC (dSm-1) 7.92 8.8 0.169 0.744 7.6 8.5 0.176 0.680 8.0 9.0 0.186-0.708 7.8 8.9 0.190-0.720 Depth (cm) 0 15 Range

15 30 Range

In Pullalarevu tank, pH of the soils ranged between 7.9 & 8.8 at surface level (0 15 cm), where as in sub surface level (15 30 cm) it ranged between 8.0 & 9.0. Electrical conductivity of the soils at surface level ranged between 0.169 & 0.744, whereas at sub surface level it ranged between 0.186 & 0.708. In Madigubba tank, pH of the soil samples ranged between 7.6 & 8.5 at surface level whereas in sub surface level samples it ranged between 7.8 & 8.9. In case of electrical conductivity of the soils at surface level ranged between 0.176 to 0.680, where as at sub surface level it ranged between 0.190 & 0.720.

46

D) KADAPA Benchmark survey of selected villages of kadapa

Two tanks were selected under APERP at Thippanapalli of Badvel Mandal and Gangaperuru of Vontimitta Mandal. Benchmark survey was conducted and data was collected according to the proforma of Benchmark survey of tank fed areas to suggest better alternative crop strategies. Thippanapalli Mandal Location Geographical Area Gross cropped area Net sown area Small farmers Marginal farmers Soils Gangaperuru Mandal Location Geographical Area Gross cropped area Net sown area Small farmers Marginal farmers Others Soils : : : : : : : : : Vontimitta 3kms away from penna river 720.26hectares 565.4ha 409.4ha 60 (168.4ha) 307 (484ha) 6 (50ha) Red clay loams : : : : : : : : Badvel Westren side of Badvel to Cuddapah main Road 613 hectares 355 ha 237 ha 148 (185ha) 119 (52ha) Red clay loams

Tank particulars: Two tanks were selected at Thippanapalli and Gangaperuru of Badvel and Vontimitta Mandals respectively. Data pertaining to the tanks were furnished here under. 1. THIPPANAPALLI TANK: Area of tank : History of the tank : 91.25 acres From 1990- 3 times-Full rd 4 times-1/3 filled 6 times-half filled Rain water Only 75% filled during the year 40.6 acres 47

Source of filling No.of times filled Ayyucut area

: : :

Crops grown in tank Soils of tank command area Soil PH EC Organic carbon Available P Available K 2. GANGAPERUR TANK Area of tank History of the tank Source of filling No. of times filled Ayyucut area Crops grown in tank Soils of tank command area Soil PH EC Organic carbon Available P Available K Irrigation facilities:

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Rice, Sesamum, cotton Red and Red clay loam 7.7 8.3 0.35-0.90 m. mhos/cm Low Low High 116.5 acres From 1990- only 4 times filled Rain water Only 20% filled during the year 95 acres Rice, Cucumber, Sesamum sandy clay loams 7.9-8.1 0.32-0.57 m. mhos/cm Low Low High

Source of irrigation is mainly through bore wells; tanks and tanks supported with bore wells. At Gangaperuru, twenty-five bore wells were noticed in tank ayacut covering an area of 93.5acres and at Thippanapalli nine bore wells were identified covering an area of 25.5acres. Soil Problems: A total of 48 soil samples from the two tank fed areas were analyzed at Soil testing laboratory, Kadapa. Soil analysis data indicates that the soils are red and red sandy clay loams, Soil PH ranges from 7.7-8.3. Soils are slightly saline in nature. Soils of the tank fed areas were low in organic carbon content, available P and high in available K. Use of organic manures: Very few farmers are applying the organic manures like FYM, Compost etc. But most of the farmers were aware of the use of concentrated organic manures like Castor and Neem cakes. Even though the soils were poor in organic carbon content. So there is a need to encourage the farmers to raise the green manure and green leaf manure crops in tank fed areas.

48

Land holdings: The farmers of the both the villages are small and marginal. The details of the no.of small and marginal farmers and the extent of land holding particulars are furnished here under. THIPPANAPALLI: Sl.No. Farm holdings 1 2 Small farmers Marginal Total Number of farmers 148 119 Extent of holding in hectares 185 52 237 Extent of holding in hectares 168.4 484.0 50.0 702.4

GANGAPERURU: Sl.No. Farm holdings 1 2 3 Total Small farmers Marginal Others

Number of farmers 60 307 6

Households particulars: Most of the farmers of two villages are small and marginal. The farmers are mostly illiterate and their main occupation is agriculture. Agricultural Machinery: Most of the farmers are using traditional implements. In two villages one or two farmershaving the tractor and tractor drawn implements. Few farmers have bullock carts and implements like country plough, Gorru, Guntaka and puddlers. Awareness of the farmers towards crop threshers and their use is poor. Farmers wise farm inventory particulars are listed in the table. Live stocks: In both the villages most of the farmers are rearing the live stock animals like buffaloes, sheep and few farmers are having cows, bullocks and bullock carts. Most of the farmers are depending on the tractor and tractor drawn implements for cultivation of crops. Farmer wise live stock list was enclosed at the end in summary table of Benchmark survey. Cost of cultivation: Most of the farmers are applying concentrated organic manures like castor cake, Neemcake etc. at the time of transplanting instead of applying recommended dose of fertilizers. As a result the cost of cultivation of rice increases at Rs.15002000/acre. In addition to that farmers of both villages were spending more amount towards purchase of seeds and fertilizers through the application of higher doses instead of recommended dose.

49

Annual income and expenditure of the household: Farmers of the both the villages are incurring the income from agriculture, dairy and other sources. Most of the farmers in both the villages spend their total annual income on agriculture and childrens education. Credit facilities: In both the villages farmers are using Credit facilities like crop loans from Rayalseema Grameena bank and also getting from local moneylenders, fertilizers, seed & pesticides traders and middlemen. Marketing facilities: Farmers in both the villages are mostly small and marginal and sale their produce to the local middlemen. Only few farmers are selling their produce in the market yards. Village problems: In both the villages cattles trespassing in field crops is a major problem. Some other problems encountered by the farmers are Power shortage, high interest rates from local moneylenders, non-availability of specific pesticides, fungicides and herbicides to the crops. Marketing and transport facilities are very limited Resource Characterasation Of Tankfed In Kadapa Distrist Under Aperp The geographical distribution of Kadapa district 15,35,900 ha. Kadapa distrist can divided three divisions Kadapa ,Rajampet and Jamalamadugu .The tanks divided based on the area the tanks are large, (>100acre) small (<100 acre) under control of irrigation department. The minor tanks are under the control of Panchayatraj department. The large tanks are distributed in three divisions Kadapa (55 no), Rajampet (139 no) and Jammalamadugu.(65 no).The small tanks are Kadapa (984 no) ,Rajampet (1340 no) and Jammalamadugu.(95 no) respectively.

50

Chapter-III

Objective wise Workdone

51

Objective wise workdone I) MEDAK a) (2003-04) 1 Objective Work done Demonstration / evaluation of crops and Introduced Maize and Soybean during crop sequences Kharif. Introduced Castor and Bengalgram during Rabi. Improved water management techniques to Alternate wetting and drying in crop or situation transplanted paddy. Optimal crop planning under limited water Dry seeding of Rice under limited availability to maximize production and water availability was introduced. returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive Since the tanks were not filled during use of surface and ground water. the study period, in order to utilize rainfall and ground water efficiently, crops like castor and bengalgram were introduced during rabi. Improved on-farm agronomic practices and Formation of Alleyways, herbicide production parameters including use of application, clipping of leaf tips before appropriate farm implements, cultivars, transplanting in paddy. Integrated Pest fertilizers, pest control and other measures Management in cotton, Balanced fertilization in Maize and paddy. Production technologies in castor and bengalgram. Multidisciplinary training programs Farmers training programs were conducted with multi disciplinary scientists, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture, Sericulture, Animal Husbandry specialists. Training programs were conducted on tankfed situation in the district and production technology of castor and bengalgram.

2 3 4

52

b) 2004-05 1 Objective Work done Demonstration / evaluation of crops and crop Introduced Maize, Soybean, sequences Genetically Modified Cotton, Desi Cotton during Kharif. Introduced Sunflower, Castor, Bengalgram, Groundnut, Coriander and Redgram during Rabi. Improved water management techniques to crop or Alternate wetting and drying in situation transplanted paddy. Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water. Dry seeding of Rice under limited water availability was introduced. Since the tanks were not filled during the study period, in order to utilize rainfall and ground water efficiently, crops like castor, bengalgram, sunflower, groundnut redgram, and coriander were introduced during rabi. Improved on-farm agronomic practices and Formation of Alleyways, production parameters including use of appropriate herbicide application, clipping of farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control leaf tips before transplanting in and other measures paddy. Integrated Pest Management in cotton, Bengalgram, and Groundnut, balanced fertilization in groundnut etc. Multidisciplinary training programs Farmers training programs were conducted with multi disciplinary scientists, Department of Agriculture, Horticulture, Sericulture, Animal Husbandry specialists. Training programs were conducted on IPM, Production technology of Bengalgram, Groundnut etc.

2 3 4

53

c) 2005-06 1 Objective Work done Demonstration / evaluation of crops and crop Introduced Maize, Genetically sequences Modified Cotton during Kharif. Introduced Sunflower, Castor, Bengalgram, Groundnut, Coriander, Safflower and Vegetables during Rabi. Improved water management techniques to Alternate wetting crop or situation transplanted paddy. and drying in

2 3

Optimal crop planning under limited water Dry seeding of Rice under limited availability to maximize production and water availability was introduced. returns Inter cropping studies done Maize with Redgram, Cowpea and Beans. To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use In order to utilize rainfall and ground of surface and ground water. water efficiently, crops like castor, bengalgram, sunflower, groundnut, coriander and vegetables were introduced during rabi. Improved on-farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures Formation of Alleyways, herbicide application, planting 1-3 seedlings/hill, clipping of leaf tips, before transplanting in paddy. Integrated Pest Management in cotton, Production technologies in Bengalgram, and Groundnut, balanced fertilization in groundnut etc. Training programs were conducted on IPM, Production technology of Sunflower, Bengalgram and Groundnut.

Multidisciplinary training programs

54

II) Mahaboobnagar a) 2003-04 Sl.No 1 Objective Demonstration / Evaluation of crops and crop sequences Work done Paddy and Irrigated dry crop based cropping systems- maize, cotton, castor were taken up during kharif season and sunflower, vegetables were taken up during rabi season. Rotational irrigation system in paddy, Direct seeding in paddy Introduced maize, cotton, castor in kharif season and sunflower, vegetables, fodder Jowar during rabi season in place of paddy. Cotton and Maize crops were taken with rainfall and supplemental irrigation was provided through wells. Integrated Weed Management in Paddy Integrated Nutrient Management in paddy Training programmes were conducted on Production technology of Irrigated dry crops, crop protection in different kharif crops, suitability of ID crops for rabi, irrigation management in ID crops, crop protection in rabi crops and vegetable and fodder crop production Bench mark survey of the Vattem and Lattupally villages to study 1.Socio-economic conditions in the 2.Soil and water sample collection and analysis of the command area samples. 3.Resource characterization of the district 4. Reasons for low inflows in to the tanks

2 3 4 5

Improved water management techniques to crop or situation Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures Multidisciplinary training programs

Other activities villages

55

b) 2004-05 Sl.No 1

Objective
Demonstration / Evaluation of crops and crop sequences

Work done
Irrigated dry crop based systemmaize, cotton and castor were taken up during kharif season and sunflower and vegetables were taken up during rabi season. Critical stage irrigation approach was followed in maize and castor crops Introduced maize, cotton, castor in kharif season and sunflower, vegetables, fodder Jowar during rabi season in place of paddy. Cotton and Maize crops were taken up with as rainfed crops and supplemental irrigations were provided through borewells. Integrated Pest Management in cotton Intercropping studies in maize and castor crops. Training programmes were conducted on Production technology of Irrigated dry crops, crop protection in different kharif crops, suitability of ID crops for rabi, irrigation management in ID crops, crop protection in rabi crops and vegetable and fodder crop production Two television programmes were recorded in the project villages (Vattem and Indrakal) One AIR programme, Field day, press meet & exposure visit Bench mark survey of the Vattem and Lattupally villages to study Socio-economic conditions in the village, Soil and water sample collection and analysis of the command area samples, resource characterization of the district and reasons for low inflows in to the tanks

2 3

Improved water management techniques to crop or situation Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures Multidisciplinary training programs

Other activities

56

c) 2005-06 Sl. No 1 Objective Demonstration / Evaluation of crops and crop sequences Improved water management techniques to crop or situation Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures Multidisciplinary training programs Work done Irrigated dry crop based system- maize, cotton and castor were taken up during kharif season and sunflower and vegetables were taken up during rabi season. Critical stage irrigation approach was followed in maize and castor crops Introduced maize, cotton, castor in kharif season and sunflower, vegetables, fodder Jowar during rabi season in place of paddy. Cotton and Maize crops were taken with rainfall and supplemental irrigation was provided through wells. Intercropping studies in maize (2:1) and castor (4:1) crops with redgram as intercrop. Training programmes were conducted on Production technology of Irrigated dry crops, crop protection in different kharif crops, suitability of ID crops for rabi, irrigation management in ID crops, crop protection in rabi crops and vegetable and fodder crop production

2 3 4 5

57

III) ANANTHAPUR a) 2003-04 S. No. 1. 2. 3. Objective Demonstrations/evaluation of crops and crop sequences Improved water management techniques to crop or situation Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjugative use of surface and ground water Improved on-farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures Multidisciplinary training programmes Work done Sunhemp and diancha were introduced as preceding crops to paddy. Critical irrigation approach was adopted for hybrid jowar which sown during early kharif. Seed sorghum and fodder joawar were introduced during early kharif. During late kharif and rabi sunflower were introduced in the tank command areas of Anantapur. In order to utilize rainfall and ground water efficiently sorghum/sunflower followed by paddy sequence was introduced Sorghum : NTJ 2, Haritha hybrid, M35 1 were introduced Sunflower : Siri, and Arunodaya Paddy : Application of gypsum and ZnSO4 for soil amelioration Training programmes to line departments, Rythu mitra groups and extensional personnels on different aspects Training programmes to farmers on SRI cultivation practice. Bench mark survey of the Pamurai and Rangampeta villages to study Socio economic condition in the village Resource characterization of the district Constrains identified for low inflows and low productivity

4. 5.

6.

7.

Other activities

58

b) 2004-05 S. No. Objective Work done 1. Demonstrations/evaluation of crops and Sunhemp and greengram were crop sequences introduced as preceding crops to paddy. 2. Improved water management techniques to Critical irrigation approach was crop or situation adopted for hybrid jowar which sown during early kharif. A survey has been conducted on water trade practices followed in tank command areas of Anantapur district in different crops. 3. Optimal crop planning under limited water Seed sorghum and fodder joawar were availability to maximize production and introduced during early kharif. During returns late kharif and rabi sunflower were introduced in the tank command areas of Anantapur. 4. To explore the potentiality of conjugative In order to utilize rainfall and ground use of surface and ground water water efficiently sorghum/sunflower followed by paddy sequence was introduced 5. Improved on-farm agronomic practices and Sorghum : NTJ 2, Haritha hybrid, production parameters including use of M35 1 were introduced appropriate farm implements, cultivars, Sunflower : Siri, Sunbred and fertilizers, pest control and other measures Arunodaya Paddy: Application of gypsum and ZnSO4 for soil amelioration and herbicide application 6. Multidisciplinary training programmes Training programmes on management of PSND in groundnut, cultivation aspects of different crops, fertilizer management in different crops, reclamation of soils and crop diversification 7. Other activities Bench mark survey of the Pullalarevu and Madigubba villages to study Socio economic condition in the village Resource characterization of the district Constrains identified for low inflows and low productivity

59

c) 2005-06 S. No. Objective Work done 1. Demonstrations/evaluation of crops Sunhemp and greengram was introduced and crop sequences as preceding crops to paddy. 2. Improved water management Critical irrigation approach was adopted techniques to crop or situation hybrid jowar which sown during early kharif. A for survey has been conducted on water trade practices followed in tank command areas of Anantapur district in different crops. 3. Optimal crop planning under Seed sorghum and fodder joawar were limited water availability to introduced during early kharif. During maximize production and returns late and rabi sunflower were introduced in the tank command areas of Anantapur. 4. To explore the potentiality of In order to utilize rainfall and ground conjugative use of surface and water efficiently sorghum/sunflower ground water followed by paddy sequence was introduced 5. Improved on-farm agronomic Sorghum: NTJ 2 and Haritha hybrid, practices and production parameters Sunflower: Siri, Sunbred and Arunodaya including use of appropriate farm Paddy: Application of gypsum and implements, cultivars, fertilizers, ZnSO4 for soil amelioration and pest control and other measures herbicide application 6. Multidisciplinary programmes training Training programmes on cultivation aspects of vegetables and short duration horticultural crops, fertilizer management in different crops.

60

IV) VIZIANAGRARM a) 2003-04 Objective Work done Demonstration / evaluation of crops and Introduced I.D crops like maize, in Kharif, crop sequences sunflower, sesamum and ragi in rabi after paddy. Improved water management techniques to Rotational irrigation schedules in transplanted crop or situation paddy. Optimal crop planning under limited water Dry seeding of Rice under limited water availability to maximize production and availability was introduced. returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive In order to utilize rainfall and tank water use of surface and ground water. efficiently, crops like Sunflower, Sesamum and vegetables were introduced during rabi. Improved on-farm agronomic practices and Demonstration of puddle seeded rice and production parameters including use of production technology of sugarcane. appropriate farm implements, cultivars, Demonstration of chemical weed control fertilizers, pest control and other measures methods in direct sown paddy and maize. Multidisciplinary training programs Training programs were conducted on package of practices of maize and sunflower cultivation. Efficient utilization of available water in the tanks. b) 2004-05 Objective Work done Demonstration / evaluation of crops and Introduced I.D crops like maize, in Kharif crop sequences ,sunflower,sesamum and ragi in rabi After paddy. Improved water management techniques to Rotational irrigation schedules in transplanted crop or situation paddy. Optimal crop planning under limited water Dry seeding of Rice under limited water availability to maximize production and availability was introduced. returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive In order to utilize rainfall and tank water use of surface and ground water. efficiently, crops like Sunflower, Sesamum and vegetables were introduced during rabi. Improved on-farm agronomic practices and Demonstration of puddle seeded rice and production parameters including use of production technology of sugarcane. appropriate farm implements, cultivars, Demonstration of chemical weed control fertilizers, pest control and other measures methods in direct sown paddy and maize. Multidisciplinary training programs Training programs were conducted on package of practices of maize and sunflower cultivation. Efficient utilization of available water in the tanks.

61

c) 2005-06 Objective Work done Demonstration / evaluation of crops Introduced I.D. crops like maize in Kharif and and crop sequences maize, ragi and sunflower in rabi under Introduced green manure crops before rice. Improved water management Demonstration of direct sowing of paddy under dry techniques to crop or situation conditions later converted to wet was introduced. Alternate / rotational irrigation schedules were practiced in transplanted paddy. Optimal crop planning under limited Introduction of maize, groundnut in Kharif, and water availability to maximize sunflower under limited water availability. production and returns To explore the potentiality of Dry seeding of paddy under limited water conjunctive use of surface and ground availability was introduced. Evaluating the new water. crop sequences with I.D crops Improved on-farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures Multidisciplinary training programs Demonstration of varietal performance in both direct sown and transplanted paddy with early & medium duration varieties. Awareness and trainings camps were conducted during both pre-season and mid-season for effective use of limited water resources and management of pest/diseases.

62

Chapter-IV

Action plan -Execution

63

Action plan and work done report during Kharif & Rabi-2004 under different tank commands (mahaboobnagar district) Location: Vattem Ayacut area:48 ha Action plan Executed Activity Season Area Activity Area Date of sowing Remarks (ha) (ha) Evaluation of cropping Kharif & Maize- Bengal gram 10ha 2nd week of July to Maize vegetable cropping system systems and introduction rabi 2004 10 Maize- Sorghum second week of was found to be economically most of new crops Maize- Sun flower August remunerative Cotton- Sunflower Maize- Safflower Cotton vegetables Maize- vegetables Crop diversification for Kharif & 40 ha 45 2nd week of July 93.75 % of the total tank command Kharif increasing the rabi 2004 area was brought under cultiuvation productivity of the tank Maize+Redgram maize + redgram yield of 3.15+0.14 22.0 commands (Inter Crop) t/ha, 1.58 t/ha in cotton 3.02 in case Cotton of sole maize were recorded in the 11.0 Maize (sole crop) command areas. 12.0 Last week of Nov to last week of Dec 6.4 1.6 19.60 1.5 Average yoield of 1.14 t/ha in sunflower, 10.2t/ha in case of tomato and 19.60 t/ha fodder jowar yield were recorded. An increase in yield ranging from 10.92 to 13.78 % was recoded with two irrigations at critical stages of crop growth

Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage approach in Maize crop in different soils types Introduction of popularization of low cost technologies

Kharif 2004-05

1.5

Rabi-2004 Sunflower Tomato Fodder Jowar Two irrigations were given at critical stages of crop growth in case of maize

2nd week of July

Kharif 2004-05

Demonstration of IPM technology in the farmers fields

2nd week of July

Increased ner returns were recorded with adoption of IPM practices by the farmers. B: C ratio of 2.46 was recorded in

64

case of IPM adopted farmers compared to 2.08 in case of nonIPM farmers. 2nd week of July 3 Kharif 2004-05 Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops 3 The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 6.5% increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize crop. Demonstrations were conducted in the farmers fields for their dissemination and large scale adoption.

Demonstration of crop production technologies Popularization of the project results in the tank commands of the district

Kharif & rabi 2004-05 Kharif & rabi 2004-05

45 ha

Improved Crop production technologies were demonstrated in the entire command area of the tank Conducted Telivision, radio prgrammes with the farmers. Conducted field days in the villages Field visit was conducted for Dept of Agriculture Officials Message was given through news papers on-farm and off-farm trainings were conducted for the benefit of the farmers

445 ha

Kharif and rabi seasons Kharif & rabi 200405

Capacity building to the farmers through on-farm and off-farm trainings

Kharif & rabi 2004-05

Kharif & rabi 200405

65

Location :Lattupally Ayacut area:44 ha Action plan Activity Evaluation of cropping systems and introduction of new crops Crop diversification for increasing the productivity of the tank commands Season Kharif & rabi 2004 10 Area (ha) Activity Maize- sorghum Maize-Ground nut Maize-Sun flower Cotton- Sunflower Castor- sunflower Kharif Maize+Redgram (Inter Crop) Cotton Castor+ Rgram Rabi-2004 Sunflower Tomato Fodder Jowar Two irrigations were given at critical stages of crop growth in case ofcastor Demonstration of IPM technology in the farmers fields Area (ha) 10ha Executed Date of sowing 2nd week of July to second week of August 2nd week of July Remarks Maize groundnut cropping system was found to be economically most remunerative 90.05 % of the total tank command area was brought under cultiuvation maize + redgram yield of 3.60 + 0.15 t/ha, 1.26 t/ha in cotton 1.04 + 0.13 t/ha in case of castor + redgram were recorded in the command areas.] Average yield of 0.98 t/ha in sunflower, 10.8t/ha in case of tomato and 20.76 t/ha fodder jowar yield were recorded. An increase in yield ranging from 16.06 to 26.33 % and average yield increase of 21.23 percent was recoded with two irrigations at critical stages of crop growth Increased ner returns were recorded with adoption of IPM practices by the farmers. B: C ratio of 2.73 was recorded in case of IPM adopted farmers compared to 2.17 in case of non-IPM farmers.

Kharif & rabi 2004

40.2 ha

36.2 25.2 5.60 2.40

Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage approach in castor crop in different soils types Introduction of popularization of low cost technologies

Kharif 200405

1.5

4.8 2.4 0.4 1.5

Last week of Nov to last week of Dec 2nd week of July

Kharif 200405

2nd week of July

66

3 Kharif 200405

Intercropping studies in Castor crop

2nd week of July

Demonstration of crop production technologies

Kharif & rabi 200405

40 ha

Popularization of the project results in the tank commands of the district

Kharif & rabi 200405

Capacity building to the farmers through on-farm and off-farm trainings

Kharif & rabi 200405

Improved Crop production technologies were demonstrated in case of maize, castor and other crops during Karif and sunflower, vegetables, and fodder jowar during the rabi season in the entire command area of the tank Conducted Telivision, radio prgrammes with the farmers. Conducted field days in the villages Field visit was conducted for Dept of Agriculture Officials Message was given through news papers on-farm and off-farm trainings were conducted for the benefit of the farmers

36 ha

Kharif and rabi seasons

The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. 17.34% increased in net returns are observed with Castor + Redgram inter cropping over solo Castor crop. Demonstrations were conducted in the farmers fields for their dissemination and large scale adoption.

Kharif & rabi 2004-05

Kharif & rabi 2004-05

67

Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district Location : Indrakal Ayacut area : 54.4 ha Action plan Executed Activity Season Area Activity Area Date of sowing (ha) (ha) Socio-economic Karif-2005 Entire Benchmark survey Comma characterization of farmers of command conducted in the nd area the command area area village Resource characterization of Karif-2005 Entire Collection of soil and Comma the physical resources of the command water samples of the nd area command area area command area Evaluation of cropping Kharif & Maize- Bengal gram 10ha 2nd week of July to systems and introduction of rabi 2004 10 Maize- Sorghum second week of new crops Maize- Sun flower August Cotton- Sunflower Maize- Safflower Cotton-sunflower Cotton - vegetables Crop diversification for Kharif & 54 ha 45.9 2nd week of July Kharif increasing the productivity of rabi 2004 the tank commands Maize (sole 45.9 crop) Last week of Nov to last week of Dec 0.81.6 Rabi-2004 SunflowerTomato Irrigation scheduling Kharif 1.5 Two irrigations were 1.5 2nd week of July 2004-05 given at critical stages based on critical stage of crop growth in case approach in Maize crop in of maize different soils types

Remarks Data regarding the resources, potentials and problems and awareness constraints was collected and analyzed Chemical characterization of the soil and water samples was done to understand the constraints related to the crop production Maize-vegetable cropping system was found to be economically most remunerative followed by cotton vegetables

84.35% of the total tank command area was brought under cultivation maize yield of 4.57 t/ha was recorded Average yield of 1.8 t/ha in sunflower, 10.64t/ha in case of tomato were recorded

An increase in yield ranging from 11.02 to 13.56 % was recoded with two irrigations at critical stages of crop growth

68

Introduction of popularization of low cost technologies

Kharif 2004-05

Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops

2nd week of July

The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 7.6 % increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize crop.

Demonstration of crop production technologies

Kharif & rabi 200405 Kharif & rabi 200405

54 ha

Popularization of the project results in the tank commands of the district

Improved Crop production technologies were demonstrated in the entire command area of the tank Conducted Telivision, radio prgrammes with the farmers. Conducted field days in the villages Field visit was conducted for Dept of Agriculture Officials

45.9 ha

Kharif and rabi seasons

Demonstrations were conducted in the farmers fields for their dissemination and large scale adoption.

Kharif & rabi 2004-05

Capacity building to the farmers through on-farm and off-farm trainings

Kharif & rabi 200405

on-farm and off-farm trainings were conducted for the benefit of the farmers

Kharif & rabi 2004-05

69

Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district Location: Maddigatla Ayacut area:132.8 ha Action plan Executed Activity Season Area Activity Area Date of sowing Remarks (ha) (ha) Socio-economic Karif-2005 Entire Benchmark survey Com Data regarding the resources, potentials characterization of farmers command conducted in the village mand and problems and awareness constraints of the command area area area was collected and analyzed Resource characterization Karif-2005 Entire Collection of soil and Com Chemical characterization of the soil and of the physical resources of command water samples of the mand water samples was done to understand the the command area area command area area constraints related to the crop production Evaluation of cropping Kharif & rabi 10 Maize- Bengal gram 10ha 2nd week of July to Maize vegetable cropping system was systems and introduction of 2004 Maize- Sorghum second week of found to be economically most new crops Maize- Sun flower August remunerative Cotton- Sunflower Maize- Safflower Maizevegetables Cotton- sunflower Crop diversification for Kharif & rabi 132.6 2nd week of July 93.75 % of the total tank command area Kharif increasing the productivity 2004 Maize (sole crop) 102.8 was brought under cultivation of the tank commands ha maize + redgram yield of 3.15+0.14 t/ha, 1.58 t/ha in cotton 3.02 in case of sole maize were recorded in the command areas. Last week of Nov to last week of Dec Average yield of 11.1 t/ha in case of tomato and 2.87 t/ha fodder jowar yield were recorded.

Rabi-2004 Tomato Chillies

3.6 1.6

70

Action plan and work done report during Kharif & Rabi-2003 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district Location : Vattem Ayacut area :48 ha
Action plan Activity Socio-economic characterization of farmers of the command area Resource characterization of the physical resources of the command area Evaluation of cropping systems and introduction of new crops Season Karif-2003 Area (ha) Entire comm and area Entire comm and area 8 Executed Activity Benchmark survey conducted in the village Collection of soil and water samples of the command area Paddy-vegetables Paddy-bengal gram Paddy ragi Maize- Bengal gram Maize- Sorghum Maize- Sun flower Maize- Safflower Cotton vegetables Maize- vegetables Kharif Maize+Redgram (Inter Crop) Cotton Rabi-2003 Bengal gram Ragi Fodder jowar Sunflower Tomato Other vegetables Area (ha) Com mand area Com mand area 8 2nd week of July to second week of August Second week of November to December 3rd week 2nd week of July Date of sowing Remarks Data regarding the resources, potentials and problems and awareness constraints was collected and analyzed Chemical characterization of the soil and water samples was done to understand the constraints related to the crop production Paddy-vegetable cropping system was found to be economically most remunerative among paddy based cropping systems Maize vegetable cropping system was found to be economically most remunerative in ID crop based cropping systems Irrigated Dry crops can be successfully cultivated in the tank commands during Kharif and Rabi seasons Last week of Nov to last week of Dec

Karif-2003

Kharif & rabi 2003

Crop diversification for increasing the productivity of the tank commands

Kharif & rabi 2003

40 ha

45 0.8 0.8 2 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8

71

Water saving technologies in paddy

Kharif 2003-4

1.5

Rotational irrigation in paddy

1.5

2nd week of July

Introduction of popularization of low cost technologies

Kharif 2003-04

0.8

Introduction and popularization of IWM in paddy

0.8

2nd week of July

The results indicated that rotational water management recorded slightly lower yields varying from 11.6 to + 3.75 yield and - 0.81% to 3.89% straw yield than the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment Grain yield was more in case of IWM method (6.15t/ha) by 33.7 %compared to farmers method (4.6 t/ha.) This reduction in manual labour requirement resulted in lower cost of cultivation On an average grain yield increased by 20.77 % in the two villages over farmers method

Demonstration of crop production technologies Popularization of the project results in the tank commands of the district

Kharif 200304 Kharif & rabi 2003-04

0.8 ha

Popularization of Integrated Nutrient Management in paddy Conducted field days in the villages Field visit was conducted for Dept of Agriculture Officials Message was given through news papers and pamphlets on-farm and off-farm trainings were conducted for the benefit of the farmers

0.8 ha

2nd week of July Kharif & rabi 2003-04

Capacity building to the farmers through on-farm and off-farm trainings

Kharif & rabi 2003-04

Kharif & rabi 2003-04

72

Location :Lattupally Ayacut area:44 ha Action plan Activity Socio-economic characterization of farmers of the command area Resource characterization of the physical resources of the command area Evaluation of cropping systems and introduction of new crops

Season Karif-2003

Karif-2003

Kharif & rabi 2003

Area (ha) Entire comm and area Entire comm and area 8

Executed Activity Benchmark survey conducted in the village Collection of soil and water samples of the command area Paddy-vegetables Maize- Sorghum Maize- Sun flower Castor vegetables Maize- vegetables Sorgum-vegetables Maize-groundnut
Kharif Maize+Redgram

Area (ha) Comma nd area Comma nd area 8

Date of sowing

Remarks Data regarding the resources, potentials and problems and awareness constraints was collected and analyzed Chemical characterization of the soil and water samples was done to understand the constraints related to the crop production Paddy-vegetable cropping system was found to be economically most remunerative among paddy based cropping systems Maize vegetable cropping system was found to be economically most remunerative in ID crop based cropping systems Irrigated Dry crops can be successfully cultivated in the tank commands during Kharif and Rabi seasons

2nd week of July to second week of August Second week of November to December 3rd week 2nd week of July

Crop diversification for increasing the productivity of the tank commands

Kharif & rabi 2003

40 ha

Water saving technologies in paddy

Kharif 2003-4

1.5

(Inter Crop) Sorghum + redgram Castor + redgram Rabi-2003 Ground nut Fodder jowar Sunflower Tomato Other vegetables Rotational irrigation in paddy

45
0.8 0.4 0.8

2 0.8 0.8 2 0.8 1.5

Last week of Nov to last week of Dec 2nd week of July The results indicated that rotational water management recorded slightly lower grain yields varying from -1.32 to 26.13% and 2.26% to 6.98 % straw yield than

73

Introduction of popularization of low cost technologies

Kharif 2003-04

0.8

Introduction and popularization of IWM in paddy

0.8

2nd week of July

the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment Grain yield was more in case of IWM method (4.13-5.35t/ha) by 32.65 %compared to farmers method (3.15 3.91 t/ha.) This reduction in manual labour requirement resulted in lower cost of cultivation On an average grain yield increased by 22.78 % in the two villages over farmers method

Demonstration of crop production technologies Popularization of the project results in the tank commands of the district

Kharif 200304 Kharif & rabi 2003-04

0.8 ha

Capacity building to the farmers through on-farm and off-farm trainings

Kharif & rabi 2003-04

Popularization of Integrated Nutrient Management in paddy Conducted field days in the villages Field visit was conducted for Dept of Agriculture Officials Message was given through news papers and pamphlets on-farm and off-farm trainings were conducted for the benefit of the farmers

0.8 ha

2nd week of July Kharif & rabi 2003-04

Kharif & rabi 2003-04

74

Action plan and work done report during Kharif Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands, Mahaboobnagar district Location: Vattem Ayacut area:48 ha Action plan Activity Evaluation of cropping systems and introduction of new crops Executed Activity Maize- Sun flower Cotton- Sunflower Cotton vegetables Maize- vegetables Maize-paddy Kharif Maize + redgramCottonCottonCastorPaddy-

Season Kharif & rabi 2005

Area (ha) 10

Area (ha) 10ha

Date of sowing 2nd week of July to second week of August 2nd week of July

Remarks Experiment under progress

Crop diversification for increasing the productivity of the tank commands

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

40 ha

14 12 10.8(far mers own) 0.8 7.2(Far mers own) 1.5 0.8 1.5 445 ha Last week of Nov to last week of Dec. Kharif and rabi seasons Kharif & rabi 2004-05

93.33 % of the total tank command area was brought under cultivation maize + redgram yield of 3.97+0.21 t/ha, 1.40 t/ha in cotton 1.12 t/ha in castor,4.4 t/ha in case of paddy were recorded in the command areas. Experiment under progress

Demonstration of crop production technologies Popularization of the project results in the tank commands of the district

Kharif & rabi 2005-06 Kharif & rabi 2005-06

45 ha

Rabi-2004 Sunflower Chilles Fodder Jowar Improved Crop production technologies were demonstrated in the entire command area of the tank Conducted Telivision, radio prgrammes with the farmers.

Demonstrations were conducted in the farmers fields for their dissemination and large scale adoption.

Conducted field days

75

in the villages
Field visit was conducted for Dept of Agriculture Officials Message was given through news papers on-farm and off-farm trainings were conducted for the benefit of the farmers Rotational irrigation in paddy

Capacity building to the farmers through on-farm and off-farm trainings Water saving technologies in paddy

Kharif & rabi 2005-06 Kharif 2005-06 3.0

Kharif & rabi 2004-05 3.0 2nd week of September The results indicated that rotational water management recorded yields varying from 2.42 % to +4.8 % grain yield in case of black soils compared to continuous submergence conditions. No moisture stress was noticed during critical stages of crop growth

Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage approach in Maize crop in different soils types

Kharif 2005-06

1.5

Critical stage irrigations in maize

1.5

2nd week of July

76

Location :Lattupally Ayacut area:44 ha Action plan Activity Evaluation of cropping systems and introduction of new crops Executed Activity Maize- vegetables Cotton-vegetables Castor-vegetables Maize-sunflower Maize-ground nut Kharif Maize Castor Cotton Cotton Paddy Sorghum Chilli Ragi

Season Kharif & rabi 2005-06

Area (ha) 10

Area (ha) 10ha

Date of sowing 2nd week of July to second week of August 2nd week of July

Remarks Experiment under progress

Crop diversification for increasing the productivity of the tank commands

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

40.2 ha

21.2 PI 14.4 PI 0.8 PI 4 FO 4 FO 2 FO 1.6 PI 0.4 FO

96.8 % of the total tank command area was brought under cultiuvation maize yield of 3.70 t/ha, 1.26 t/ha in cotton 0.98 t/ha in case of castor, 4.2 t/ha in paddy, 4t/ha in case of sorghum, 2.6 t/ha chillies and 2.25 t/ha in ragi were recorded in the command areas

Experiment under progress Rabi-2004 Sunflower Tomato Fodder Jowar Chillies Irrigations at critical stages of crop growth in case of moisture deficit 2 2 0.4 2 1.5 Last week of Nov to last week of Dec 2nd week of July No moisture deficit has occurred through out the crop growth period

Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage approach in maize and castor castor crops Introduction of popularization of low cost technologies

Kharif 2005-06

1.5

Kharif 2005-06

Intercropping studies in Castor crop

2nd week of July

The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much

77

Demonstration of crop production technologies

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

40 ha

Popularization of the project results in the tank commands of the district

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

Improved Crop production technologies were demonstrated in case of maize, castor and other crops during Karif and sunflower, vegetables, and fodder jowar during the rabi season in the entire command area of the tank Conducted Television with the farmers. Conducted field days in the villages Field visit was conducted for Dept of Agriculture Officials Message was given through news papers on-farm and off-farm trainings were conducted for the benefit of the farmers

36 ha

Kharif and rabi seasons

higher under inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop.21.0 % increased in grain yield were observed with Castor + Redgram inter cropping over sole Castor crop. Demonstrations were conducted in the farmers fields for their dissemination and large scale adoption.

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

Capacity building to the farmers through on-farm and off-farm trainings

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

78

Action plan and work done report during kharif-2005-06 under different tank commands Location : Indrakal Ayacut area : 54.4 ha Action plan Activity Evaluation of cropping systems and introduction of new crops Season Kharif & rabi 2005-06 Area (ha) 10 Executed Activity Maize- Paddy Maize-sunflower Area (ha) 10ha Date of sowing 2nd week of July to second week of August Second week of November 2nd week of July Remarks Experiment under progress

Crop diversification for increasing the productivity of the tank commands

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

54 ha

Kharif Maize Cotton Cotton Paddy Paddy Maize +redgram Rabi-2004 Sunflower

34.4 PI 0.8 PI 4.4 FO 0.8 PI 7.2 FO 2 ha PI

87.5% of the total tank command area was brought under cultivation maize yield of 4.67 t/ha, 1.30 in cotton crop, 4.28 t/ha in paddy was recorded.

Last week of Nov to last week of Dec 2nd week of July No moisture deficit has occurred through out the crop growth period

Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage approach in Maize crop in different soils types

Kharif 200506

Paddy Irrigations at critical stages of crop growth in case of moisture deficit

79

Introduction of popularization of low cost technologies

Kharif 200506

Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops

2nd week of July

The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 7.98 % increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize crop.

Demonstration of crop production technologies Popularization of the project results in the tank commands of the district

Kharif & rabi 2005-06 Kharif & rabi 2004-05

54 ha

Improved Crop production technologies were demonstrated in the entire command area of the tank Conducted Telivision, radio prgrammes with the farmers. Conducted field days in the villages Field visit was conducted for Dept of Agriculture Officials

45.9 ha

Kharif and rabi seasons Kharif & rabi 2004-05

Demonstrations were conducted in the farmers fields for their dissemination and large scale adoption.

Capacity building to the farmers through on-farm and off-farm trainings

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

on-farm and off-farm trainings were conducted for the benefit of the farmers

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

80

Action plan and work done report during kharif-2004 under different tank commands Location: Maddigatla Ayacut area:132.8 ha Action plan Activity Evaluation of cropping systems and introduction of new crops Executed Activity Maize-rabi sorghum Maize-sunflower Maize-paddy Maize-vegetables Paddy-sunflower Castor-vegetables Castor-sunflower Kharif MaizeMaize + redgram MaizeCotton CastorCastor + redgram CastorPaddyRabi-2005 Paddy Tomato Chillies Fodder jowar Irrigations at critical stages of crop growth in maize

Season Kharif & rabi 2005-06

Area (ha) 10

Area (ha) 10ha

Date of sowing 2nd week of July to second week of August Second fortnight of November

Remarks Experiment under progress

Crop diversification for increasing the productivity of the tank commands

Kharif & rabi 2005-06

132.6

112.8 32.0 2.0 48.8 16.0 4 .0 2.0 2.0 8.0 8 1.5 2.0 2.0 5.0 PI PI FO FO PI PI FO FO

2nd week of July

84.94 % of the total tank command area was brought under cultivation maize yield of 2.12 t/ha & 4.16 t/ha, 1.34 t/ha in cotton 1.17 t/ha in case of castor and 4.6 t/ha in case of paddy were recorded in the command areas.

Last week of Nov to last week of Dec

Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage approach in Maize crop in different soils types

Kharif 200405

5.00

2nd week of July

No moisture deficit was observed at critical stages of crop growth

81

Action plan and work done report during the year 2003 04 under different tank commands (ANANTAPUR District) Location : Pamurai tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 90 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Early Kharif --Kharif 2003 Kharif 2003 Rabi 2003 - 04 Area (Acres) 90 --20 40 5 Activity Introduced --Introduced Introduced Introduced Crop Sunhemp Daincha --Paddy Paddy Sunflower Executed Area (acres) 67 18 --10 30 1.0 --5.8 5.5 1.5 Avg. yield (t/ha) 27.5 of fodder yield

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

82

Location

: Rangampeta tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 110 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Early Kharif Early Kharif Area (Acres) --50 Activity --Introduced Crop --Hybrid sorghum Fodder sorghum Paddy Paddy Fodder jowar Executed Area (acres) --10 20 Avg. yield (t/ha) --4.35 27.8 of fodder yield 6.6 5.6 1.63

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

Kharif 2003 Kharif 2003 Rabi 2003 - 04

20 40 10

Introduced Introduced Introduced

10 35 7

83

Action plan and work done report during the year 2004 05 under different tank commands Location : Pamurai tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 90 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Area (Acres) 30 Activity Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Executed Crop Area (acres) 8 9 Avg. yield (t/ha) 20.2 of fodder yield 8.5 of fodder yield

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas

Early Kharif 2004

Sunhemp Greengram

Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Introduction of vegetable crops under tank command areas

--Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Summer

--20 30 10

Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Introduction of vegetable crops under tank command areas

--Paddy Paddy Vegetables

--10 20 5

--4.9 4.7 ---

84

Location

: Rangampeta tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 110 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Area (Acres) 15 50 20 50 20 Activity Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy Executed Crop Area (acres) 6 6 10 40 7 Avg. yield (t/ha) 9.45 of fodder yield 11.6 of fodder yield 4.9 4.7 1.35

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

Early Kharif 2004 Early Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Summer

Greengram Fodder sorghum Paddy Paddy Sunflower

85

Location

: Pullalarevu tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 90 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season --Late kharif Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Rabi 2004 - 05 Area (Acres) --40 5 30 20 Activity --Introduced Introduced Introduced Introduced Crop --Jowar Paddy Paddy Sunflower Executed Area (acres) --22 3 24 15 Avg. yield (t/ha) --13.8 of green fodder yield 5.0 5.2 1.9

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

86

Location

: Madigubba tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 110 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Early Kharif --Kharif Kharif Rabi Area (Acres) 20 --40 100 150 Activity Introduced --Introduced Introduced Introduced Crop sunhemp --Paddy Paddy Sunflower Executed Area (acres) 6 --28 83 110 Avg. yield (t/ha) 22.1 of fodder yield --5.9 5.6 1.9

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

87

Action plan and work done report during the year 2005 06 under different tank commands Location : Pamurai tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 90 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Area (Acres) 40 Activity Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Executed Crop Area (acres) 28 Avg. yield (t/ha) 18.5

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Introduction of vegetables crops under tank command areas

Early Kharif 2005 --Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Summer

Sunhemp

--30 50 20

--Paddy Paddy ----

--25 45 ----

--5.0 4.8 ----

88

Location

: Rangampeta tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 110 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Area (Acres) 40 40 20 40 40 30 Activity Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy Executed Crop Area (acres) 33 --15 30 36 --Avg. yield (t/ha) 16.1 --4.6 4.5 1.7 ---

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

Early Kharif 2005 Early Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Late kharif Summer

Sunhemp Fodder sorghum Paddy Paddy Sunflower Sunflower

89

Location

: Pullalarevu tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 90 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Area (Acres) 20 40 Activity Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy Executed Crop Area (acres) 10 22 Avg. yield (t/ha) 16.7 15.6 of fodder yiled 13 33 --5.0 4.8 ---

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

Early kharif 2005 Late kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Rabi 2005 06

Sunhemp Jowar (NTJ 2) Paddy Paddy Sunflower

20 40 20

90

Location

: Madigubba tank

Aycut area
Situation

: 110 acres
: Rainfed tanks + supported by bore wells Action plan Activity Season Area (Acres) 100 20 40 100 150 Activity Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy Executed Crop Area (acres) 70 --28 83 --Avg. yield (t/ha) 19.55 --4.7 4.6 ---

Introduction of green manure crops under tank command areas Introduction of irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy

Early Kharif 2005 Late Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Rabi 2005 - 06

sunhemp Jowar (NTJ 2) Paddy Paddy Sunflower

91

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2003-04 under different tank commands (MEDAK District) Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha Action plan Executed Activity Season Area Activity Crop Area Results / Remarks (ha) (ha) Demonstration of Dry Kharif 2.0 Dry seeding of rice Paddy 1.6 A mean grain yield of 4.15 and 3.17 t/ha with two seeding of Rice under tankfed 2003 supplemental irrigations and without any area supplemental irrigation Integrated Nutrient Supply Kharif 1.0 120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ Green Paddy 1.0 Integrated nutrient supply management in paddy Management in Paddy 2003 leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha recorded a mean grain yield of 5.52 t/ha i.e an is recommended for Paddy under additional yield of 0.9 t/ha. tank commands. Introduction of Maize , Kharif 25.0 Maize and soybean was introduced Maize 21.6 A mean grain yield of 2.16 and 0.54 t/ha was soybean under tank 2003 20.0 under tank commands Soybean 15.2 obtained by growing maize and soybean during commands Kharif under tank command. Integrated Pest Management Kharif 2.0 Cotton 2.0 There is a reduction of Rs.9900 per ha in Cost of in Cotton 2003 cultivation in IPM plots over non-IPM plots. Balanced fertilizer Kharif 2.0 90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50 Kg Maize 2.0 Balanced fertilizer management in maize resulted management in Maize 2003 in an additional yield of 0.26 t/ha ZnSO4 /ha was applied to Maize under tank commands

Demonstration of Production Technology in Paddy

Kharif 2003

2.0

Demonstration of production technology in castor Introduction of Bengalgram under tank commands after maize

Rabi 0304 Rabi 0304

2.0 50.0

Seed treatment, raising nursery on raised seedbeds, need based plant protection measures planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alley ways for every 2-3m, Integrated nutrient supply management Seed treatment, balanced fertilization and need based plant protection measures were adopted Bengalgram was introduced under tank commands

Paddy

2.0

Improved management practices in paddy yielded an additional yield of 1.25t/ha

Castor Bengalgr am

2.0 44.0

Improved management practices in castor resulted in an additional yield of 0.334 t/ha. A mean grain yield of 0.77t/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands.

92

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2003-04 under different tank commands Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Ayacut area: 41.712 ha Action plan Activity Integrated Nutrient Supply Management in Paddy Introduction of Maize , soybean under tank commands Integrated Pest Management in Cotton Balanced fertilizer management in Maize Season Kharif 2003 Kharif 2003 Kharif 2003 Kharif 2003 Area (ha) 1.0 Activity 120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ Green leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha is recommended for Paddy under tank commands. Maize and soybean was introduced under tank commands Crop Paddy Executed Area Results / Remarks (ha) 1.0 Integrated nutrient supply management in paddy recorded a mean grain yield of 6.3 t/ha i.e an additional yield of 0.74 t/ha. 4.0 2.4 2.0 2.0 A mean grain yield of 2.66 and 0.588 t/ha was obtained by growing maize and soybean during Kharif under tank command. There is a reduction of Rs.11750 per ha in Cost of cultivation in IPM plots over non-IPM plots. Balanced fertilizer management in maize resulted in an additional yield of 0.3 t/ha

5.0 3.0 2.0 2.0

Maize Soybean Cotton

90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha was applied to Maize under tank commands

Maize

Demonstration of Production Technology in Paddy

Kharif 2003

2.0

Demonstration of production technology in castor Introduction of Bengalgram under tank commands after maize

Rabi 0304 Rabi 0304

2.0 15.0

Seed treatment, raising nursery on raised seedbeds, need based plant protection measures planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alley ways for every 2-3m, Integrated nutrient supply management Seed treatment, balanced fertilization and need based plant protection measures were adopted Bengalgram was introduced under tank commands

Paddy

2.0

Improved management practices in paddy yielded an additional yield of 1.64t/ha

Castor Bengalgr am

2.0 12.8

Improved management practices in castor resulted in an additional yield of 0.268 t/ha. A mean grain yield of 0.72t/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands.

93

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands (MEDAK district) Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas Demonstration of Dry seeding rice under tankfed area Introduction of Maize (sole and inter cropped) under tank commands Introduction of Genetically modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under Tank command Introduction of Castor under tank commands Season Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Area (ha) 10.0 5.0 50.0 (Sole &Inter crop) 5.0 75.0 15.0 Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) Dry seeding of rice Introduction of maize, Inter crop Redgram. Crop Rice Rice Maize, Redgram Executed Area (ha) 11.4 1.6 72.0 8.8 Results / Remarks A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 2.98 t/ha was recorded in sole maize and 4.24 t/ha (MGEY) by Maize + Cowpea intercropping. Redgram yields are yet to be recorded. A seed cotton yield of 8.1 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 0.77t/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands. A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands.

Kharif 2004 Rabi 0405 Rabi 0405

Introduction of Bunny Bt cotton

RCH-2

and

Cotton Bengalgram Castor

0.8 64.0 12.8

Bengalgram was introduced under tank commands Castor was introduced under tank commands

94

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Ayacut area: 41.712 ha Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas Introduction of Maize (sole and inter cropped) under tank commands Introduction of Genetically modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under Tank command Introduction of Castor under tank commands Season Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Area (ha) 5.0 10.0 (Sole) 3.0 (Inter crop) 5.0 15.0 3.0 Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) Introduction of maize Crop Rice Maize Executed Area Results / Remarks (ha) 14.2 A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was recorded 9.2 (sole) A mean grain yield of 2.63 t/ha was recorded in sole.

Kharif 2004 Rabi 0405 Rabi 0405

Introduction of Bunny Bt cotton

RCH-2

and

Cotton Bengal gram Castor

4.6 14.0 2.4

A seed cotton yield of 2.08 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands. A mean grain yield of 0.85/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands.

Bengalgram was introduced under tank commands Castor was introduced under tank commands

95

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 97.636 ha Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas Introduction of Maize (sole and inter cropped) under tank commands Introduction of Genetically modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under Tank command Introduction of Castor under tank commands Season Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Rabi 0405 Rabi 0405 Area (ha) 10.0 50.0 (Sole &Inter crop) 5.0 40.0 25.0 Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) Introduction of maize, Inter crop Redgram. Introduction of Bunny Bt cotton RCH-2 and Crop Rice Maize, Redgra m Cotton Bengalg ram Castor Executed Area Results / Remarks (ha) 7.2 A mean grain yield of 4.5 t/ha was recorded 33.6 2.8 0.8 32.0 26.0 A mean grain yield of 3.24 t/ha was recorded in sole maize and 4.25 t/ha (MGEY) by Maize + Redgram intercropping. A seed cotton yield of 1.5 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 0.80t/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands. A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands.

Bengalgram was introduced under tank commands Castor was introduced under tank commands

96

Action plan and Work-done report during the year 2004-05 under different tank commands Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayacut area: 62.44 ha Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas Introduction of Maize (sole and inter cropped) under tank commands Introduction of Genetically modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under Tank command Introduction of Castor under tank commands Season Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Area (ha) 5.0 20.0 (Sole) 5.0 (Inter crop) 5.0 15.0 3.0 Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) Introduction of maize Crop Rice Maize Executed Area (ha) 8.2 16.8 (sole) 4.8 1.4 14.0 6.0 Results / Remarks A mean grain yield of 3.8 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 2.45 t/ha was recorded in sole.

Kharif 2004 Rabi 0405 Rabi 0405

Introduction of Bunny Bt cotton

RCH-2

and

Cotton Bengalgram Castor

A seed cotton yield of 1.75 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 0.75t/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands. A mean grain yield of 0.85/ha was obtained by growing bengalgram during rabi under tank commands.

Bengalgram was introduced under tank commands Castor was introduced under tank commands

97

Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005 under different tank commands. Location: Bhoompally Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas Demonstration of Dry seeding rice under tankfed area SRI cultivation in paddy Season Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Area (ha) 10.0 5.0 1.0 Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) Dry seeding of rice SRI technology in Rice Crop Rice Rice Rice Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha Executed Area Date of (ha) sowing 10.4 10th July31st August 1.6 1st Week of July --Results / Remarks A mean grain yield of 4.27 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 4.5 t/ha was recorded Since, the monsoon was delayed by three weeks and due to high intense rains in July SRI wasnt taken up. A mean grain yield of 3.3 t/ha was recorded in sole maize and 4.46 t/ha (MGEY) by Maize + Cowpea intercropping. Redgram yields are yet to be recorded. A seed cotton yield of 10.5 q/ha was recorded Castor yields are recorded. yet to be

Introduction of Maize (sole and inter cropped) under tank commands

50.0 (Sole) 50.0 (Inter crop) 5.0 3.0

Introduction of maize hybrid (Kanchan-2002) and Inter crops cowpea and Redgram. Introduction of RCH-2 and Bunny Bt cotton Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction sorghum of fodder

Maize, Cowpea, Redgram

Introduction of Genetically modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of sorghum/maize fodder

Kharif 2005 Late Kharif / Maghi Kharif 2005

Cotton Castor

25.8 (sole) 20.4 (M+C) 18.9 (M+R) 0.4 1.2

Last week of June14th July

1st week of July Last week of AugustSeptember . September 1st week

1.0

Fodder sorghum

0.1

4.5 t/ha of green fodder was recorded.

98

Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005 Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas Demonstration of Dry seeding rice under tankfed area SRI cultivation in paddy Season Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Area (ha) 5.0 4.0 1.0 Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) Dry seeding of rice SRI technology in Rice

Ayacut area: 41.712 ha Crop Rice Rice Rice Executed Area Date of (ha) sowing 9.6 10th July31st August ----Remarks A mean grain yield of 4.62 t/ha was recorded -Since, the monsoon was delayed by three weeks and due to high intense rains in July SRI wasnt taken up. A mean grain yield of 3.54 t/ha was recorded in sole maize. Redgram yields are yet to be recorded. A seed cotton yield of 19.1 q/ha was recorded Castor yields are yet to be recorded. 4.5 t/ha of green fodder was recorded.

Introduction of Maize (sole and inter cropped) under tank commands

Kharif 2005

Introduction of Genetically modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction sorghum/maize of fodder

Kharif 2005 Late Kharif / Maghi Kharif 2005

15.0 (Sole) 3.0 (Inter crop) 5.0 3.0

Introduction of maize hybrid (Kanchan-2002) and Redgram (Maruthi) Introduction of RCH-2 and Bunny Bt cotton Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction sorghum of fodder

Maize, Redgram

Cotton Castor

17.1 (sole) 1.4 (inter crop) 6.6 1.2

Last week of June14th July 1st week of July Last week of AugustSeptember . September 1st week

1.0

Fodder sorghum

0.1

99

Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005 Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas Demonstration of Dry seeding rice under tankfed area SRI cultivation in paddy Season Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Area (ha) 5.0 5.0 1.0 Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) Dry seeding of rice SRI technology in Rice

Ayacut area: 97.636 ha Crop Rice Rice Rice Executed Area Date of (ha) sowing 9.9 10th July31st August 0.4 -1st Week of July -Remarks A mean grain yield of 4.66 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was recorded Since, the monsoon was delayed by three weeks and due to high intense rains in July SRI wasnt taken up. A mean grain yield of 4.1 t/ha was recorded in sole maize and 5.64 t/ha (MGEY) by Maize Cowpea intercropping. Redgram yields are yet to be recorded. A seed cotton yield of 10.75 q/ha was recorded Castor yields are recorded. yet to be

Introduction of Maize (sole and inter cropped) under tank commands

30.0 (Sole) 30.0 (Inter crop) 5.0 3.0 1.0

Introduction of maize hybrid (Kanchan-2002) and Inter crops cowpea and Redgram. Introduction of RCH-2 and Bunny Bt cotton Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction sorghum of fodder

Maize, Cowpea, Redgram

Introduction of Genetically modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of sorghum/maize fodder

Kharif 2005 Late Kharif / Maghi Kharif 2005

Cotton Castor Fodder sorghum

23.4 (sole) 22.5 (M+C) 16.9 (M+R) 0.2 1.2 --

Last week of June14th July

1st week of July Last week of AugustSeptember. September 1st week

4.0 t/ha of green fodder was recorded.

100

Action plan and Work-done report during Kharif-2005 Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas Demonstration of Dry seeding rice under tankfed area SRI cultivation in paddy Season Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Area (ha) 5.0 4.0 1.0 Activity

Ayacut area: 62.44 ha Crop Rice Rice Rice Executed Area (ha) 9.1 --Date of sowing 10th July31st August --Remarks A mean grain yield of 2.6 t/ha was recorded -Since, the monsoon was delayed by three weeks and due to high intense rains in July SRI wasnt taken up. A mean grain yield of 2.8 t/ha was recorded in sole maize. Redgram and beans yields are yet to be recorded. A seed cotton yield of 18.0 q/ha was recorded Castor yields are yet to be recorded. 4.5 t/ha of green fodder was recorded.

Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) Dry seeding of rice SRI technology in Rice

Introduction of Maize (sole and inter cropped) under tank commands

Kharif 2005

25.0 (Sole) 4.0 (Inter crop) 8.0 10.0 1.4

Introduction of Genetically modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction sorghum/maize of fodder

Kharif 2005 Late Kharif / Maghi Kharif 2005

Introduction of maize, Maize intercropped with Beans (Under irrigated conditions) and Redgram under rainfed conditions. Introduction of RCH-2 and Bunny Bt cotton Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of fodder sorghum

Maize, Beans, Redgram

17.1 (sole) 2.4 (M+B) 1.4 (M+R)

Last week of June14th July

Cotton Castor Fodder sorghum

5.9 5.5 0.1

1st week of July Last week of AugSep September 1st week

101

Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands. Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 170.4 ha Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas SRI cultivation in paddy Introduction of Sunflower under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of Safflower Executed Crop Rice

Season Rabi 2005-06

Area (ha) 10.0

Activity

Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) SRI technology in Rice Introduction of Sunflower under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of coriander

Area (ha) 2.4

Remarks A mean grain yield of 5.0 t/ha was recorded

Rabi 2005-06 Rabi 2005-06 Rabi 2005-06 Rabi 2005-06 Rabi 2005-06

0.4 8.0 75.0 15.0 1.0

Rice Sunflower Bengalgra m Castor Safflower

-0.8 35.2 10.0 0.4

A mean grain yield of 13.5 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 9.0 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 8.4 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 10.0 q/ha was recorded

102

Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06 Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma cheruvu Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas SRI cultivation in paddy Introduction of Sunflower under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of Coriander (sole or intercropped with Bengalgram)

Ayacut area: 41.712 ha Executed Crop Rice

Season Rabi 05-06

Area (ha) 5.0

Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) SRI technology in Rice Introduction of Sunflower under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of coriander

Area (ha) 11.2

Remarks A mean grain yield of 5.2 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 6.4 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 15.0 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 8.0 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 8.4 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 14.0 q/ha was recorded

Rabi 05-06 Rabi 05-06

0.4 10.0

Rice Sunflower

0.4 6.0

Rabi 05-06 Rabi 05-06 Rabi 05-06

20.0 2.0 1.0

Bengalgra m Castor Coriander

4.0 0.4 0.6

103

Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06 under different tank commands. Location: Khajipur Tank: Pedda cheruvu Ayacut area: 97.636 ha Action plan Activity Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas SRI cultivation in paddy Introduction of Sunflower under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of Safflower Executed Crop Area (ha) Rice Rice Sunflower Bengalgram Castor Safflower 3.6 -0.4 24.0 7.2 0.4 A mean grain yield of 12.5 was recorded A mean grain yield of 9.0 was recorded A mean grain yield of 8.0 was recorded A mean grain yield of 10.0 was recorded q/ha q/ha q/ha q/ha

Season Rabi 05-06 Rabi 05-06 Rabi 05-06 Rabi 05-06 Rabi 05-06 Rabi 05-06

Area (ha) 5.0 0.4 8.0 40.0 35.0 1.0

Activity Transplanted paddy (alternate wetting and drying) SRI technology in Rice Introduction of Sunflower under tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Introduction of Safflower

Remarks A mean grain yield of 4.8 t/ha was recorded

104

Action plan and Work-done report during Rabi-2005-06 Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayacut area: 62.44 ha Action plan Executed Activity Season Area Activity Crop Area (ha) (ha) Water management practices for Rabi 10.0 Transplanted paddy (alternate Rice 16.0 transplanted rice under tankfed 05-06 wetting and drying) irrigated areas SRI cultivation in paddy Rabi 0.4 SRI technology in Rice Rice 0.8 05-06 Introduction of Sunflower under tank Rabi 5.0 Introduction of Sunflower under Sunflower 5.0 commands 05-06 tank commands Introduction of Bengalgram under Rabi 20.0 Introduction of Bengalgram under Bengalgram 6.0 tank commands 05-06 tank commands Introduction of Groundnut under tank Rabi 5.0 Introduction of Groundnut under Groundnut 0.8 commands 05-06 tank commands Introduction of castor under tank commands Rabi 05-06 15.0 Introduction of castor under tank commands Castor 0.8

Remarks A mean grain yield of 5.4 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 6.4 t/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 18.0 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 12.0 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 30.0 q/ha was recorded A mean grain yield of 10.0 q/ha was recorded

105

Action plan and work done report during Kharif 2005 under different tank commands (KADAPA District)
Location: Vontimitta Ayacut area: 38ha Action plan Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities Season Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Rabi 2005 Area (ha) 38.0 38.0 Activity Green gram preceding to Rice Rotational water management practice in Rice Introduction Sunflower and Vegetable crop of French bean Crop Green gram Rice Tank: Gangaperuru Executed Area (ha) Date of sowing 38.0 20.5.05 38.0 1.8.05

Date of harvest 5.7.05 1stweek of Jan 06 1ST WEEK OF may

Avg.yield (Kg/ha) 300 4500

36.0 2.0

Sunflower French bean

37.8 0.20

1st week of Feb06

2050

Rabi 2005

38.0

Rabi 2005 Kharif 2005 5 No.

Introduce Sunflower -do-do-doI.D.Crops like Sunflower and Jowar crop as contingent crop to Rice Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower 1. Alternate crops to Rice 2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar

106

Action plan and work done report during Kharif 2005 under different tank commands Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ibrahimpet Ayacut area: 176.78ha Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements cultivers, fertilizers, pest control and other measures. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities Season Kharif 2005 Kharif 2005 Area (ha) 176.78 Activity Green gram preceding to Rice Rotational water management in Rice Ridge& Furrow in Sunflower Crop Green gram Green manure Rice Area (ha) 6.4 110 160.0 Date of sowing 20.5.05 Date of Harvest 30.7.05 Avg.yield Kg/ha 500

176.78

2.8.05

1st week of Jan06 2nd fortnight of Jan 06 1st week of May 2006

1800

Sunflower

16.4

15-10-05

500

Rabi 2005 Rabi 2005

174.78 2.0 174.78 2.0

Rabi 2005

8.0

Introduction Sunflower 160.0 1st week of 1700 Sunflower and Vegetables 2.0 Feb 06 Vegetable crop of French bean Introduce Sunflower 160.0 1st week of 1st week of 1700 I.D.Crops like Vegetables 2.0 Feb 06 May 2006 Sunflower and Jowar crop as contingent crop to Rice Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower

1.Alternate crops to Rice. 2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar

107

Action plan and work done report Kharif 2005 under different tank commands Location: Badvel Ayacut area: 16.6ha Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Season EarlyKhar if 2005 Late Kharif 2005 Area (ha) 16.24 Tank: Thippanapalli Activity Bajra preceding to Rice Rotational water management in Rice Ridge &Furrow In Sunflower Introduction of SRI Sunflower and Cotton Introduce I.D.Crops like Sunflower Cotton Crop Bajra Dhaincha Rice Area (ha) 4.0 12.0 14.0 Date of sowing 30-5-05 30-5-05 12-8-05 Date of harvest 10-8-05 Yield (Kg/ha) 1800

16.24

2nd fortnight of Jan06 -do12-1-06

3875

Sunflower Rice Sunflower Cotton Sunflower

2.0 0.2 4.0 12.0

10-10-05 9-8-05

1125 1827

Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities

Rabi 2005 Rabi 2005

0.2 8.0 8.0 8.0

8.0 Kharif 2005 Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower Sunflower 4 Alternate crops to Rice Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar

Kharif 2005

108

Action plan and work done report during Kharif 2005 under different tank commands Location: Badvel Ayacut area: 59.8 ha Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Season Early Kharif Rabi 2005 Tank: Puttayapalli Area (ha) 59.8 Activity Bajra preceding to Rice Rotational water management practice in Rice Ridge and Furrow in Sunflower 19.8 40.0 Introduction Sunflower and Vegetables Introduced Medium duration, resistant to rice blast variety of NLR 34449 8.0 Crop Bajra Greengram Rice Sunflower Area (ha) 40.0 14.0 40.0 16.0 Date of sowing 30-5-05 29-5-05 20-11-05 11-11-05 15-1-06 500 Date of harvest 18.8.05 12.8.05 Yield (kg/ha) 1725 575

Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements cultivers, fertilizers, pest control and other measures. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities

Rabi 2005 Rabi 2005

Sunflower Rice

16.0 40.0

11-11-05 11-11-05

15-1-06 12-2-06

1250 5500

Rabi 2005 Kharif 2005

Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower Alternate crops to Rice &production technologies for Sunflower

4 No.

109

Action plan and work done report during Kharif 2004 under different tank command Location: Vontimitta Tank: Gangaperuru Ayacut area: 38ha Action plan Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities Season Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Summer 2004 Area (ha) 38.0 38.0 36.0 2.0 Summer 2004 38.0 Executed Activity Green gram preceding to Rice Rotational water management practice in Rice Introduction Sunflower and Vegetable crop of French bean Crop Green gram Rice Sunflower French bean Area (ha) 38.0 31.2 37.60 0.2 Date of sowing 25.5.045 29.8.04 Jan 1st 04 16.12.04 Date of harvest 2.8.04 10.12.04 7.4.05 25.1.05 Avg.yield (Kg/ha) 725 5875 1600 6625

Rabi 2004 Kharif 2004 5 No.

Introduce Sunflower -do-do-doI.D.Crops like Sunflower and Jowar crop as contingent crop to Rice Zinc, potash and weedicide application in rice. Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower 1. Alternate crops to Rice 2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar

110

Action plan and work done report during Kharif 2004 under different tank commands Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ibrahimpet Ayacut area: 176.78ha Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Season Early Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Area (ha) 176.78 Activity Green gram preceding to Rice Rotational water management practice in Rice Semi dry paddy Direct seeding Ridge &Furrow in Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements cultivers, fertilizers, pest control and other measures. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities Summer 2004 Summer 2004 174.78 2.0 174.78 2.0 Sunflower Introduction Sunflower and Vegetable crop of French bean Introduce I.D.Crops like Sunflower and Jowar crop as contingent crop to Rice Crop Green gram Green manure Rice Rice Rice Sunflower Sunflower Vegetables Sunflower Vegetables Area (ha) 66.0 70.0 101.6 0.4 0.4 74.0 96.0 Date of sowing 29.5.04 24.6.04 15.8.04 16.8.04 14.9.04 15.11.04 1st week of Jan 05 1st week of Feb 06 Date of Harvest 10.8.04 Avg.yield (kg/ha) 675

176.78

16.1.05 2.1.05 8.1.05 12.2.05 9.4.05

5500 2612.5 5225.0 1700 1562.5

160 2.0

1st of May

1700

Rabi 2004

8.0

Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower Rice Sunflower 1.Alternate crops to Rice. 2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar

5 No.

111

Action plan and work done report during Kharif 2004 under different tank commands Location: Badvel Tank: Thippanapalli Ayacut area: 16.6 ha Action plan Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements cultivers, fertilizers, pest control and other measures. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities Season Early Kharif 2004 Late Kharif 2004 Rabi 2004 Rabi 2004 Area (ha) 16.6 16.6 Activity Green gram preceding to Rice Rotational water management practice in Rice Ridge &Furrow in Sunflower Introduction of SRI Sunflower and Cotton crop Introduce I.D.Crops like Sunflower Crop Green gram Dhaincha Rice Area (ha) 2.0 12.0 11.6 Executed Date of sowing 25.5.04 29.8.04 7-10-04 Date of harvest 5.8.04 20.1. 05 Avg.yield (Kg/ha) 700 5700

0.2 8.0 8.0 8.0

Sunflower Rice Sunflower Cotton Sunflower

4.4 0.2 8.0 8.0 --

10-11-04 1-10-05 1st weekof Feb --

8.2.05 5-2-06 1st week of May --

1125 5800 2050 600 -

Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004

4.0

Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower Sunflower Alternate crops to Rice Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar

5 No.

112

Action plan and work done report during Kharif 2004 under different tank commands Location: Badvel Ayacut area: 59.8 ha Action plan Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities Season Early Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004 Are a (ha) 59.8 Executed Activity Bajra preceding to Rice Rotational water management practice in Rice Redge &Furrow in Sunflower Introduction of Sunflower and Vegetable crops Introduce I.D.Crops like Jowar Crop Greengram Bajra Semi dry paddy Area (ha) 40 14 48.0 0.4 Date of sowing 25.5.04 20.5.04 5.9-04 Date of harvest 5.8.04 28.7.04 5.2. 05 Avg.yield (Kg/ha) 575 1950 4637.5 Tank: Puttayapalli

Rabi 2004 Rabi 2004

28

Jowar French bean ---do----

24.0 0.2 ---d0---

20.10.04 5.12.04 ---do---

7.2.05 21.1.05 ---do---

2040 13000 ---do-

28.0

Kharif 2004 Kharif 2004

4.0 5 No.

Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower Alternate crops to Rice Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar

113

Action plan and work done report during Kharif 2003 under different tank commands Location: Vontimitta Tank: Gangaperuru Ayacut area: 38.0 ha Action plan Executed Activity Season Area Activity ha) Demonstration / Evaluation of potential Early 38.0 Greengram preceding to crops and crop sequences with reference to Kharif Rice water use and economic returns 2003 Application of identified improved water Kharif 38.0 Rotational water management techniques to crop or 2003 management practice in situation, which sprinkler and drip Rice irrigation systems Direct seeded Rice Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities Rabi 2003 Rabi 2003 36.0 2.0 38.0 Introduction Sunflower and Vegetable crop of French bean Introduce I.D.Crops like Sunflower and Jowar crop as contingent crop to Rice

Crop Greengra m RICE

Area (ha) 38.0 32.5

Date of sowing 11.7.03 27.8.03

Date of harvest 10.9.03 5.12.03

Avg.yield (Kg/ha) 630 6080

Rice Sun flower Sunflower

0.5 38

14-.9.03 1st week of Jan 04 2nd week of Oct 03

28.1.03 1st week of Apr04 1s&2nd week of Feb 04

4725 2150

5.0

2075

Rabi 2003 Kharif 2003

Zinc , potash and weedicide application in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower No. training programmes-4 No.Group discussion-4 1. Alternate crops to Rice 2.Production technologies in Sunflower and Jowar Group discussion -2

114

Action plan and work done report DURING Kharif 2003 under different tank commands Location: Badvel Tank: Thippana palli Ayacut area: 16.6 ha Action plan Activity Demonstration / Evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation, which sprinkler and drip irrigation systems Season Early Kharif 2003 Late Kharif 2003 Area (ha) 16.6 16.24 Activity Green gram preceding to Rice Rotational water management practice in Rice Semidry paddy Direct seeded Rice Contingency crop Sunflower and French bean Introduce I.D.Crops like Sunflower Crop Green gram Bajra Rice Rice Rice Sunflower French bean Executed Area (ha) Date of sowing 2.0 11.7.03 12.0 10.0 0.4 0.4 4.0 0.5 16.7.03 2.10.03 22.9.03 6.9.03 2nd week of Oct 03 1st week of J an 04 1st week of Feb 04 Date of harvest 29.9.03 28.9.03 12.1.04 25.1.04 Avg.yield (Kg/ha) 700 2500 5812.5 3162.5

Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements cultivars, fertilizers, pest control and other measures. Multidisciplinary training programs for farmers managerial capabilities

Rabi 2003

0.2 8.0 8.0

Summer 2003

16.0

Sunflower

8.0

21.1.04 4862.5 1st&2nd week 1900 of Jan 04 6500 2nd week of Mar 04 2nd week 2062.5 o f May 04

Kharif 2003 Kharif 2003

--do-cotton 8.0 1150 Zinc , potash and weedicide application Tricho cards and alleyways in rice .Ridge and furrow sowing and Boron application in Sunflower Training programmes, Group discussion & Workshop Alternate crops to Rice Production technologies for Sunflower &Jowar Group discussions-4 Two day workshop 8th and 9th March 2004

115

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005 (Vizianagaram district)

Location: Ayacut: 2005-06 Activity

Ramasagaram, Gujjangivalasa, Gurla Mandal 60 acres Action plan Season Early kharif Kharif Area, acres 20 15 25 Activity Cultivation of grrengram/black gram preceeding rice Demonstration of aerobic rice Executed Crop Greengram black gram rice Area ,acre s 3 13.5 Avg Yield, kg/ha 0.8 2 q/ac Threshing under progress - do 4 9 q/ac 5 8 bags/ac Failed due to terminal moisture stress At vegetative growth - do -

Cultivation of grrengram/black gram preceeding rice Demonstration of dry seeded paddy and converted to wet with early, medium and long duration var. Water management practices in transplanted paddy Introduction of non traditional crops Demonstration of direct sown paddy under puddled conditions Sowing of pulses in rice fallows Cultivation of I.D. crops

kharif kharif Kharif rabi Rabi

05 10 5 15 15 5

Water management practices in paddy Non traditional crops Paddy under puddle conditions Cultivation of pulses I.D. crops

Paddy Maize Groundnut Casuarinas Paddy Black gram Green gram Maize Ragi

19 12.5 08 02 04 14 02 5 3

116

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005-06

Location: Ayacut:

Puchabanda, Gujjangivalasa, Gurla Mandal 70 acres Season Early kharif Kharif Area, acres 35 30 Executed Activity Sesamum cultivation Demonstration of aerobic rice Water management practices in paddy Non traditional crops Pulse cultivation Non traditional crops Ragi and vegetables cultivation Crop Sesamum rice Area, acres 21 12.5

Action plan Activity Sowing of sesamum preceeding paddy Demonstration of dry seeded paddy an converted to wet with early, medium, and long duration var. Water management practices in paddy Introduction of non traditional crops Sowing of rice fallow pulses Introduction of non traditional crops Cultivation of ragi and vegetables

kharif Kharif Rabi Rabi Rabi

10 15 15 15 04 13

Paddy Maize Groundnut Green gram Black gram Horse gram Maize Ground nut Ragi Vegetables Casuarinas

17 8 10 02 06 04 1.5 06 03 01 06

117

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005

Location: Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal Ayacut : 97 acres Action plan Activity Season Area, acres Cultivation of sesamum, Ragi and Early kharif 05 Mesta Sowing green manure crops before rice Demonstration of production technology of Sugarcane Demonstration of dry seeded paddy and converted to wet with early,medium,and long duration var. Water management practice in transplanted paddy including INM and IPM Introduction of non traditional crop Sunflower after maize Vegetables cultivation in rice fallows Cultivation of maize Cultivation of rice Cultivation of sugarcane Early kharif kharif kharif Kharif kharif rabi rabi rabi Rabi Rabi 10 05 10 14 45 20 13 15 13 03 -

Executed Activity Cultivation of Seasamum Sowing green manure crops Prouction technology of Sugarcane Demonstration of aerobic rice Water management practice in paddy Maize cultivations Sunflower after maize Vegetables cultivation in rice fallows Maize cultivation Rabi rice Sugran cane cultivation

Crop Seasamum Sunhemp Dhaincha Sugarcane rice Rice Maize Sunflower Vegetables Maize Rice Sugra cane

Area, acres 04 10 03 14 43 + 8 26 06 11 1.5 02 10 05

118

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005 Location: Hasankhan tank, Gangada, Balijapeta Mandal

Ayacut: 167 acres

Activity

Action plan Season Early kharif Early kharif kharif kharif

Area (Acres) 15 60
Sunhemp 20 Dhaincha 20

Activity Sowing green manure crops Prouction technology of Sugarcane Demonstration of aerobic rice Water management practice in transplanted paddy Introduction of Maize Cultivation of ragi Rice-sesamum cropping system sunflower Cultivation of pulses Cultivastion of maize

Crop -

Executed Area, acres 14 10 40+20

Cultivation of Finger millet and sesamum Sowing green manure crops before rice Demonstration of production technology of Sugarcane Demonstration of dry seeded paddy and converted to wet with early, medium, and long duration var. Water management practice in transplanted paddy Introduction of Maize(non traditional crop) Cultivation of ragi Growing sesamum after rice Introduction of non traditional crop- sunflower Cultivastion of pulses Cultivastion of maize

Avg Yield, kg/ha Incorporation 72 t/ha 3000to 4200

10 60

Sunhemp Dhaincha Sugarcane rice

kharif kharif kharif rabi rabi Rabi Rabi

80 14 03 60 05 Green gram 40 Black gram 40 Horse gram 20

rice maize ragi sesamum rabi Rabi rabi

80 5 (12 farmers) 02 (3 farmers) 20 0.5 4 0.6

4000 2800-3000

1.5 t/ha

119

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2003-04

Location: Ayacut: Action plan Activity

Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal 97 acres Season Kharif Kharif Kharif Area, Acres 06
30

Executed Activity Cultivation of maize Rotational irrigation schedules in paddy Cultivation of direct sown paddy Chemical weed control in paddy Sunflower cultivation Sesamum cultivation

Crop maize paddy Paddy

Cultivation of maize Rotational irrigation schedules in transplanted paddy Demonstration of dry seeded paddy and converted to wet with early, medium, and long duration var. Demonstration of chemical weed control methods in direct sown paddy Introduction of non traditional crop sunflower Production technology of sesamum

Area, acres 3.5 35 30

Avg Yield, kg/ha 2.12 3.62 2.5 4.4 2.5 3.28

30

kharif Rabi Rabi

10 2 40

rice Sunflower Sesamum

06 1 38

2.5 2.8 1 1.3 0.25 0.42

120

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2004-05 Location : Neellacheruvu, Galavilli, Balijapeta Mandal Ayacut : 97 acres
Action plan Activity Cultivation of sesamum, Ragi and Mesta Sowing green manure crops bfore rice Demonstration of production technology of Sugarcane Demonstration of dry seeded paddy and converted to wet with early,medium,and long duration var. Demonstration of puddle seeded rice under late conditions Water management practice in transplanted paddy Introduction of Maize(non traditional crop) Growing sesamum after rice Veg cultivation in rice fallows Season Early kharif Early kharif kharif kharif kharif kharif kharif rabi rabi Area, acres 42 05 01
Sunhemp 12 Dhaincha 10

Executed Activity Cultivation of Seasamum Mesta Sowing green manure crops Prouction technology of Sugarcane Demonstration of aerobic rice Demonstration of puddle seeded rice Water management practice in transplanted paddy Introduction of Maiz Rice-sesamum cropping system Veg cultivation in rice fallows -

Crop Seasamum Mesta Sunhemp Dhaincha Sugarcane rice rice rice maize sesamum Bhendi French bean Tomato & brinjal -

Area, acres 38 01 13.5 15 40 2 farmers 30 5 10 1.25 1.5 -

8 40 10 22 15 60 05 05 02 03 05

Cultivastion of maize

Rabi

121

Action plan and work done report during Kharif and rabi 2005-06

Location: acres Action plan

Hasankhan tank, Gangada, Balijapeta Mandal Executed

Ayacut:

167

Activity
Sowing of sesamum, ragi and mesta Sowing green manure crops before rice Demonstration of production technology of Sugarcane Demonstration of dry seeded paddy and converted to wet with early, medium, and long duration var. Water management practice in transplanted paddy Sowing contingent crops Cultivation of vegetables Introduction of non traditional crops Sowing of sesamum succeeding paddy Pulses cultivation in rice fallows Introduction of non traditional crops

Season
Early kharif Early kharif kharif kharif

Area, Acres
10 -04 15 15 12 60

Activity
Cultivation of sesamum and mesta Sowing green manure crops Prouction technology of Sugarcane Demonstratio n of aerobic rice Water management practice in transplanted paddy Contingent crop Cultivation of vegetables Maize cultivation Seseamum cultivation Pulses cultivation in rice fallows Non traditional crops

Crop
Seseamum Mesta Sunhemp Dhaincha Sugarcane rice

Area, acres
10 04 08 12 + 3 30 +30

Avg Yield, kg/ha

1-2 q/ac 6-6.75 q/ac Incorpora tion

3 4.4 t/ha

kharif

20

rice

83

kharif kharif Kharif rabi rabi

28 07 20 30 20 10 05 02

Ragi Pulses Millets Vegetable s maize Sesamum Green gram Black gram Sunflower Maize

07 02 15 + 25 10 01 02

Rabi

122

Research & Demonstration activities in Mahaboobnagar district

On-Farm Research Experiment on Aerobic rice

On-Farm Research Experiment on Integrated Weed Management in Rice

123

On-farm demonstration on Castor & Redgram intercropping

OFD on Sunflower during Rabi Season

124

Tank command area in Indrakal with Maize crop

Tank Command area in Vattem Village with Cotton crop

125

GREENGRAM PRECEDING TO RICE

BAJRA PRECEDING TO RICE

126

GREENMANURE FOLLOWED BY RICE

DHAINCHA PRECEDING TO RICE

SEMI-DRY PADDY

127

SEMI-DRY PADDY

SEMI-DRY PADDY

128

Chapter-V

Results of Experiments & Demonstrations

129

130

Results Of Research And Demonstrations MAHABOOBNAGAR OBJECTIVE Demonstration / evaluation of potential crops and crop sequences with reference to water use and economic returns. Experiment No.1 1 Title of the experiment systems. 2. Location 3. Year and season 4. Crop and variety : Crop diversification evaluation of cropping

: a) Tankfed area of Vattem village b).Tankfed area of Lattupally village : Kharif/rabi 2003-04 : Paddy (BPT-5204), Maize(Ratna), Castor(Jyothi) Cotton (Bunny) Red gram (Asha) Sorghum (CSV 15) Chilli (jwala) Sunflower Vegetables Bengal gram (ICCV-2 and 10) Rice rice or rice -fallow cropping system is predominant in the tank command areas of both Vattem & Lattupally villages. In view of water scarcity and electricity problems, this experiment was carried out show them benefits of diversification of crops to increase productivity of tank fed command area. 1) To evaluate various crops and cropping systems Suitable for tank command area. 2) To evaluate economics of various cropping systems. T1: Rice fb Rice T2: Rice fb ID crops T3: ID crops fb ID crops. 131

5.Basic information for prioritization of the experiment.

6.Objectives

7. Treatments:

8. Date of commencement 9. Results

: July 2003.

Yield data of Rice fb ID crops cropping system Village Farmers Crop Yield Gross Name (t/ha) returns --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vattem Sreenivas Reddy Rice 5.5 (K) 44,000 Ragi 1.76 (R) 6,160 Bengalgram 0.67(R) 1005 Beans 2.95 (R) 11,800 Vattem R.Krishna Reddy Rice Ragi Fodder jowar Tomato Brinjal Rice Ground nut 4.65 (K) 1.56 (R) 21.5 (R) 10.25 (R) 8.25 (R) 4.05 (K) 1.43 (R) 37,200 5,460 2580 30,750 24,750 32,400 28,600

Lattupally

Balaiah

The results indicated that Rice fb vegetable crops recorded highest gross returns fallowed by RiceGroundnut cropping system, Rice-ragi and rice-Bengal gram cropping system. In case of Bengal gram crop, because of late planting in rabi, the yield were low.

Yield data of ID crops followed by ID crops cropping system Village Farmers Crop Yield Gross Name (t/ha) returns -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vattem A.Ram Reddy Maize + 5.46 (K) 24,570 Red gram (CEY) Bengal gram 0.78 (R) 11,700 N.Venkat Reddy Maize + Red gram Castor + Red gram Cotton Maize Ragi Tomato Fodder Jowar Beans 132 5.65 (K) (CEY) 1.43 (K) (CEY) 1.5 (K) 3.55 (R) 1.65 (R) 17.60 (R) 13.25 (R) 3.21 (R) 25,425 17,160 30,000 15,975 5,775 35,200 1,590 12,840

In case of ID crops followed ID crops cropping system experiment maize followed by vegetables was economically in case of farmers who could provide supplementary irrigations to the vegetable crop during the rabi season. Cotton crop was found to be suitable to the tank command areas where soils have higher clay content but the cost of cultivation is high compared to the other ID crops. Maize- red gram intercropping was found to be economically more remunerative compared to castor red gram or sorghum red gram intercropping. Ragi crop was cultivated during rabi with few irrigations which indicated its potentiality as suitable crop for rabi where providing supplementary irrigation is not possible. Experiment No : 2 1. Title of the experiment command areas 2. Location : : 1) 2) 3) 4) Evaluation of suitable cropping systems in Vattem tank command area Lattupally tank command area Indrakal tank command area Maddigatla tank command area

3. Year & season 4. Crop & variety Vegetables 5. Basic information for

: Kharif and rabi, 2004-05 : - Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Sunflower, Castor and

: At present situation due to erratic distribution of rain fall Prioritization of the Experiment and due to siltation and damage to the bunds most of the tanks lost their 50% of their storage capacity. To utilise the limited water recourses judiciously to increase the WUE and to increase the cropping intensity and economic returns to the farmers there is a need to evaluate suitable cropping system in particular command area : 1) To evaluate suitable and remunerative copping system in command areas : 1) Rice Rice 2) Rice Fallow 3) Rice - ID crops 4) ID crops- ID crops 5) ID crops- fallow 133

6. Objectives 7. Treatment

8. Date of commencement 9. Results

: Kharif 2004

Table: 25 Rabi crops acreage during 2004-05 Crops (acre) Village Vattem Lattupally Indrakal Maddigatla Sunflower 16 12 2 Vegetables 4 6 4 9 Chillies 6 4 Fodder 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Experiment No: 3 1. Title of the experiment : Evaluation of suitable cropping systems in command areas : 1) 2) 3) 4) Vattem tank command area Lattupally tank command area Indrakal tank command area Maddigatla tank command area

2. Location

3. Year & season 4. Crop & variety

: Kharif and rabi, 2005-06 : Paddy, Maize, Cotton, Sunflower, Castor and Vegetables

5. Basic information for Prioritization of the Experiment

: At present situation due to erratic distribution of rain fall and due to siltation and damage to the bunds most of the tanks lost their 50% of their storage capacity. To utilise the limited water recourses judiciously to increase the WUE and to increase the cropping intensity and economic returns to the farmers there is a need to evaluate suitable cropping system in particular command area

134

6. Objectives

: 1) To evaluate suitable and remunerative copping system in command areas : 1) Rice Rice 2) Rice Fallow 3) Rice - ID crops 4) ID crops- ID crops 5) ID crops- fallow : Kharif 2005

7. Treatment

8. Date of commencement

Rabi crops acreage ( acres) during 2005-06 Village Vattem Lattupally Indrakal Maddigatla Paddy 40 60 15 20 Sunflower 3 4 6 Vegetables 1 5 4 3 Chillies 2 5 4 Fodder 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Fallow 63.0 46.0 92.2 253.0

OBJECTIVE Application of identified improved water management techniques to crops or situation, which include sprinkler and drip irrigation. Experiment No : 1 1. Title of the experiment approach in 2. Location : Irrigation scheduling based on critical stage Maize crop in different soils types : 1) Tank fed area of Nagulu cheruvu (mixed soils) 2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruvu (Red soils) : Kharif 2004-05 : - Maize, : Farmers in the tank fed area of both the villages are cultivating Maize crop under rain fed situation. Due to erratic distribution of rain fall crop is exposed to moisture stress conditions at 135

3. Year & season 4. Crop & variety 5. Basic information for Prioritization of the Experiment

critical growth stages which adversely affects the yields of Maize crop. 6. Objectives : To study the effect of irrigations at critical crop growth stages of rainfed maize on growth and yield under different soils type : 1) Rain fed 2) Irrigations at critical stages : Kharif 2004

7. Treatment 8. Date of commencement 9. Results:

The results of the experiment conducted in Mixed (Indrakal) and Red soils(Lattupallyu) revealed that irrigation given at critical crop growth stages increased the seed yield to that of cultivation under rain fed situation. There was 10.94 and 21.23 percent increased in seed yield in mixed and red soils respectively with two irrigations. Maize crop Yield (in mixed soils) S.No Farmer Name Area (ac) 0.5 0.5 0.5 Rainfed 5.2 4.9 4.5 Yields (t/ha) Irrigation at critical stages 5.86 (12.69) 5.43 (10.92) 5.12 (13.78) Yields (t/ha) Rainfed 3.45 3.92 4.01 Irrigation at critical stages 4.36 (26.33) 4.75 (21.30) 4.66 (16.06)

1 D. Janaki Ram Reddy 2 K. Jangamma 3 K. Mallaiah Maize crop Yield (in Red soils)

S No 1 2 3

Farmer Name Somla Dakya Venkataiah Goud

Area (ac) 0.5 0.5 0.5

136

OBJECTIVE Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns. Experiment No :1 1. Title of the experiment 2. Location : Crop diversification for increasing cropping intensity in the tank command areas : 1) Vattem Village 2) Lattupally village 3) Indrakal Village 4) Maddigatla Village : Kharif 2004-05 : - Maize ( Proagro, PHI, Seedtech) Cotton ( Binny, MECH-12) Castor ( Kranthi) Redgram ( PRG-100, Maruthi) : The formers in the selected villages are habituated to cultivate rice or keeping the land fallow in the tank command areas. During current years, due to erratic distribution of scanty rain fall limited water is available in the tanks. So as to utilise the limited water resources there is a need to cultivate ID crops instead paddy crop or keeping land as fallow. : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing different irrigated dry crops during kharif season . : : 1. Dr.N.Venkat Reddy ADR, RARS, Palem. 2. Sri.T.Ram Prakash Scientist (Soil science) 3. Dr. Y. Praveen Kumar Research Associate 4. Sri G. Srinivas Research Associate : Kharif 2004

3. Year & season 4. Crop & variety

5. Basic information for Prioritization of the Experiment

6. Objectives 7. Treatment 8. Investigators

9. Date of commencement

137

10. Results a) Crop Diversification - Vattem village Command area of the tank Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) Uncultivated area Project interventions : : : : 48 ha 45.0ha(93.75%) 3 ha (6.25%) 45.0ha(100%)

Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2004-05) S. No Crop Area (ha) % to the total cultivated area Average yield (t/ha)

1.

Maize+Redgram (Inter Crop) Cotton Maize (sole crop) Total

22.0 11.0 12.0 45.0

48.88 24.44 26.66 100

3.15+0.14 1.58 3.02

b) Crop Diversification - Lattupally village Command area of the tank Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) Uncultivated area Project interventions : : : : 40.2 ha 36.2ha (90.05%) 4ha (9.95%) 33.2ha (91.71%)

Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2004-05)

S. No Crop Area (ha) % to the total cultivated area 69.61 15.46 6.62 91.69 Average yield (t/ha)

1.

Maize+Redgram (Inter Crop) Cotton Castor+ Rgram

25.2 5.60 2.40 33.2

3.60+0.15 1.26 1.04+0.13

Total

138

c) Crop Diversification - Indrakal village Command area of the tank Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) Uncultivated area Project interventions : : : : 54.4 ha 45.9ha(84.35%) 8.5ha (15.62%) 36.8ha(67.64%)

Cultivated Area and Maize crop yield during Kharif season (2004-05)
S. No 1. Crop Maize (sole crop) Area (ha)
36.8 % to the total cultivated 80.17 area

Average yield (t/ha) 4.57

d) Crop Diversification - Maddigatla village Command area of the tank Total cultivated area (2004-05 Kharif) Uncultivated area Project interventions : : : : 132.8 ha 102.8ha (77.41%) 30 ha (9.95%) 32.0 (24.09%)

Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season(2004-05)

S. No Crop Area (ha) % to the
total cultivated area

Average yield (t/ha) 4.56 + 0.16

1.

Maize + Redgram

32.0 ha

31.12

139

Experiment No : 2 1. Title of the experiment : Crop diversification for increasing cropping intensity in the tank command areas : 1) Vattem Village 2) Lattupally village 3) Indrakal Village 4) Maddigatla Village : Kharif 2005-06 : - Maize ( BH-2187, Seedtech- Suraj) Cotton ( Bunny, Raasi-2 Bt cotton)) Castor ( Kranthi) Redgram ( PRG-100, Maruthi)

2. Location

3. Year & season 4. Crop & variety

5. Basic information for : The farmers in the selected villages are habituated to cultivate Prioritization of the Experiment rice or keeping the land fallow in the tank command areas. During current years, due to erratic distribution of scanty rain fall limited water is available in the tanks. So as to utilise the limited water resources there is a need to cultivate ID crops instead paddy crop or keeping land as fallow. 6. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing different irrigated dry crops during kharif season. :

7. Treatment 8. Results

140

a) Crop Diversification - Vattem village Command area of the tank Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) Uncultivated area Project interventions : : : : 48 ha 44.8 ha(93.33%) 3.2 ha (6.66%) 26.8 ha (55.83%)

Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2005-06) S.No 1 Crop Maize + redgramCottonCottonCastorPaddyArea (ha) 14 ha 12 ha 10.8 ha (farmers own) 0.8 ha 7.2 ha (Farmers own) % to the total cultivated area 31.25 26.79 24.11 1.79 16.07 Average yield t/ha 3.97+0.21 1.37 1.40 1.12 4.4

CROP DAMAGE : Out of 14ha of maize cultivated in the Vattem village, 60 % of the cropped area was damaged due to water logging. Similarly in case of cotton out of 22.8 ha total area 16 ha ( 7012%) was damaged due to excessive moisture. b) Crop Diversification c) Lattupally village Command area of the tank Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) Uncultivated area Project interventions : : : : 50.2 ha 48.4ha (96.8%) 1.6ha (3.2%) 38.0ha (76.00%)

141

Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2005-06) S.No 1 Crop Maize Castor Cotton Cotton Paddy Sorghum Chilli Ragi Area (ha) 21.2 ha 14.4 ha 0.8 ha 4 ha 4 ha 2 ha 1.6 ha 0.4 ha (Project intervention) (Project intervention) (Project intervention) (Farmers own) (Farmers own) (Farmers own) (Project intervention) (Farmers own) % to the total cultivated area 43.80 29.79 1.65 8.26 8.26 4.13 3.30 0.81 Average yield t/ha 4.20 0.98 1.26 1.18 4.20 4.0 2.60 2.25

Crop Damage: Damage due to water logging was recorded in case castor crop, wherein 69.4 % of the area (25 acres) was damaged. In case of cotton and maize crops also yield reduction was observed due to excessive moisture. c) Crop Diversification - Indrakal village Command area of the tank Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) Uncultivated area Project interventions

: : : :

54.4 ha 47.6 ha(87.5%) 6.8ha (12.5%) 36.0ha(66.18%)

Cultivated Area and Maize crop yield during Kharif season (2005-06) S.No 1 Crop Maize Cotton Cotton Paddy Paddy Area (ha) 34.4ha (Project intervention) 0.8 ha (Project intervention) 4.4 ha (Farmers own) 0.8 ha (project intervention) 7.2 ha (Farmers own) % to the total cultivated area 72.27 1.68 9.24 1.68 15.13 Average yield t/ha 4.67 1.31 1.30 4.80 4.72

142

d) Crop Diversification - Maddigatla village Command area of the tank : Total cultivated area (2005-06 Kharif) : Uncultivated area : Project interventions :

132.8 ha 112.8ha(84.94%) 20 ha (15.06%) 36.0 (27.11%)

Cultivated Area and yields of ID crops during Kharif season (2004-05) S.No 1 Crop MaizeMaizeCotton CastorCastorPaddyArea (ha) 34.0 ha (Project intervention) 48.8 ha (Farmers own) 16.0 ha (Farmers own) 4 ha (Project intervention) 2ha (Farmers own) 8 ha (Farmers own) % to the total cultivated area 30.14 43.26 14.18 3.55 1.77 7.09 Average yield t/ha 2.12 4.1 1.34 1.17 1.09 4.6

143

4. To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving W.U.E and in increasing the cropping intensity leading increase in production and net returns. Experiment number : 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Title of the experiment Location Year and season Crop & Variety : Introduction of improved water management techniques in Paddy in tank command areas : 1. Ragupathi tank command area of Vattem village 2. Gandi tank command area of Lattupally village : Kharif 2003-04 : Paddy, BPT-5204 and Tellahamsa

Basic information for : In tank fed area water use efficiency in paddy is Prioritization of the Experiment very low as the farmers usually apply water as and When it is convenient and available and the awareness regarding the application of different depths of water at different stages of paddy crop to reduce the total water requirement is generally lacking. To address the problem this experiment was formulated to demonstrate the possibility of taking up the paddy crop with rotational irrigation in farmers fields. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing rotational Irrigation in paddy. 2. To reduce amount of water i.e, required for paddy crop cultivation. : T1 : Control (Flooding or continuous submergence) T2 : Rotational irrigation. : July 2003.

6.

7. 8.

Treatments Date of commencement

9 .Results: Generally farmers in both Vattem & Lattupally areas daily give irrigation to keep their paddy field in submerged condition. Insufficient ground water and frequent power failures are the major problems in irrigating the paddy fields. Water Use Efficiency in case of paddy is very low due to high transmission losses and improper water 144

management by the farmers. To over come this problem, irrigations at every 3 to 5 days interval depending on water availability were applied till maximum tillering stage of crop, later from PI stage on words submerged condition was maintained by farmers. Yield data was recorded at harvest. Data was presented in table no. The results indicated that in both Villages rotational water management recorded slightly lower yields varying from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to 6.98% straw yield than the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment. Average reduction in the grain as well as straw yields were comparatively higher in case of Lattupally village (11.46 % and 3.90% than in vattem village (9.54 % and 2.546%)This trend in the yield can be attributed to the water holding capacity of the soils of the lattupally (red soils) village compared to the soils of vattem village (black soils) Total number of irrigations applied in the treatment-1 were 45-50 where as the total no of irrigation applied in case of the rotational irrigation were 35-40. This indicates that the water saving incase of the rotational irrigation treatment, in terms of number of irrigations is i.e., 20-25 %. Yield data of rotational irrigation experiment -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name of the Experimental Grain Yield (t/ha) straw yield (t/ha) Village&farmer area (ha) FP IP FP IP -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vattem N. Ram Reddy R. Kesava Reddy D. Yadamma Ramachandra Reddy Venkat Reddy Bucchanna Heeralal 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 5.95 4.64 4.00 5.25 (-11.76) 4.30 (-7.32) 4.15 (3.75) (-1.23) (-8.5) (-10.0) (-26.13) 6.28 6.54 6.10 6.56 6.73 6.18 6.87 6.10 (-2.86) 6.28 (-3.97) 6.05 (-0.81) 6.29 (-4.11) 6.22 (-2.26) 6.04 (-2.26) 6.39 (-6.98)

Lattupally 4.05 4.00 4.10 3.75 4.00 3.60 4.40 3.25

145

Experiment number: 2 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Title of the experiment Location Year and season Crop & Variety : Introduction of improved water management techniques in Paddy in tank command areas : 1. Ragupathi tank command area of Vattem village 2. Gandi tank command area of Lattupally village : Kharif 2005-06 : Paddy, BPT-5204

Basic information for : In tank fed area water use efficiency in paddy is Prioritization of the Experiment very low as the farmers usually apply water as and When it is convenient and available and the awareness regarding the application of different depths of water at different stages of paddy crop to reduce the total water requirement is generally lacking. To address the problem this experiment was formulated to demonstrate the possibility of taking up the paddy crop with rotational irrigation in farmers fields. Objectives : 1. To study the feasibility of introducing rotational Irrigation in paddy. 2. To reduce amount of water i.e, required for paddy crop cultivation. : T1 : Control (Flooding or continuous submergence) T2 : Rotational irrigation. : July 2005.

6.

7. 8.

Treatments Date of commencement

9.Results: Generally farmers in both Vattem & Lattupally areas daily give irrigation to keep their paddy field in submerged condition. Insufficient ground water and frequent power failures are the major problems in irrigating the paddy fields. Water Use Efficiency in case of paddy is very low due to high transmission losses and improper water management by the farmers. To over come this problem, irrigations at every 3 to 5 days interval depending on water availability were applied till maximum tillering stage of crop, later from PI stage on words submerged condition was maintained by farmers. Yield data was recorded at harvest. Data was presented in table no. 146

The results indicated that in both Villages rotational water management recorded slightly lower yields varying from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to 6.98% straw yield than the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment. Average reduction in the grain, as well as straw yields were comparatively higher in case of Lattupally village (11.46 % and 3.90% than in vattem village (9.54 % and 2.546%) This trend in the yield can be attributed to the water holding capacity of the soils of the lattupally (red soils) village compared to the soils of vattem village (black soils) Total number of irrigations applied in the treatment-1 were 45-50 where as the total no of irrigation applied in case of the rotational irrigation were 35-40. This indicates that the water saving incase of the rotational irrigation treatment, in terms of number of irrigations is i.e., 20-25 %. Yield data of rotational irrigation experiment -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name of the Village & farmer Vattem N. Ram Reddy R. Kesava Reddy D. Yadamma 0.4 0.4 0.4 5.53 5.18 5.32 4.98 5.17 4.65 5.80 (-) 5.43 (-) 5.41 () 5.31 5.36 4.84 5.90 6.01 5.94 6.21 6.28 6.13 5.60 5.80 5.70 5.94 5.93 6.01 Experimental Grain Yield (t/ha) area (ha) FP IP straw yield (t/ha) FP IP

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lattupally Ramachandra Reddy 0.4 Venkat Reddy Bucchanna 0.4 0.4

147

OBJECTIVE Improved on-farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizers, pest controls and other measures. Experiment No : 1 : Popularization of Integrated Weed Management in paddy 2. Location : 1) Tank command area of Vattem village 2) Tank command area of Lattupally village 3. Year & season : Kharif-2003-04 4. Crop & variety : Paddy, BPT-5204, Tellahamsa 5. Basic information for the Prioritisation of the Experiment : 1. Title of the experiment Farmers usually practice manual weeding to control weeds in paddy. If there is any labour shortage problem, Then its not possible to control weeds in time. Farmers usually employ 60-70 man days/ ha for weeding in case of paddy and the requirement is lower in case of other crops. However, labour cost for weeding is one of the major contributors for cost of cultivation. Moreover, farmers usually do not practice timely weeding resulting in lower yields. Keeping these problems in view a demonstration on Integrated Weed Management was taken up. 6. Objectives : a) to popularize herbicide usage in paddy for timely weed control and to reduce the cost of cultivation. b) to estimate the economics involved in IWM in paddy. : T1 : Control (FP) T2 : IWM ( Inter cultivation + Manual weeding + Butachlor) application. : July 2003.

7. Treatment

8. Date of commencement

148

Yield and yield parameters of paddy No of panicles No. of grains/ Grain Village & Experimental /m2 panicle (t/ha) farmer name area (ha) FP K.Veerachari 0.8 Sekhar Reddy 0.4 Jahangir 0.4 Economics of IWM in paddy Farmers Name Yield (t/ha) IP 6.15 4.13 5.25 Cost of cultivation (Rs) FP IP 21,700 18,400 22,580 20,080 24,590 21,890 Gross returns (Rs) FP IP 36800 49200 25200 33040 31280 42000 Net returns (Rs) FP IP 15100 30800 2620 12960 6690 20110 367 338 349 IP FP Vattem 416 96 Lattupally 373 85 396 88 IP 124 91 109 FP 4.60 3.15 3.91 IP 6.15 4.13 5.25 33.7 31.1 34.2 % yield increase in the yield

FP K. Veerachari 4.60 Sekhar Reddy 3.15 Jahangir 3.91

To overcome the weed problem, herbicide i.e, Butachlor application @ 1 kg/acre along with manual weeding was done. The results indicated that No. of panicles/m 2 and no. of grains/m2 were more in case of improved practice compared to manual weeding, because of weed free situation. Grain yield was more in case of IWM method (4.60 to 6.15 t/ha )compared to farmers method (3.158 to 4.4 t/ha.) In case of cost of cultivation, it was less in IWM method compared to farmers method due to usage of herbicide there by less labour requirement. Total labour requirement in improved practice was 10-15 man-days where as in case of farmers practice where the entire weeding operation was done manually was 60-65 man-days. This reduction in manual labour requirement resulted in lower cost of cultivation (Rs18, 400-21,890) in the fields where the improved practice was adopted compared to farmers practice (Rs 21,700-24,590). Net returns were more in case of IWM method, i.e, ranged from 14,720/- Rs to 33,600/- Rs. Where as in farmers method they ranged from Rs 2,620/- Rs to 13,500/-.

149

1. Title of the experiment 2. Location

Experiment: 2 : Popularization of Integrated Nutrient Management in paddy : a) Tank command area of Vattem village b).Tank command area of Lattupally village : Kharif 2003-04 : Paddy, BPT-5204 : Salinity or alkalinity is a common problem associated with the tank fed soils. To reclaim the soils effectively and to demonstrate the role of green manures in supplementing the nutrients, this experiment was demonstrated in the farmers fields of both the villages. : a) To study the influence of INM on paddy yields in problematic soils. b) to study economics of INM in paddy : T1 : Farmers method T2 : INM (Inorganic straight fertilizers + Green manuring with Daincha) : July 2003

3. Year and season 4. Crop and variety 5. Basic information for Prioritization of the Experiment

6. Objectives

7. Treatment

8. Date of commencement

Yield and economics data of INM in paddy Name of the Grain farmers yield FP A. Ram Reddy 4.38 Laloo 2.87 Ravinder goud 3.90 Cost of cultivation IP FP IP 5.29 23,640 24,750 3.75 19,860 20,870 4.55 22,525 23,545 Gross return FP 35040 22960 31200 IP 42320 30000 36400 Net returns FP 11400 3100 8675 IP 17570 9130 12855

Farmers usually apply inorganic fertilizers alone year after year there by soil fertility status decreasing and also salinity & alkalinity problem already exists under tank fed area. To overcome these problems, green maturing with Dhaincha was suggested 150

proceeding to rice to increase fertility level of soils. The results indicated that grain yield was more in case of INM treated field compared to farmers method was due to slow release of nutrients by the higher organic matter present in the soil and reclamation of the soil by the green manure crop. Net returns were high in INM field, compared to farmers method i.e, application of inorganic fertilizers alone.

Experment No. 3. 1. Title of the experiment

: Evaluation of improved agronomic practices (Direct seeding)in paddy in tank command areas. : Tank fed area of Vattem village : Kharif 2003-04 : Paddy, BPT-5204 :

2. Location 3. Year and season 4. Crop & Variety

5. Basic information for Prioritization of the Experiment

Delayed transplanting in paddy has become a common phenomenon in tank command areas due to the delayed on-set of monsoon. In Vattem tank command area, farmers generally transplant paddy, even under water scarcity and late planting situations. This experiment was formulated to evaluate the performance of direct seeding and transplanting of paddy, in case of water deficit and late planting conditions as direct seeded crop generally require less water and matures earlier than the transplanted crop. 6. Objectives : 1) To evaluate the performance of direct seeded Paddy in comparison to transplanted paddy in Farmers fields : T1 : control (Farmers method) T2 : Direct seeding

7. Treatment

8. Date of commencement : July 2003 Yield and yield attributes of paddy (Drum seeding) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name of Experimental No. of panicles/ plant No. of grains/ panicle yield (t/ha) the farmer area (ha) FP IP FP IP FP IP -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N. Masi Reddy 0.4 5.74 3.1 145 98 6.15 4.75 N. Venkat Reddy 0.2 5.63 3.2 140 115 6.10 4.90 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------151

Direct seeded paddy field was maintained saturated condition up to PI stage, and from PI stage onwards submerged condition was maintained.Direct seeded crop reached maturity10 days earlier than transplanted crop. In case of direct seeded crop 20 per cent yield reduction was seen compared to transplanted crop, because of high weed growth. No of panicles for plant & also no of grains/ panicle were less in case of direct seeded crop compared to transplanting.

Experiment No : 4 1. Title of the experiment 2. Location 3. Year & season 4. Crop & variety 5. Basic information for : Integrated pest management in cotton : Lattupally Tank command area Vattem tank command area : Kharif 2004-05 : - Cotton : In Lattupally and Vattem villages farmers cultivate cotton crop during kharif season. Due to lack of awareness about time of application, method of application and use of bio- pesticide farmers indiscriminately applying pesticide which results in the increasing the cost of cultivation. To reduce the cost of cultivation there is need to follow integrated pest management approach in cotton crop. : 1. To create awareness about the IPM practices in Cotton 2. To anlyze the benefit cost ratio for IPM and Non- IPM practices : 1) Farmers practices (non IPM) 2) IPM practices

6. Objectives

7. Treatment

8. Date of commencement : Kharif 2004 Results: The results of the experiment conducted on integrated pest management in two Villages (Lattupally and Vattem) showed that not much variation was observed in seed yield of cotton. Following the IPM practice decreased in the18 to 20 % cost of cultivation over farmers practice. Net returns and B : C ratio also higher under improved practice.

152

 S.No

Cost of cultivation and returns of cotton crop (Lattupally) Returns (Rs) Non IPM 24400 22720 24800 IPM B:C ratio IPM 2.65 2.64 2.92

Farmers Yield (t/ha) Cost of cultivation Name (Rs) Non IPM Non IPM IPM IPM 1 K. Dasu 1.525 1.58 11562 9500 2 Jathru 1.42 1.49 11325 9000 3 Dakya 1.55 1.58 10375 8625 Cost of cultivation and returns of cotton crop (Vattem) S.No Farmers Yield (t/ha) Cost of cultivation Name (Rs) Non IPM Non IPM IPM IPM 1 K. Dasu 1.357 1.428 11002 10025 2 Jathru 1.402 1.483 10525 9250 3 Dakya 1.457 1.538 10775 9000 1. Title of the experiment 2. Location

Non IPM 25280 2.11 23840 2.01 25280 2.39

Returns (Rs) Non IPM 21712 22432 23312 IPM

B:C ratio IPM 2.08 2.57 2.73

Non IPM 22848 1.97 23728 2.13 24608 2.16

Experiment No : 5 : Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops : 1) Tank fed area of Raghupathi cheruvu (Vattem village) 2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruve (Lattupally village) : Kharif 2004-05 : - Maize, Castor and Redgram : In most of the tank command areas farmers generally cultivate single crop. Due to delay in the on set of monsoon, prolonged dry spells and early with drawl results in failure in majority of the cases. Under such circumstances cultivating inter crop as insurance against drought will reduce the risks. : To analyze the yield and economic returns of intercropping system Vs sole crop : 1) Maize (sole crop) 2) Castor (sole crop) 3) Maize+Redgram (4:1) 4) Castor + Redgram (4:1) 153

3. Year & season 4. Crop & variety 5. Basic information for Prioritisation of the Experiment

6. Objectives 7. Treatment

8. Date of commencement 9 Results

: Kharif 2004

The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 6.5% increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize crop. Similarly, 17.34% increased in net returns are observed with Castor + Redgram inter cropping over solo Castor crop. Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Maize + Redgram) Yields (t/ha) Economic returns(Rs) S.No Farmers Name Area Sole Maize+Redgram Sole Maize Maize+Redgr (ac) Maize am 1 N. Venkat Reddy 0.5 3.75 3.40 + 0.22 18937 20360 2 K. krishna Reddy 0.5 3.50 3.20 + 0.160 17675 18480 3 N. Masi Reddy 0.5 4.08 3.80 + 0.185 20452 21872 Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Castor + Redgarm) Yields (t/ha) Economic returns (Rs) S.No Farmers Area Sole Castor+Redgra Sole castor+Redgram Name (ac) Maize m Maize 1 Jahangeer 0.5 1.125 1.05 + 0.140 15225 17255 2 Bashya 0.5 1.140 1.07 + 0.205 15515 18487 3 Lasu 0.5 1.030 0.98 + 0.195 14210 17037

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Experiment No : 6 1. Title of the experiment 2. Location : Intercropping studies in Maize and Castor crops : 1) Tank fed area of Raghupathi cheruvu (Vattem village) 2) Tank fed area of Gandi cheruve (Lattupally village) : Kharif 2005-06 : - Maize, Castor and Redgram

3. Year & season 4. Crop & variety 5. Basic information for Prioritization of the Experiment

: In most of the tank command areas farmers generally cultivate single crop. Due to delay in the on set of monsoon, prolonged dry spells and early with drawl results in failure in majority of the cases. Under such circumstances cultivating inter crop as insurance against drought will reduce the risks. : To analyze the yield and economic returns of intercropping system Vs sole crop : 1) Maize (sole crop) 2) Castor (sole crop) 3) Maize + Redgram (4:1) 4) Castor + Redgram (4:1) : Kharif 2005

6. Objectives

7. Treatment

8. Date of commencement 9. Results The results of the study revealed that the economic returns are much higher under inter cropping system to that of cultivation of single crop. There was 6.5% increase in net returns with Maize + Redgram system over sole Maize crop. Similarly, 17.34% increased in net returns are observed with Castor + Redgram inter cropping over solo Castor crop.

155

Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Maize + Redgram) Yields (t/ha) Sole Maize+Redgram Maize 4.5 4.20+0.18 4.73 4.31+0.26 4.29 4.08+0.25 Economic returns(Rs/ha) Sole Maize+Redgram Maize 22500 23880 23650 25710 21450 24400

S.No 1 2 3

Farmers Name Sarojinamma P.Venkat Reddy Mallaiah

Area 0.4 0.8 0.4

Yields and Economic returns in inter copping system (Castor + Redgarm) Yields (t/ha) Economic returns (Rs) S.No Farmers Area Sole Castor+redgram Sole Castor+Redgram Name (ha) Maize Maize 1 Hiralal 0.4 4.3 1.09+0.21 21500 20800 2 Venkat Reddy 0.4 4.61 1.26+0.14 23050 22400 3 Santhru 0.8 4.12 1.13+0.26 20600 22240

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MEDAK As a result of introduction of different crops and crop sequences an additional area of 161.6 ha during Kharif and 150.8 ha during Rabi was brought under cultivation under the selected tank commands. Irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton during Kharif and bengalgram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, redgram and coriander during Rabi were introduced under tank commands. The cropping intensity in the tank commands increased from 16.28% (before project implantation) to 59.43% (after project implementation). The results of research and demonstrations conducted at Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally, Bhoompally, Mangole and Khajipur villages during 2003-04 and 2004-05 are as follows: I) Introduction of crops under tank commands a) Soybean In 2003-04, a mean seed yield of 0.588 and 0.54 t/ha was obtained in 2.4 and 15.2 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages. In 2004-05, a mean seed yield 0.5, 0.47 and 0.175 t/ha was obtained in an area of 0.4, 1.2 and 2.0ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages. Mean yields of soybean during kharif 2003 & 2004 under different tank commands Kharif 2003 Area (ha) Seed yield (t/ha) Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur Total/Mean b) Maize 2.4 15.2 --17.6 0.588 0.54 --0.547 Kharif -2004 Area (ha) Seed yield (t/ha) 0.4 -1.2 2.0 3.6 0.5 -0.47 0.175 0.309

In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 2.66 and 2.16 t/ha was obtained (sown in an area of 4.0 and 21.6 ha) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages. In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.98, 2.63, 2.45 and 3.24 t/ha was obtained (sown during June and July in an area of 72.0, 9.2, 16.8 and 33.6 ha) under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages. 157

Mean yields of maize during kharif 2003 & 2004 under different tank commands Kharif 2003 Area (ha) Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur Total / Mean 4.0 21.6 --25.6 Grain yield (t/ha) 2.66 2.16 --2.23 Kharif 2004 Area (ha) 9.2 72.0 16.8 33.6 131.6 Grain yield (t/ha) 2.63 2.98 2.45 3.24 2.95

c) Desi cotton In 2004-05, an average kapas yield of 0.25 and 0.667 t/ha was obtained (sown during 1st week of August and 7th July in an area of 0.4 and 0.6 ha) under Pedda Cheruvu and Kalkalamma Cheruvu tank commands of Bhoompally and Kukunoorpally village. Yield & economics of desi cotton during kharif 2004 under different tank commands Area (ha) Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Total / Mean 0.6 0.1 0.7 Yield (t/ha) 0.667 0.25 0.607 Gross returns (Rs/ha) 11670 4375 10630 COC (Rs/ha) 8620 4300 8003 Net returns (Rs/ha) 3350 75 2627

d) Genetically modified cotton (Bt) In 2004-05, Rasi (RCH-2) and MECH 12 was introduced. RCH 2 recorded an average yield of 1.25, 1.25, 3.25 and 1.5 t/ha sown during June and July in an area of 0.4, 0.4, 0.4 and 0.8 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages. MECH 12 recorded an average yield of 0.37, 1.99 and 2.15 t/ha sown during June and July in an area of 0.4, 2.0 and 0.8 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu tank commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages.

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Mean yields of genetically modified cotton (Bt) during kharif 2004 under different tank commands RCH-2 Area (ha) Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur Total / Mean e) Bengalgram In 2003-04 a mean seed yield of 0.72 and 0.82 t/ha was obtained under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages. In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 0.875, 1.25, 0.625 and 0.875 t/ha was obtained sown during October November after maize / paddy / fallow in an area of 64.0, 14.0, 14.0, and 32.0 ha under Pedda cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages. Mean yields of bengalgram during rabi 2003-04 & 2004-05 under different tank commands Rabi -2003-04 Area (ha) Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur Total / Mean f) Castor In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 0.875, 0.75, 0.75 and 0.85 t/ha was obtained sown during October after maize / fallow in an area of 12.8, 2.4, 6.0 and 26.0 ha under Pedda 12 44 --56 Seed (t/ha) 0.72 0.82 --0.80 Rabi- 2004-05 yield Area (ha) 14.0 64.0 14.0 32.0 124.0 Seed (t/ha) yield 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 2.0 Kapas (t/ha) 1.25 1.25 3.25 1.5 1.75 yield Area (ha) 2.0 0.4 1.0 -3.4 MECH-12 Kapas yield (t/ha) 1.99 0.37 2.15 -1.82

1.250 0.875 0.625 0.875 0.890

159

cheruvu, Kalkalamma cheruvu, Doddi cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Bhoompally, Kukunoorpally, Mangole and Khajipur villages. Mean yields of castor during rabi 2003-04 & 2004-05 under different tank commands Rabi-2004-05 Area (ha) Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Mangole Khajipur Total / Mean g) Sunflower In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.06 and 1.08 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during November December after paddy in an area of 3.2 and 1.6 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages. Yield and economics of sunflower during rabi 2004-05 under different tank commands Area Yield Gross returns COC Net returns (ha) (t/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) Kukunoorpally Mangole Total / Mean h) Redgram 3.2 1.6 4.8 1.06 1.08 1.07 15964 16200 16043 8607 7438 8217 7357 8762 7826 2.4 12.8 6.0 26.0 47.2 Seed yield (t/ha) 0.75 0.875 0.75 0.85 0.84

In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during October after paddy in an area of 0.4 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu command of Kukunoorpally village. i) Groundnut In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during October December after paddy / maize in an area of 4.0 ha under Doddi cheruvu command of Mangole village.

160

j) Coriander In 2004-05, a mean seed yield of 1.0 t/ha was obtained in the crop sown during October in an area of 0.4 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu command of Kukunoorpally village. II) Demonstration of production technologies a) Demonstration of balanced fertilization in Maize In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 3.1 and 2.86 t/ha was obtained by adoption of recommended dose of fertilizer (90-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4) as against 2.8 and 2.52 t/ha by adopting Farmers practice (50 to 75 50 0 kg N, P2O5, and K2O) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages. Effect of balanced fertilization in maize during kharif 2003 under different tank commands Gross returns COC (Rs. Net Returns Yield (t/ha) (Rs/ha) /ha) (Rs/ha) TP FP TP FP TP FP TP FP Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Mean 3.1 2.86 2.98 2.8 2.52 2.66 14880 13728 14304 13440 12096 12768 7305 6870 7087 6830 6450 6640 7575 6858 7217 6610 5646 6128

TP: 90-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4 FP: 50 to 75 50 0 kg N, P2O5, and K2O Balanced fertilization in maize resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs.1089 per hectare (Rs. 965 and Rs. 1212 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally respectively) over farmers practice. b) Demonstrations of dry seeding in Paddy In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 3.17, 4.15 and 5.12 t/ha was obtained by dry seeding in paddy, dry seeding in paddy with two supplemental irrigations and transplanted paddy under Pedda cheruvu command of Bhoompally village. An additional yield of 0.98t/ha was obtained with two supplemental irrigations.

161

Effect of supplemental irrigation on dry seeding in paddy (aerobic rice) during kharif 2003 under Pedda cheruvu command of Bhoompally Grain yield (t/ha) Dry sown Dry sown paddy with two Transplanted paddy supplemental irrigations paddy BPT-5204 Erramallelu MTU-1010 Mean 3.85 3.10 2.63 3.17 4.5 4.22 3.65 4.15 5.60 5.16 4.55 5.12

In 2004-05, a mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha was obtained (sown during 1st July15th July in an area of 4.0 ha) under Pedda cheruvu command area of Bhoompally village. c) Demonstration of integrated nutrient management in paddy In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 5.3 and 5.52 t/ha was obtained by adoption of recommended dose of fertilizers (120-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4 + green leaf manuring) as against 4.56 and 4.62 t/ha by adopting farmers practice (75 75 0 kg N, P2O5, and K2O) under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages. Effect of Integrated nutrient management in paddy during kharif 2003 under different tank commands Yield (t/ha) TP Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Mean 5.3 5.52 5.41 FP 4.56 4.62 4.59 Gross returns (Rs./ha) TP FP 34450 35880 35165 29640 30030 29835 COC (Rs. /ha) TP FP 8595 8460 8527 8010 8040 8025 Net Returns (Rs./ha) TP FP 25855 27420 26638 21630 21990 21810

TP: 120-60-40 kg N, P2O5, and K2O + 50 kg ZnSO4 + Green leaf manuring FP: 75 75 0 kg N, P2O5, and K2O Integrated nutrient management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 4828 per hectare (Rs. 4225 and Rs. 5430 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally respectively).

162

d) Demonstration of water management practices (alternate wetting and drying) for transplanted rice In 2004-05, an average yield of 5.5 t/ha was obtained (transplanted during 20th July to 31st July in an area of 17.4 (11.4 + 6.0) ha with alternate wetting and drying for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas of Pedda cheruvu and Kalkalamma cheruvu command areas of Bhoompally and Kukunoorpally villages respectively. e) Demonstration of Integrated Pest Management in Paddy In 2003-04, a mean grain yield of 6.72 and 6.55 t/ha was obtained by adoption of seed treatment, raising the nursery on raised seedbeds, applying 1kg of Carbofuran granules 5 days before transplanting / seedling dip in chlorpyriphos for hour, cutting leaf tips before transplanting, planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alleys for every 23m width, balanced nutrient application (organic + inorganic fertilizers), need based plant protection measure, as against 5.08 and 5.30 t/ha under farmers practice under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages. Effect of integrated pest management in paddy during kharif 2003 under different tank commands Yield (t/ha) TP FP Bhoompally Mean Gross returns (Rs./ha) TP FP COC (Rs. /ha) TP FP 8785 8710 8748 8010 8240 8125 Net Returns (Rs./ha) TP FP 34895 33839 34367 25010 26210 25610

Kukunoorpally 6.72 5.08 43680 33020 6.55 5.30 42549 34450 6.63 5.19 43115 33735

TP: Seed treatment, raising the nursery on raised seedbeds, applying 1kg of Carbofuran granules 5 days before transplanting / seedling dip in chlorpyriphos for hour, cutting leaf tips before transplanting, planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alleys for every 2-3m width, balanced nutrient application: FP: Imbalance fertilization, indiscriminate use of pesticides Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 8757 per hectare (Rs. 9885 and Rs. 7629 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally respectively). f) Demonstration of integrated pest management in Cotton In 2003-04, a mean kapas yield of 1.875 and 1.62 t/ha was obtained by adoption of IPM practices (deep summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning of bunds, stem application of monocrotophos, trap crops, border crop, pheromone traps,

163

bird perches) as against 1.7 and 1.36 t/ha in non IPM plots under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages. Effect of integrated pest management in cotton during kharif 2003 under different tank commands Yield (t/ha) TP FP Kukunoorpally 1.88 1.7 Bhoompally Mean Gross returns (Rs./ha) TP FP COC (Rs. /ha) Net Returns (Rs./ha) TP FP TP 24625 17410 21017 FP 9200 2180 5690

39375 35700 14750 26500

1.62 1.36 33210 27880 15800 25700 1.75 1.53 36292 31790 15275 26100

TP: Deep Summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning of bunds, stem application of Monocrotophos, trap crop, border crop, pheromone traps, bird perches FP: Shallow ploughing, imbalanced fertilization, and indiscriminate use of pesticides. Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 15327 per hectare (Rs. 15425 and Rs. 15230 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally respectively). In 2004-05, a mean kapas yield of 2.0 and 3.3 t/ha was obtained in IPM plots sown in July in 0.6 and 0.6 ha under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Doddi cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Mangole villages as against a mean kapas yield of 1.55 and 1.4 t/ha in Non IPM plots and there was a reduction of Rs.2280 /ha in cost of cultivation in IPM plots over Non IPM plots. Effect of Integrated pest management in cotton during kharif 2003 under different tank commands Area (ha) TP Kukunoorpally Mangole Mean 0.6 0.6 0.6 FP 4.4 4.0 4.2 Yield (t/ha) FP 3.3 2.0 2.65 TP 1.42 1.55 1.48 Gross returns (Rs./ha) FP TP 57750 24880 35000 27125 46375 25949 COC (Rs. /ha) FP 15300 15835 15567 TP 17140 18625 17847

TP: Deep Summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning of bunds, stem application of Monocrotophos, trap crop, border crop, pheromone traps, bird perches FP: Shallow ploughing, imbalanced fertilization, and indiscriminate use of pesticides. 164

h) Demonstration of Integrated pest management in Castor A mean grain yield of 0.93 and 1.17 t/ha was obtained by adoption of seed treatment, balanced fertilizer application and need based plant protection measures as against 0.66 and 0.836 t/ha under farmers practice under Kalkalamma cheruvu and Pedda cheruvu commands of Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally villages. Effect of integrated pest management in castor during rabi 2003-04 under different tank commands Gross returns COC (Rs. Net Returns Yield (t/ha) (Rs./ha) /ha) (Rs./ha) TP FP TP FP TP FP TP FP Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Mean 0.93 1.17 1.05 0.66 0.84 0.75 8361 11115 9738 5976 7942 6959 5200 5770 5485 4150 4910 4530 3161 5345 4253 1826 3032 2429

TP: Deep Summer ploughing, seed treatment, balanced fertilization, cleaning of bunds, pheromone traps, bird perches FP: Shallow ploughing, imbalanced fertilization, and indiscriminate use of pesticides. Integrated pest management resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 1824 per hectare (Rs. 1335 and Rs. 2313 per hectare at Kukunoorpally and Bhoompally respectively).

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ANANTHAPUR Usually in tankfed irrigated areas, rice crop is taken during late kharif or early rabi seasons after getting sufficient water into the tanks and in kharif the fields will remain fallow. Instead of keeping the land fallow during kharif, fodder crops like sorghum, greengram or sorghum can be grown. Paddy crop requires more water as compared to irrigated dry crops. Hence, crop diversification in place of paddy is required. Most of the soils in tank aycut are alkaline soils with high pH and exchangeable sodium percentage through out the soil profile, adverse physical properties and reduced availability of some essential plant nutrients. The zinc deficiency is observed more frequently in soils with high pH, low organic carbon and light texture soils. Field experiments and demonstrations were conducted under four tank command areas of Rangampeta, Pamurai, Madigubba and Pullarevu during 2003 and 2004. These trials were conducted on a shallow to medium deep soils. The soils of the experimental fields were alkaline in nature. Kharif crops like sunhemp, greengram (T9), sorghum (M35-1) were taken up in tankfed areas. In Pamurai, Rangampeta and Madigubba, greengram and sunhemp were taken up during early kharif 2004 and in Pullalarevu and Rangampeta, sorghum crop was taken up during kharif 2004. Under crop diversification, sunflower (Siri hybrid, Arunodaya hybrid) crop was introduced. Package of practices were adopted as per the recommendations for the crops taken up. With an objective of reclamation of problem soils and increase the productivity, field experiments and demonstrations were carried out to investigate the effect of soil amendments on yield and yield attributes of paddy in alkaline soils. Treatments were control, gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and Zinc sulphate @ 50 kg /ha. Treatments were replicated thrice in 20 farmers fields. Demonstrations to popularize the use of gypsum and zinc sulphate were under taken in tankfed areas of Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba during 2004-05. Soils of experiment and demonstration plots were light texture black soils. The soil pH ranged between 8.1 & 9.6 at surface level and it ranged between 8.2 & 10.1 at sub surface level in Pamurai tank command area. At Rangampeta, soils are shallow in depth, light black sandy soils with pH and EC ranged between 8.2 & 9.9 and 0.013 & 1.791 in surface layer and 8.1 9.9 and 0.118 1.256 in sub surface layer respectively. In Pullalarevu tank, pH of the soils ranged between 7.9 & 8.8 at surface level (0 15 cm), whereas in sub surface level (15 30 cm) it ranged between 8.0 & 9.0. In Madigubba tank, pH of the soil samples ranged between 7.6 & 8.5 at surface level whereas in sub surface level samples it ranged between 7.8 & 8.9. Available nitrogen was low in both the layers of the soils, while available P2O5 and K2O were medium in surface and sub surface layers of four villages of tank command area. Paddy crop variety BPT 5204 was transplanted during second fortnight of August 2003-04 and 2004 -05. Gypsum was applied for those soils which have pH above 8.5 as per the treatments before transplanting through broadcasting and mixing in soil. Basal application of zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha was taken up. Biometric observations like number of hills per 166

m2green leaves, dry leaves per plant and newly formed roots per plant were recorded at 10 days after transplanting. Number of tillers per m2 was recorded at 20 days after transplanting. Yield and yield attributes were recorded at harvest as per the standard method. Fodder Sunhemp : The sunhemp green fodder yield ranged between 8 to 9 t/ha with an average of 8.45 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 3000/- to Rs. 3400/- with an average of Rs. 3140/ha. Sunhemp was meant for incorporation into soil as a green manure crop. But in Pamurai, as, there were no rains and tanks could not get water, it was used as fodder. Yield and net returns of kharif crops as against the existing practice of fallow under tank command areas of Anantapur district, kharif 2003 Crop Sunhemp Greengram Sorghum Green fodder yield (t/ha) 8.45 3.78 5.08 Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha.) 1085 800 570 Gross returns (Rs/ha.) 42285 3024 2022 Net returns (Rs/ha) 3140 2561 1462

Sunnhemp price Rs. 500/ton, greengram price Rs. 800/ton and sorghum Rs. 400/ton Greengram : The greengram green fodder yield ranged between 3.5 to 4.0 t/ha with an average of 3.78 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 2400/- to Rs. 2600/- with an average of Rs. 2561/ha. Because of moisture stress, the pods could not get filled and hence it was used as a fodder. Sorghum : The sorghum green fodder yield ranged between 5.0 to 5.6 t/ha with an average of 5.08 t/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 1300/- to Rs. 1500/- with an average of Rs. 1462/ha. The grain yield of hybrid sorghum (Haritha) ranged between 4 to 4.6 t/ha and 24 to 30 t/ha of green fodder with an average of 4.3 t/ha of grain and 27 t/ha of green fodder. The net returns from hybrid sorghum ranged between Rs. 25000 to Rs. 28500 per ha with an average of Rs. 26546/ha.

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Yield and economics of hybrid sorghum (Haritha) recorded at Rangampeta tank command area of Anantapur district, kharif 2003 Name of the tank Rangampeta Mean of green fodder yield (t/ha) 27 Yield * (t/ha) 4.35 Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 4200 Gross returns (Rs/ha) 30750 Net returns (Rs/ha) 26546

* Mean of 15 farmers, green fodder price Rs. 400/t. grain price Rs. 450/q. Sunflower Seed yield of sunflower at Rangampeta ranged between 1620 to 1720 kg/ha with an average of 1625 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 21349/- to Rs. 22389/ha with an average of Rs. 21415/ha. Net returns from sunflower during summer and late kharif in four tanks Command areas of Anantapur district, 2004-05 S.No. Name of the tank Rangampeta Pamurai Pullararevu Madigubba Average seed yield (kg/ha) 1625 1688 1280 1725 Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 7835 7788 7103 7813 Gross returns (Rs/ha) 30384 29250 23040 31050 Net returns (Rs/ha) 21415 22596 15937 23237

1. 2. 3. 4.

Seed yield of sunflower at Pamurai ranged between 1650 to 1690 kg/ha with an average of 1688 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 22087 to Rs. 22612 with an average of Rs. 22596/ha. Seed yield of sunflower at Pullalarevu ranged between 1238 to 1300 kg/ha with an average of 1280 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 15414 to Rs. 16185 with an average of Rs. 15937/ha. Seed yield of sunflower at Madigubba ranged between 1720 to 1780 kg/ha with an average of 1725 kg/ha and net returns ranged between Rs. 23237 to Rs. 24030 with an average of Rs. 23237/ha. Economic use efficiency was high with sunflower (Rs. 44.38/mm of water applied) compared to rice (Rs. 13.86/mm of water).

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Net returns from sunflower and rice in tank command areas of Anantapur district Parameters Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Gross returns (Rs/ha) Average net returns (Rs/ha) Water requirement (mm) Economic use efficiency (Rs/mm) Gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield of rice Rice 14775 42500 27725 2000 13.86 Sunflower 9250 27000 17750 400 44.38

Significantly higher number productive tillers/m2 and numbers of grains/panicle was recorded in gypsum applied plots followed by ZnSO4 applied plot during kharif 2003. Similar trend was noticed in the remaining villages during 2004 also. Influence of the gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield and yield attributes of rice in Pamurai & Rangampeta tank command areas of Anantapur district, 2003-04 Treatments Number of panicles / m2 P R 393 397 497 421 No. of grains per panicle P R 67 70.0 77 83.0 73.0 0.5 1.5 Grain yield Straw yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha) P R P R 5113 5216 5520 6071 5780 6586 6079 6931 5504 5629 5797 6222 59.2 179 37.8 110 47.4 143 59.7 174

T1: Control T2: Gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha T3: ZnSO4 @ 50 463 405 72 kg/ha S Em + 8.5 0.97 1.1 CD (5%) 25.7 2.8 3.3 P: Pamurai tank R: Rangampeta tank

Influence of the gypsum and zinc sulphate on yield and yield attributes of rice in tank command areas of Anantapur district, 2004-05 Madigubba Parameters Pamurai (Average Rangampeta (Average of 4 of 6 farmers) (Average of 8 farmers) farmers) C Productive tillers /m No. of grains per panicle Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha)
2

G 424 77 4858 5608

Z 411 74 4691 5383 169

C 392 77 5152 5666

G 420 90 5906 6257

Z 413 84 5622 6173

C 354 73 4548 5337

G 389 79 4925 5710

Z 385 78 4680 5332

389 65 4500 4775

C: control, G: Gypsum, Z: Zinc sulphate Significantly higher grain yield was recorded with gypsum application followed by ZnSO4 applied plots in Pamurai and Rangampeta villages during kharif 2003. Significantly higher straw yield was recorded in gypsum applied plots followed by ZnSO4 applied plots in Pamurai, but at Rangampeta it was at par with control as compared to ZnSO4 application. On the other hand it was superior in gypsum applied plots over ZnSO4 application during kharif 2003. Similar results were noticed in kharif 2004 also in all the villages.

Demonstrations Large number of demonstrations were conducted with zinc sulphate @ 50kg/ha in all four villages of Pamurai, Ranagampeta, Madigubba and Pullalarevu during kharif 2004 05. The results indicated that the paddy grain yield increased with application of zinc sulphate as basal and yield increased (4528 5207 kg /ha) over control. Similar increase in straw yield was noticed in zinc sulphate applied plots (5602 6427 kg/ha) over control. Grain and straw yield recorded in Zinc sulphate demonstrations in four tankfed villages Name of the village Grain yield Straw yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Control ZnSO Control ZnSO4
4

Pamurai (Average of 9 farmers) Pullalarevu (Average of 9 farmers) Rangampeta (Average of 16 farmers) Madigubba (Average of 16 farmers) Mean

4565 4528 5180 5207 4870

5160 4816 5918 5934 5457

5292 5583 5728 5707 5577

5602 5778 6427 6375 6045

Large number of demonstrations were conducted with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in all four villages of Pamurai and Madigubba during kharif 2004 05. (Table 8). The paddy grain yield increased with application of gypsum (4896 5737 kg /ha) over control. Similar increase in straw yield was noticed in gypsum applied plots. (5535 6200 kg/ha) over control.

170

Grain and straw yield recorded in gypsum demonstrations in four tankfed villages Name of the village Grain yield (kg/ha) Contr ol Pamurai (Average of 6 farmers) Madigubba (Average of 10 farmers) Mean 4597 5050 4823 Gypsum 4896 5737 5316 Straw yield (kg/ha) Control 5194 5690 5442 Gypsu m 5535 6200 5867

At harvest, there was more reduction in pH in gypsum-applied plots. Effect of gypsum application on soil pH at different intervals of the crop period in tankfed villages of Anantapur district S.No. 1. 2. Treatments Control Gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha pH (mean of the 7 farmers plots) Initial 10 DAT After harvest 9.1 8.3 8.3 9.1 8.2 7.8

171

KADAPA Greengram/ Bajra preceding to rice: Growing of bajra and greengram preceding to rice crop recorded an average seed yield of 2225 Kg/ha and 668 kg/ha with net returmns of Rs. 8100 and 8413/ha respectively. Further straw of these crops is used as fodder to cattle. Some of the farmers incorporated the bhusa of greengram into the soil, which improved the soil fertility and rice yields by 250-375 kg/ha.

Yield of bajra and greengram preceding rice in tankfed areas, 2003 S.no 1 2 Crop Avg grain yield (Kg/ha) Bajra 2275 Greengram 667.5 Gross returns (Rs/ha) 13350 13350 Cost of Cultivation (Rs/ha) 5250 4938 Net Returns (Rs/ha) 8100 8413 BCR 1.54 1.70

Transplanted Rice With Improved water management higher grain yield (5868 Kg/ha) and net returns (Rs. 22843/ha) and B:C ratio (1.47) was recorded as compared to farmers practice (5525 Kg/ha). Besides this there was saving of 1/3rd of irrigation water with this practice. The farmers practically experienced and accepted this method of rotational irrigation system. Lower seed yield of 3470 Kg/ha was recorded in semi dry paddy with net returns of Rs. 6170/ha and B:C ratio of 0.37 where in wet seeded rice, normal yields (4938 kg/ha) were obtained with net returns of Rs. 18086/- and B:C ratio of 1.27 which were comparable with that of farmers practice of transplanted rice. Water management practices of rice in tankfed areas, 2004 Crop Grain Yield Gross (kg/ha) returns (Rs/ha) Semi dry paddy 3470 22670 Wet seeded rice 4938 32261 Rotational irrigation 5868 38318 Farmers practice of 5525 36078 Water management 172 COC (Rs/ha) 16500 14175 15475 17400 Net Returns BCR (Rs/ha) 6170 18086 22843 18678 0.37 1.27 1.47 1.07

Sunflower / Jowar as contingent crop to rice under late Kharif in tankfed areas Most of the tankfed farmers with no borewells keep lands fallow, if the tanks are not filled. The tank areas receive rainfall during September and October. In such situations, for effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil moisture, sunflower and jowar was sown as contingent crop in fallow lands during the month of October under rainfed conditions.

Performance of Jowar and Sunflower under tank ayacut during rabi 2004-05 Crop Jowar Sunflower Grain Yield Gross (kg/ha) returns (Rs/ha) 2076 14532 1700 23800 COC (Rs/ha) 8750 10475 Net Returns BCR (Rs/ha) 5782 13325 0.66 1.27

Jowar and sunflower sown as contingent crops during the months of October and November recorded an average seed yields of 2076 Kg/ha and 1700Kg/ha with net returns of Rs. 5782 and Rs. 13325 /ha and B:C ratios of 0.66 and 1.27 respectively. As a result, farmers of four tanks obtained an additional income with grain as well as fodder, through effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil moisture. Cropping Systems: Sunflower was sown in rice fallows during the months of December and January in tankfed areas having bore wells. A new short duration rabi vegetable crop French bean was introduced at three locations. Most of the farmers successfully grown the third crop of sunflower/French bean (vegetable crop) in rice fallows with water saved during rabi due to multivariate of ID crops. Performance of Sunflower, French bean after rice in summer 2004-05 Crop Sunflower French bean Grain Yield Gross (kg/ha) returns (Rs/ha) 1770 23800 7041 35205 (green pods) COC (Rs/ha) 10475 12500 Net Returns BCR (Rs/ha) 13325 22705 1.27 1.81

173

Sunflower and French bean grown in rice fallows recorded an average seed yield of 1770 Kg/ha and green pods of 7041 Kg/ha. As a result, the farmers in four tankfed areas got additional net returns of Rs. 13325 and Rs. 22705 per hectare with B:C ratio of 1.27 and 1.81 respectively. If tanks are not filled, the remunerative cropping systems under tankfed areas of Kadapa district are Greengram/Bajra during May-June fallowed by Jowar-Sunflower during October-November. For tanks supported with borewells, greenmanure/greengramrice-sunflower was found remunerative with conjunctive use of rain, surface and ground water.

174

VIZIANAGARAM Aerobic and wet seeded rice, rotational irrigational practices in transplanted rice, growing short and medium duration varieties of rice to avoid terminal moisture stress, introduction of maize under tank commands during kharif season in the upper and middle reaches were tried. 1) Weed Management in dry seeded in Paddy (2003) The grain yield of rice under dry seeded conditions when butachlor was applied as pre-emergence herbicide ranged between 26-28 t/ha, which were fairly satisfactory when, compared to the yields obtained under controlled conditions. In 2004-05 spraying of butachlor as pre-emergence herbicide in case of dry sown paddy was quite effective and recorded 18.7% increase in grain yield over farmers practice.
Effect of butachlor application on grain yield of dry seeded rice, Galavilli, 2003

No. of S. Name of the Farmer No Variety productive tillers / m2 Sivvala Yerukunaidu Vaddapalli Simhachalam 3 4 Majji Seethalu Poreddi Chandrayya RGL-2538 RGL-2538 CONTROL 1 2 Vanjarapu Thoudu Makka Narayanarao Aerobic rice 175 RGL-2538 RGL-2538 231 225 98.90 130.20 1750 1875 299 286 121.00 121.00 2660 2600 RGL-2537 RGL-2537 216 214.50 2500 257 Grains / panicle Yield (kg/ha)

1 2

238.70

2800

In 2003, the average grain yield under direct sown conditions was 2.94 t/ha when compared to 3.63 t/ha under transplanted conditions. Among the varieties RGL -2537 has resulted grain yield of 3.45 t/ha compared to RGL -2538 (2.9 t/ha) and mashuri (2.8 t/ha). Performance of rice varieties under aerobic conditions, Galavilli, kharif 2003 No. of S.No Name of the Farmer Variety Prod. tillers / m2 1 2 3 4 Sathivada Y Naidu Alugubilli Raminaidu Vaddapalli Krishna Vanjarapu A Naidu RGL-2538 RGL-2537 RGL-2538 RGL-2538 Transplanting 1 2. 3. Kadagala Dalinaidu Alugubilli S Naidu Makka Venkati RGL-2537 Mashuri Mashuri 4000 4400 2500 252 246 258 241 panicle 140.50 219.36 108.00 125.90 (kg/ha) 3280 3100 2660 2500 Grains / Yield

During 2004-05 cultivation of paddy under aerobic conditions was found advantageous over wet seeded and transplanted rice in Galavilli village.

176

Demonstration of aerobic transplanted rice, kharif 2004 S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 1 2 3 Name of the Farmer Direct Sown A. Raminaidu V. Madhava Naidu A. Laxmu T. Jogi Naidu V. Ramulu S. Appayya A. Apparao Puddled R. Appadu V. Appala naidu Transplanted S. Kamayya K. Kondamnaidu S. Appalaram Variety RGL-2332 RGL-2332 RGL-2538 RGL-2538 MTU-1010 MTU-1010 RGL-2537 RGL-2537 RGL-2538 RGL-2537 RGL-2537 RGL-2537 Date of Sowing 19.6.04 20.6.04 18.6.04 18.6.04 19.6.04 20.7.04 4.7.04 19.6.04 18.6.04 5.7.04 6.7.04 6.7.04 Date of Harvesting 18.11.04 18.11.04 2.11.04 29.10.04 11.10.04 20.10.04 18.11.04 27.11.04 8.11.04 Yield (kg/ha) 2975 2308 3990 2055 3531 3037 2188 1825 2460 2700 2500 2000

INM in Paddy
In 2004-05 an increase in grain yield (33.3%) was observed with INM over that of non-adoption of INM (Table 4).

Demonstration of INM in paddy Name of the Farmer Date of Sowing 19.6.04 18.6.04 20.7.04 19.6.04 Date of Harvesti ng 11.10.04 2.11.04 20.10.04 26.11.04 Yield (kg/ha) 3531 3990 3037 1980

S.No.

Variety MTU-1010 RGL-2538 Control MTU-1010 RGL-2537

1 V. Ramulu 2 A. Laxmu 1 S. Appayya 2 M. Apparao

At Gangada, among the rice varieties tested under aerobic conditions, RGL-2535 was found most promising as it recorded highest grain yields when compared to RGL2537 and MTU-1010.

177

Demonstration of aerobic rice, Gangada (2004-05) Date of Sowing 4.7.04 21.6.04 4.7.04 4.7.04 4.7.04 4.7.04 21.6.04 Date of Harvesting 4.11.04 4.11.04 5.11.04 22.10.04 17.10.04 28.11.04 28.11.04 Yield (kg/ha) 4770 4890 4220 4030 3970 4615 3988

S.No

Name of the Farmer

Variety RGL-2538 RGL-2538 RGL-2538 MTU-1010 MTU-1010 RGL.2537 RGL-2537

1 S.Sivvunnaidu 2 M.Krishna 3 G.Satyam 4 N.Suryanarayana 5 P.Joji 6 M.Chinnababu 7 G.Krishna

Application of butachlor in aerobic rice was found most effective in controlling the weeds and recorded 17.4% higher grain yield as compared to control. Chemical weed management in aerobic rice, Gangada (2004-05) S.No. Name of the Farmer Variety RGL-2538 RGL-2537 Control RGL-2538 RGL-2537 Date of Date of Sowing Harvesting 21.6.04 19.10.04 4.7.04 4.7.04 21.6.04 28.11.04 5.11.04 28.11.04 Yield (kg/ha) 4430 4615 3720 3753

1 M. Appalaswamy 2 M. Chinnababu 1 G. Narayanaswamy 2 M.Satyam IPM in wet sown paddy

Use of recommended doses of NPK, leaving alleyways at 3 m interval and spraying of need based plant protection chemicals improved the grain yield over control.

178

Demonstration of IPM in paddy

No. of S.No Name of the Farmer Variety productive tillers / m2 Demonstration 1 2 3 4 Allu Laxmu Sivvapu J Chetty Sathivada Y naidu Nandigana Appalanaidu RGL-2537 RGL-2537 RGL-2538 RGL-2538 Control 1. 2. Alugubilli Raminaidu Vangapandu A Naidu RGL-2538 RGL-2538 225 318 168.90 123.30 2500 1800 301 251 252 276 142.40 151.00 140.50 158.00 3750 3150 3280 3000 Grains / panicle Yield (kg/ha)

Crop Diversification Under crop diversification maize was introduced in the upper and middle topography under tankfed commands during Kharif season. Atrazine spraying was found quite effective in controlling the weed population and there was an increase in yield (31%) over control. An increase of 40% grain yield was observed when recommended NPK fertilization was given to the crop.

179

Effect of chemical control on performance of maize, Galavilli, 2003

S.No 1

Name of the Farmer Makka Satyanarayana Vanjarapu Sanyasinaidu

Plant stand / ha 65,555

Plant height at Harvest (m) 2.41

Cob length (cm) 16.10

Grain yield (kg/ha) 3625

Control 1 58,500 2.51 15.60 2500

Effect of recommended NPK on performance of maize, Galavilli, 2003

S.No 1

Name of the Farmer Vanjarapu Sanyasappalanaidu

Plant stand / ha 68,000

Plant height at Harvest (m) 2.41

Cob length (cm) 16.55

Grain yield (kg/ha) 3600

Control 1 Vanjarapu Appalanaidu Maize crop was found more remunerative than paddy since the sale prices of both the commodities are more or less the same. Performance of non-traditional crop maize, Gallavilli, 2004-05 S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name of the Farmer A. Laxmunaidu V. Appalanaidu M. Satyannarayana A. Ramarao V. Sanyasappalanaidu V. Satyannarayana Variety SMH-36 SMH-36 SMH-36 SMH-36 SMH-36 KH-517 Date of Sowing 5.7.04 5.7.04 5.7.04 5.7.04 5.7.04 6.7.04 Date of Harvesting 29.9.04 28.9.04 26.9.04 28.9.04 28.9.04 29.9.04 Yield (kg/ha) 4500 2405 2737 2812 2543 2050 57,000 2.32 15.55 2125

180

In maize, application of atrazine as pre-emergence herbicide was found effective in controlling the weeds and application increased (11%) grain yield over control. Application of recommended doses of NPK has resulted in increasing the grain yield to the tune of 41.3%. Maize was introduced for the first time in Gaganda during kharif season (2004) as ID crop in place of Paddy. Performance of maize in tank command area of Gangada (2004) S.No. Name of the Farmer Variety C-302 C-302 Date of Sowing 12.7.04 9.7.04 Date of Harvesting 8.10.04 4.10.04 Yield (kg/ha) 3216 2029

1 V. Hari babu 2 G. Bogesu

Introduction of non-traditional crop sunflower in rabi Sunflower was first time introduced in rabi after harvest of maize as well as paddy. The crop sown after harvest of maize (25th November) has resulted in seed yield of 1330 kg/ha. Where as the crop sown after harvest of paddy (31st December) has recorded a lower yield (1000 kg/ha) than that sown after maize. Performance of sunflower during rabi after kharif rice and maize Plant height at harvest (m) 1.78 Head diameter (cm) 61.27 No. of irrigations given 2 + twice rainfall 67,000 1.48 50.60 3 + Once rainfall 1000 Seed yield (kg/ha) 1330

S.No 1

Name of the Farmer Vanjarapu S A naidu (After maize)

Plant Stand /ha 69,500

Alugubilli Rama Rao ( After Paddy )

181

EVALUATION OF RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS Under rice based cropping system ragi is one of the important crops grown by the farmers. Trials were laid out to demonstrate the relative advantage of use of NPK fertilizers in ragi.

Performance of ragi after rice with recommended level of NPK, Galavilli, 2003

S.No

Name of the Farmer

Variety

Plant height at harvest (cm)

Grain yield (kg/ha)

Recommended NPK 1 2 Sasubilli Pakheernaidu Majji Appalanaidu Ratnagiri Ratnagiri Control 1. Poreddi Appalanaidu Local 52 1300 54 57 1800 2500

Among the vegetables, french bean after rice was found to be most suitable and highly remunerative (Table 14). Among the sesamum cultures YLM-11 was found to be most suitable to include in the rice based cropping system. Demonstration of INM in paddy, Gangada (2004-05) S.No. Name of the Farmer Variety INM RGL-2538 RGL-2537 RGL-2538 Control RGL-2538 RGL-2537 Date of Sowing 21.6.04 4.7.04 4.7.04 4.7.04 4.7.04 Date of Harvesting 4.11.04 28.11.04 8.11.04 3.11.04 5.11.04 Yield (kg/ha) 4890 4615 4160 3390 3720

1 M. Krishna 2 M. Chinnababu 3 S. Sanyasinaidu 1 V. Sivunnaidu 2 G. Narayanaswamy

182

Performance of sesamum after rice S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Name of the Farmer A. Appa Rao R. Appadu A. Sanyasinaidu S. Thamminaidu A. Sriramulu T. Joginaidu G. Rammurtynaidu 8 A. Laxmu YLM-17 21.1.04 3.4.04 61 96 54 400 Plant Date of Date of stand / Variety sowing harvesting m2 YLM-11 YLM-11 YLM-11 YLM-11 YLM-11 Gowri YLM-17 1.1.04 1.1.04 1.1.04 1.1.04 3.1.04 27.1.04 7.1.04 22.3.04 25.3.04 24.3.04 28.3.04 27.3.04 21.4.04 21.4.04 79 43 50 42 39 40 64 Plant No. of Grain height at capsules yield harvest / plant (kg/ha) (cm) 83 85 101 97 96 97 94 68 89 140 108 133 54 92 322 418 421 347 428 250 250

Green manure crops sunhemp and diancha were grown and incorporated in situ besides applying the recommended doses of NPK increased the grain yield (21.9%) when compared to the farmers practice (imbalanced fertilizer application). Performance of sesamum, sunflower and bhendi after rice, Gangada (2004-05) S.No. 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 Name of the farmer Variety Date of Date of Yield Net Sowing Harvesting (kg/ha) Income/ ha 2.4.05 27.1.05 31.3.05 28.3.05 210 225 250 1340 2630 3216 3166 2667 2880 3296 9095 10460 11566 11216

SESAMUM A.Jaggababu YLM-11 11.1.05 V.Haribabu YLM-11 11.1.05 V.Appalaswamy YLM-11 17.1.05 SUNFLOWER A.Jaggababu Suryanath-666 31.12.04 BHENDI P.Satyanarayana P.Sriramulu R.Sambayya 183

RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS Under rice based cropping systems cultivation of Bhendi was found to be more remunerative when compared to Sesamum and Sunflower. Performance of sunflower, sesamum, french bean and bhendi after rice, Galavilli, 2004-05 RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS Name of the Date of Date of Yield Net Sno. Variety farmer Sowing Harvesting (kg/ ha) Income/ha SUNFLOWER Suryana 31.12.04 28.3.05 2250 16408 1 B. Appadu dh-666 Suryana 31.12.04 28.3.05 1833 16629 3 M. Appalanaidu dh-666 SESAMUM 1 P. Applanaidu FRENCH BEAN 1 V. Srirammurthy 2 B. Trinadh 3 P. Narayana Rao 4 M. Appalanaidu BHENDI 1 A. Sanyasinaidu YLM66 20.1.05 17.4.05 450 4400 5575 4075 4075 1500 5730 10550 16500 14375 12000 3850

In Gujjangivalasa village 34 demonstrations of dry sown paddy were conducted during Kharif-2004. The effectiveness of butachlor application for the control of weeds was demonstrated. An amount of 398.8mm of rainfall was received from June to November as against the normal rainfall of 888 mm which had severe effect on the dry sown paddy from tillering stage onwards

184

Chapter-VI

Input - Output - Outcome

185

186

Final outcome report of MAHABOOBNAGAR (2003-04) Sl.No Input Output 1. Crop introduction The average yields of Maize crop ranged between ID crops like maize, cotton, 5.46 to 5.65 t/ha. castor were during kharif The average yields of cotton ranged 1.5 t/ha. season and sunflower, The average yield of castor was 1.43 t/ha vegetables crops during rabi season 2. Integrated weed management Grain yield was more in case of IWM method in paddy (4.60 to 6.15 t/ha )compared to farmers method (3.158 to 4.4 t/ha.) This reduction in manual labour requirement resulted in lower cost of cultivation 3. Integrated Nutrient On an average grain yield increased by 21.77 % in Management in paddy the two villages over farmers method .4

Outcome Change of crops and cropping system Increasing cropping intensity with higher income

Adoption of IWM reduces labour requirement and increases yields there by net returns are high

5. 6.

7.

Adoption of INM reduces cost of cultivation and increases yields there by net returns are high Rotational irrigation in paddy The results indicated that rotational water Rotational irrigation in paddy water management recorded slightly lower yields varying Saves water by 20-25 % with marginal from 1.23% to 26.13 % grain yield and 0.81% to reduction in yields 6.98% straw yield than the yields recorded in continuous submergence treatment. Direct seeding in paddy In case of direct seeded crop 20 per cent yield Suitability of dry seeding in paddy has reduction was observed compared to transplanted to be tested for one or two more crop. seasons before confirmation. The results indicated that Rice fb vegetable crops recorded Rice-vegetables/ rice-ragi system can Evaluation of crops and highest gross returns fallowed by Rice-Groundnut cropping be recommended of black soils and cropping systems system, Rice-ragi and rice-Bengal gram cropping system Rice-groundnut system can be Among the ID crops based cropping systems maize recommended for Redsoils. followed by vegetables was found to be economically most remunerative Training Programmes on ID Farmers were educated in recent production Technology transfer from farmer to crops technologies of ID crops farmer.

187

(2004-05) Sl.No 1. Input Crop introduction ID crops like maize, cotton, castor were during kharif season and sunflower, vegetables crops during rabi season Irrigations at critical crop growth stages of maize Output The average yields of Maize crop ranged between 3.15 and 4.57 t/ha. The average yields of cotton ranged between 1.26 and 1.58 t/ha. The average yield of castor was 1.04 t/ha Outcome Change of crops and cropping system Increasing cropping intensity with higher income

2.

3.

4.

5.

There was 10.94 and 21.23 percent increased in seed yield in black and red soils respectively with two irrigations given at tasseling and grain filling stage Integrated pest management in With the implementation of IPM cotton practices in cotton, cost of cultivation decreased by 18-20 % over farmers practice Inter cropping studies in maize There was 6.5 % increase in net returns and castor with Maize + redgram cropping over Maize sole crop. Similarly 17.34 % increase in net returns with castor + redgram intercropping over castor sole crop. Training Programmes on ID Farmers were educated in recent crops production technologies of ID crops

By giving two supplemental irrigations in kharif to maize could increase productivity of maize Due to the decrease in cost of cultivation, the net returns were higher Inter cropping of maize/castor with red gram can be adopted under tank command areas

Technology transfer from farmer to farmer.

188

2005-06 S.No Input 1. Crop introduction ID crops like maize, cotton, castor were during kharif season and sunflower, vegetables crops during rabi season 2. Irrigations at critical crop growth stages of maize 3. Inter cropping studies in maize and castor 4. Rotational irrigation in paddy Survey of tank catchment areas Training Programmes on ID crops Output The average yields of Maize crop ranged between 2.12 and 4.67 t/ha. The average yields of cotton ranged between 1.18 and 1.37 t/ha. The average yield of castor was 1.09 to 1.12 t/ha Moisture stress was not observed in the crop growth period There was 8.4 % increase in grain yield with Maize + redgram cropping over Maize sole crop. Similarly21.0 % increase in grain yield.with castor + redgram intercropping over castor sole crop. The results indicated that rotational water management recorded yields varying from 2.42 % to +5.8 % grain yield in case of black soils and +3.67 to 6.26 % in red soils compared continuous submergence conditions. Watershed works and cultivation in the catchment areas are responsible for low inflows in to the tanks Farmers were educated in recent production technologies of ID crops Outcome Introduction of alternate crops and cropping system increased the cropping intensity of the command areas Inter cropping of maize/castor with red gram can be adopted under tank command areas Rotational irrigation in paddy can be adopted in tank command areas. Survey of the tank cathment area provide vital clues for estimating the probability of filling of tanks Technology transfer from farmer to farmer.

5. 6.

189

MEDAK 2003-04 INPUT OUT PUT 1 Demonstration of Dry seeding A mean grain yield of 4.15 and 3.17 t/ha of Rice under tankfed area with two supplemental irrigations and without any supplemental irrigation 2 Integrated Nutrient Supply Integrated nutrient supply management in Management in Paddy paddy obtained an additional yield of 0.82 t/ha. 3 Introduction of Maize under A mean grain yield of 2.24t/ha was tank commands obtained by growing maize during Kharif under tank commands. 4 Introduction of Soybean under A mean grain yield of 0.546t/ha was tank commands obtained by growing maize during Kharif under tank commands. 5 Integrated Pest Management in There is a reduction of Rs.10825 per ha in Cotton Cost of cultivation in IPM plots over nonIPM plots. 6 Balanced fertilizer management Balanced fertilizer management in Maize in Maize obtained an additional yield of 0.32 t/ha. 7 Demonstration of Production Improved management practices in paddy Technology in Paddy yielded an additional yield of 1.44t/ha

OUT COME Significant yield increase can be noticed with two supplemental irrigations to dry sown paddy. 120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ Green leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha is recommended for Paddy under tank commands. Instead of keeping the land fallow, by utilizing the rainfall Maize can be successfully grown. Soybean crop doesnt come up well under tank commands IPM in cotton is beneficial in decreasing the cost of cultivation and also increasing the net returns.

8 9

90-60-40 N, P2O5 and K20+ 50 Kg ZnSO4 /ha is recommended for Maize tank commands Seed treatment, raising nursery on raised seedbeds, need based plant protection measures planting 2-3 seedlings per hill, making alley ways for every 23m, Integrated nutrient supply management is recommended. Demonstration of production Improved management practices in castor Castor can be grown in rabi by utilizing residual technology in castor resulted in an additional yield of 0.3 t/ha. soil moisture Introduction of Bengalgram A mean grain yield of 0.77t/ha was Bengalgram can be grown in rabi by utilizing under obtained by growing bengalgram during residual soil moisture Tank commands after maize rabi under tank commands.

190

2004-05 INPUT 1 Demonstration of Dry seeding of Rice under tankfed area 2 Water management practices for transplanted rice under tankfed irrigated areas 3 Introduction of Maize under tank commands 4 Introduction of under Tank commands Desi cotton

OUT PUT A mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha without any supplemental irrigation There was no significant yield reduction by use of alternate wetting and drying. A mean grain yield of 2.95t/ha was obtained by growing maize during Kharif under tank commands. A mean seed cotton yield of 0.607 t/ha was obtained by Desi cotton with cost of cultivation of Rs. 8003 per ha under tank commands. A mean seed cotton yield of 1.81 t/ha was obtained by Bt. cotton with less pest incidence. There is a reduction of Rs. 2280 per ha in Cost of cultivation in IPM plots over non-IPM plots. Recorded a yield of 0.5 to 0.75 t/ha grown on residual soil moisture Recorded a yield of 0.5-1.75 t/ha grown on residual soil moisture

OUT COME Rice crop can be taken by utilizing rainfall though yields less than transplanted crop. Rice can be successfully grown under alternate wetting and drying conditions. Instead of keeping the land fallow, by utilizing the rainfall Maize can be successfully grown. Desi cotton can be taken up by farmers with less capital investment Genetically modified cotton (Bt) is highly remunerative, if the farmer can invest Rs. 15000 per ha and supplemental irrigation. IPM in cotton is beneficial in decreasing the cost of cultivation and also increasing the net returns. Castor can be grown in rabi by utilizing residual soil moisture Bengalgram can be grown in rabi by utilizing residual soil moisture

5 6 7 8 9 10

Introduction of Genetically Modified cotton (Bt) under tank commands Integrated Pest Management in Cotton

Introduction of castor under tank commands after maize Introduction of Bengalgram under Tank commands after maize Introduction of sunflower during Recorded a yield of 1.07 t/ha Rabi after paddy Introduction of Coriander during Rabi after fallow

Sunflower can be grown on residual soil moisture in black soils and in soils after paddy Recorded a yield of 1.0t/ha grown on Coriander can be successfully grown in black residual soil moisture. soils on residual soil moisture.

191

2005-06 1 2 3 4 5 6 Input Output Demonstration of Dry seeding A mean grain yield of 4.7 t/ha was of rice under tankfed area obtained without any supplemental irrigation. Water management practices A mean grain yield of 4.07 t/ha was for transplanted rice under obtained. tankfed irrigated areas. Introduction of maize under A mean grain yield of 3.47 t/ha was tank commands obtained. Outcome Rice crop can be taken by utilizing rainfall. Rice crop can be successfully grown under alternate wetting and drying conditions

Maize crop can be successfully grown under tank commands instead of keeping the land fallow. Intercropping studies in maize A mean MGEY of 5.08 t/ha was Intercropping of maize with cowpea can be obtained when maize was intercropped adopted. with cowpea. Introduction of Genetically A mean seed cotton yield of 1.82 t/ha Genetically modified cotton (Bt) is modified cotton (Bt) under was obtained with less pest incidence. remunerative. tank commands Introduction of fodder sorghum A mean fodder yield of 4.4 t/ha was Fodder sorghum can be successfully grown obtained. under tank commands.

192

VIZIANAGARAM 2003-04 INPUT 1 Demonstration of Dry seeded paddy and converted to wet 2 3 4 5 Demonstration of chemical weed control methods in direct sown paddy. Introduction of maize in Kharif Water management practices in transplanted paddy. Introduction of sunflower in rabi

OUT PUT A yield of 2.5-3.28 t/ha was obtained.

OUT COME It was realized that the cultivation of direct sown paddy under dry conditions under limited water availability with medium duration varieties. Recorded the yield of Satisfied with the performance of the application of herbicide 2.5-2.8 t/ha butachlor, which was altogether a new practice. Yield obtained was Convinced with the performance of the and interested to adopt the 2.12-3.62 t/ha new practice i.e cultivation of maize in Kharif in upper reaches of the tank Ayacut. Recorded the yield of Paddy can be successfully cultivated under rotational irrigation 2.5-4.4 t/ha schedules. A yield of 1-1.3 t/ha was Impressed with the performance of the crop and interested to adopt recorded the innovative practice. OUT COME Rice crop could be successfully grown by taking advantage of rainfall received in the region especially with short and medium duration varieties. As a contingent package for rice under late conditions puddle seeding can be adopted. Rice can be successfully grown under alternate wetting and drying conditions Sesamum and Mesta crops can be grown under tank commands. Maize crop can be adopted in tank commands After rice sesamum, sunflower and vegetables can be taken up.

2004-05 INPUT 1 Demonstration of Dry seeded paddy and converted to wet 2 3 4 5 6 Demonstration of puddle seeded rice under late conditions Water management practice in transplanted paddy Introduction of Sesamum, Mesta Introduction of Maize Introduction of Sesamum, Vegetables and sunflower after rice/maize

OUT PUT A yield of 3.0-4.0t/ha was obtained by 50 farmers. Recorded a yield of 1.8-2.6 t/ha . A yield of 2.4-3.0t/ha was recorded though it experienced terminal drought. Sesamuum recorded a yield of 0.15-0.35 t/ha and Mesta recorded a yield of 0.52 t/ha. Maize recorded a yield of 4.3t/ha These crops were successfully grown after rice/maize

193

2005-06 INPUT 1 Sowing of ragi,mesta and green manure crops preceding paddy. 2 Demonstration of direct sowing of paddy under dry conditions later converted to wet including weed management and varietial Performance. 3 Water management practice in transplanted paddy. Introduction of non-traditional crop like maize during Kharif. Sowing of sesamum and sunflower after paddy OUT PUT Ragi yields 5q/ha Mesta recorded the yield 6-6.75 t/ha. Short duration varieties yielded 2.25 t/ha and Medium duration varieties yielded 3.75to4.46 t/ha Lesser yields recorded than direct sown paddy. OUT COME Sesainmum ,ragi and mesta can be cultivated preceding rice (Kharif) to increase the economic returns. Cultivation of short and medium duration varieties is very much preferable under tankfed situations (limited irrigated conditions) Cultivation of transplanted paddy is always a risky due to the erratic rainfall patterns under limited irrigated conditions. Maize can be successfully grown in the upper reaches of the tank Ayacut during Kharif. After Kharif paddy sesamum and sunflower cultivation can be taken up successfully.

4 5

Maize obtained the yield of 3.2 t/ha Crops are at vegetative growth stage.

194

KADAPA Input Output 1 Introduction of Greengram, Bajra and Farmers harvested 5.62 t / ha and Green manure crops incorporated bhusa in paddy fields which improved the paddy yields by 2.5-4.2 t/ha 2 Water management in transplanted 20% water saved in rice with higher paddy with rotational irrigation yield of 5-6.2 t/ha. The water thus saved was utilized for raising additional sunflower crop during rabi 3 Semi dry paddy under bore-wells of The yields of 4.6t/ha was obtained in black and red soils black soils and 2.61t/ha in red soils with less water than that of irrigated crop 4 Introduction of new vegetable crop of Instead of one crop 2-3 crops were French bean raised 5 Introduction of Jowar as rainfed crop Jowar yield of 2t/ha was obtained in the on conserved moisture during rabi crop sown in October (Magi Jowar) after greengram 6 Training programmes Farmers were educated in recent production technologies of I.D crops Outcome Change of crops and cropping system Increasing the cropping intensity The rice can be successfully grown under rotational irrigation with saving in irrigation water , which can be utilized for growing I.D crops. In semi dry rice, water productivity is higher in black soils than that of red soils. The semi dry rice technology can be adopted in black soils under wells. Crop diversification increasing cropping intensity. Jowar crop can be grown on conserved moisture or as rainfed in tank commands which can meet the fodder requirement of cattle and also income to the farmer Technology transfer from farmer to farmer

195

ANANTHAPUR (2003-04) S .No Input 1. Introduction of crops like hybrid sorghum (Haritha) fodder sorghum during early kharif for utilizing the early rains Introduction of sunhemp and diancha crops as green manures under tank command areas Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy Training Programmes Work shop

Output The average yields of hybrid sorghum crop ranged between 4.0 and 4.6 t/ha. The average green fodder yields of fodder sorghum ranged between 24 and 30 t/ha. Sunhemp crop was utilized for fodder purpose due to continuous dry spell after sowings instead of using as green manure. The average green fodder yield ranged between 24 and 31 t/ha The average grain yield in paddy ranged between 5780 6586 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum applied plots. The average grain yield in paddy ranged between 5509 5629 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum applied plots and also rectified the Zn deficiency which is common in alkaline soils. The average grain yield in sunflower ranged between 5.2 7.2 q/ acre and also farmers cultivated more area with limited available water instead of going in limited area paddy Training programmes to line departments, Rythu mitra groups, extensional personnels and farmers on different aspects A work shop on Crops, cropping systems and irrigation management under tainfed irrigated areas of Rayalaseema region was conducted.

Outcome Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing early rains with higher income

2.

3. 4.

5.

Green manures crops introduced under tank command areas as preceding crop to rice. At the same time if tanks couldnt get water the same may be utilize for fodder purpose. Awareness was created about reclamation of soil with soil amendments and also yields are increased in paddy. Awareness was created about Zn deficiency in paddy especially growing in tank commands where soils are alkaline in nature and also yields are increased in paddy. Farmers get more net returns by cultivating more area with limited available water. Technology transferred to farmers through Rythu Mithra groups line departments. More awareness was created about tankfed irrigation to irrigation department officials, agricultural department officials and farmers

6. 7.

196

(2004-05) S .No Input 1. Introduction of crops like sorghum (NTJ 2) during early kharif for utilizing the early rains 2. Introduction of sunhemp and greengram crops as green manures under tank command areas 3. 4. Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy Training Programmes Work shop

Output The average green fodder yields of fodder sorghum ranged between 11.6 and 13.8 t/ha. Sunhemp crop was utilized for fodder purpose due to continuous dry spell after sowings instead of using as green manure. The average green fodder yield 9.45 t/ha in case of greengram and 21.12 t/ha in case of sunhemp was recorded. The average grain yield in paddy ranged between 4680 5622 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum applied plots. The average grain yield in paddy ranged between 4825 5906 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum applied plots and also rectified the Zn deficiency which is common in alkaline soils. The average grain yield in sunflower ranged between 12.8 17.25 q/ ha and also farmers cultivated more area with limited available water instead of going in limited area paddy Training programmes to line departments and extensional personnels on different aspects

Outcome Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing early rains with higher income Green manures crops introduced under tank command areas as preceding crop to rice. At the same time if tanks couldnt get water the same may be utilize for fodder purpose. Awareness was created about reclamation of soil with soil amendments and also yields are increased in paddy. Awareness was created about Zn deficiency in paddy especially growing in tank commands where soils are alkaline in nature and also yields are increased in paddy. Irrigated dry crops like sunflower was successfully grown under tank command area of Anantapur district during late kharif and summer.

5.

6. 7.

Proven technology transferred to line departments officials and farmers, farmers got first hand information in various aspects. A workshop on management crops in tankfed Results on research and demonstration under tank irrigated areas was conducted. command area were transformed to department officials and farmers

197

(2005-06) S .No 1. Input Introduction of crops like sorghum (NTJ 2) during early kharif for utilizing the early rains Introduction of sunhemp and greengram crops as green manures under tank command areas Soil reclamation with gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha in paddy Soil reclamation and correction of Zn deficiency with zinc sulphate @ 50 kg/ha in paddy Diversification of crops like sunflower under borewell irrigation in place of paddy Training Programmes Output The average green of fodder yield is 15.6 t/ha. The average green fodder yield ranged between 16.05 and 19.55 was recorded in sunhemp. The average grain yield in paddy ranged between 4674 5172 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum applied plots. The average grain yield in paddy ranged between 4602 5060 kg /ha was recorded in gypsum applied plots and also rectified the Zn deficiency which is common in alkaline soils. The average grain yield in sunflower ranged between 13.75 18 q/ ha and also farmers cultivated more area with limited available water instead of going in limited area paddy Training programmes on cultivation aspects of vegetables and short duration horticultural crops, fertilizer management in different crops. Outcome Increasing cropping intensity by utilizing early rains with higher income Green manures crops introduced under tank command areas as preceding crop to rice. At the same time if tanks couldnt get water the same may be utilize for fodder purpose. Awareness was created about reclamation of soil with soil amendments and also yields are increased in paddy. Awareness was created about Zn deficiency in paddy especially growing in tank commands where soils are alkaline in nature and also yields are increased in paddy. Irrigated dry crops like sunflower was successfully grown under tank command area of Anantapur district during late kharif and summer. Farmers were trained recent production technologies in different field crops.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

198

Chapter-VII

Extension activities

199

200

EXTENSION ACTIVITIES A) MEDAK

A) Training programs, Farmers and scientists interaction meetings, and Farmers, scientists and line department interaction meetings.

i) Training Programs Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 16-08-03 08-12-03 24-07-04 09-10-04 19-10-04 20-10-04 15-02-05 07-01-06 Place Ramunipally Kukunoorpally Kukunoorpally Mangole Konaipally Kukunoorpally Kukunoorpally Thipparam Topic covered Production technology and IPM in cotton Production technology of Bengalgram IPM in Cotton Production technology in Groundnut Production technology in I.D crops Production technology of Bengalgram Plant protection measures in Vegetable crops Production technology in ID crops

ii) Farmer Scientist Interaction meetings Date 1 2 3 4 22-06-03 22-06-03 22-07-03 22-07-03 Place Bhoompally Kukunoorpally Bhoompally Kukunoorpally

iii) Farmer, Scientist and Line department officers interaction meeting Date 1 2 3 4 29-01-04 30-01-04 11-01-05 12-01-05 Place Bhoompally Kukunoorpally Khajipur Mangole

201

2003-04 A Farmer, scientist, line department officers meeting was organized on 29th January 2004 at Bhoompally and 30th January 2004 at Kukunoorpally. Mandal Agriculture Officer, Horticulture Officer, Assistant Engineer (Electricity), Veterinary Doctor, Asst. E.E (I&CAD), Water User Association Members, Rythu Mithra Group Conveners, Scientists from Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial and farmers from various villages participated in the training programme. A discussion on cultivation of Rice (Dry sown rice & SRI technology), Production technologies on Maize, Soybean, Redgram, Bengalgram, Rajmash, Cotton, Castor, Sunflower and Groundnut was done. A discussion on Drip and sprinkler irrigation systems was also done. The Horticulture Scientist answered to the queries posed by the line department officers and farmers on mango, vegetables and medicinal and aromatic plants. Literature on micro irrigation (Drip and Sprinkler irrigation systems) was

published in a booklet form and was distributed to the farmers, line department officials and the participants to the training programme at Bhoompally on 29th January and Kukunoorpally on 30th January 2004. 2004-05 A Farmer, scientist, line department officers meeting was organized on 11th January 2005 at Khajipur and 12th January 2005 at Mangole. Agriculture Extension Officer, Horticulture Officer, Assistant Engineer (Electricity), Veterinary Doctor, Asst. Executive Engineer (I&CAD), Water User Association Members, Rythu Mithra Group Conveners, Scientists from Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jagtial and farmers from various villages participated in the training programme. A discussion on cultivation of Rice (Dry sown rice & SRI technology), Production technologies on Maize, Redgram, Bengalgram, Sunflower, Cotton, Castor, and Groundnut, Integrated Pest Management was done. Scientists, Line department officers and farmers visited the fields at Mangole.

202

Booklets on Production technologies of I.D crops, Leaflets on Pesticides dosages and usage, IPM in cotton, redgram, Pamphlets on Castor, Rajmash were distributed to the farmers, line department officials.
B) Publicity material

Leaflets: 1. Knowledge on pesticide usage 2. Production technology on Maize, Bengalgram and Castor 3. IPM in Cotton and Redgram Pamphlets: 1. Rajmash 2. Castor Booklets: 1. Production technology of Irrigated Dry Crops 2. Drip and sprinkler Irrigation systems Six leaflets, two pamphlets and two booklets were prepared under APERP project and were distributed to farmers during the Farmers, Scientists and Line department officers meetings. C) Papers presented in the workshops/ symposium

Sreedhar chauhan Preetham Goud R and Bhaskar Reddy B 2005 Resource characterization and socio-economic status of tankfed farmers, Medak district. Proceedings of workshop on Agricultural Research and Demonstration under Tank Irrigated areas of Andhra Pradesh Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 28-29 May, 2005. Sreedhar chauhan Preetham Goud R and Bhaskar Reddy B 2005 Crops and cropping systems for tankfed areas of Medak district characterization and socio-economic status of tankfed farmers, Medak district. Proceedings of workshop on Agricultural Research and Demonstration under Tank Irrigated areas of Andhra Pradesh Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 28-29 May, 2005.

203

D) Year 1 2 3 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06

Press notes/ articles published in print media Number 6 5 1

Press notes were published in various newspapers (Enadu, Vartha, Andhra Jyothi and AndhraBhoomi) 2003-04 1. Role of trap crops in pest control-17th August 2003, Eenadu (Daily News paper) 2. Minimization of Pesticides usage in pest control-2nd November 2003,Eenadu (Daily News paper) 3. Good yields in Barren lands of tank command-23rd November 2003, Andhra Jyothi (Daily News paper) 4. Training programme to farmers by Agricultural University Scientists. 23rd November 2003, Eenadu (Daily News paper) 5. Pest control in Bengalgram-12th December 2003-Vartha (Daily News Paper) 6. Scientists support to farmers in maximizing crop yields-22nd December 2003, Eenadu (Daily News paper) 2004-05 1. Cultivation of Vegetables in rabi is better-20th October 2004, Eenadu (Daily News paper) 2. Water to soil is like blood to Human being-12th January 2005,Eenadu (Daily News paper) 3. Cultivate with scientific approach-13th January 2005, Vartha (Daily News paper) 4. Cultivate Irrigated dry crops-13th January 2005, Eenadu (Daily News paper) 5. Vegetable cultivation is profitable by adopting simple techniques-16th February 2005-Eenadu (Daily News Paper)

204

B) MAHABOOBNAGAR I) Training programmes: Training programmes were conducted in each tank fed area to create awareness among the farmers regarding crop diversification; alternate cropping systems crop production and crop protection. Farmers of WUA, other farmers of the village, line department officials participated in the training programmes. List of the areas on which the training programmes were conducted are 1. Importance of ID crops and their potentiality for kharif season. 2. Water saving technologies in rice cultivation 3. Crop protection in different kharif crops 4. Suitability of ID crops in Rabi 5. Irrigation management in ID crops 6. Crop protection in Rabi crops 7. Vegetable and fodder crop production II) Pamphlets published: 1. Varilo neeti yajamanya paddathulu 2. Rabilo kuragayala sagu valana adhika labhalu Pamphlets were published and distributed to farmers by Rythumithra Sangas and other organizations through Department Of Agriculture officials and various NGOs and GOs of the district. III) Extension activities (2004-05) In addition to the regular meetings and on-farm discussions with the farmers of the tank command areas in the selected villages the following extension activities were conducted for dissemination of the project results in the district as well as in the state. a) TV Programmes: To disseminate the results achieved in the project villages among he farming community of the state we have invited Rythu Mithra Unit of Teja TV to picturize the results and to interact with the farmers in Vattem and Indrakal villages. These programs were broadcasted on 06-10-2004 and 14-10-2004 in Rythu-Mithra programme of Teja TV.

205

b) All India Radio Programme: Keeping in view the wider reach and popularity of the radio among the rural farming community we have invited AIR Hyderabad staff to interact with the farmers of all the project villages. About twenty four farmers were interviewed by the air correspondent and these interviews were broadcasted on 23-10-2004 and 29-10-2004 in Farm- Home program of AIR Hyderabad station. Similarly, Interviews of the Associate Director of Research, RARS, Palem and Scientist-in-charge APERP project were also recorded by the AIR correspondent and these were also broad cast on AIR on later dates. c) Field Day: To ensure the spread of the technologies that were evaluated and which were found to be more suitable for the tank command areas through out the Mahaboobnagar district we have organized a Field Day in Indrakl village on 28-10-2004. In this field day Director of Research, ANGRAU, Smt Balamanemma and Dr. Narsimha Reddy , Board of Management , ANGRAU, Joint Director of Agriculture, Mahaboobnagar district Irrigation Agronomist, Mahaboobnagar district and Department of Agriculture Officials participated in the field day along with the farmers from all the project villages and other villages. d) Interaction session for the Department of Agriculture Officials of the district. To disseminate project results to all the mandals of the district through the Department of Agriculture officials, as they have wider reach and better access to the farmers of the district as a whole, an interaction session and field visit was arranged for them in Indrkal village on 12-10-2004. In this visit Joint Director of Agriculture and other officers from all the mandals of the district participated and they have actively interacted with the farmers of the village.

e) Press Meet: A press meet was arranged on 08-11-2004 with the farmers from all the project villages and various farmers Union leaders of the district level and state level and reporters of the all popular telugu dailies of the district. In this press meet reporters from various dailies actively interacted with the farmers of different villages. This meet was give wide publicity in all the local editions of the district. We are planning to organize village wise training programs to the farmers of the project villages during March 2005.

206

ANANTHAPUR: Training programmes were organized on different aspects which identified necessary based on the constraints identified in the tank fed command area. Training programmes were conducted by project staff with scientists of ARS Anantapur, ARS Reddipalli, KVK and DAATT Centre. The trained personnel include tankfed farmers non-tankfed farmers, Rythu Mitra groups, line departments and agricultural extension officers. A through discussion was carried out after every programme. Leaflets and pamphlets were distributed to farmers. Farmers interacted positively and gained first hand knowledge from the training. a good response was received as a feed back from them. Details of training programmes carried out under the project Sl.no Date Title of training programme Members No. of covered partipants 1 Jan Training to line departments and AO,s and ADAs 30 2004 agricultural extension personnel 2 Feb 2004 Feb 2004 Mar ch 2004 112004 10 2004 5.07. 2004 6.07. 2004 21.0 7.20 04 22.0 7.20 04 27.0 7.20 04 training programme to the farmers of the farmers tankfed areas on SRI technology Problems and prospects of different crops and mechanization in dry land agriculture. Problems and prospects of different crops, raising of nurseries in different crops, mechanization in groundnut cultivation. SRI technology Latest aspects of groundnut cultivation Reclamation of problematic soils. Reclamation of problematic soils. SRI technology Reclamation of problematic soils. Latest aspects of groundnut cultivation. Rythu Mitra Group farmers Rythu Mitra groups farmers of Bukkarasamudra m and Raptadu Pullalarevu farmers AO,s and ADAs Rangampeta farmers Pamurai farmers Madigubba farmers Madigubba farmers AOs 30

3 4.

40 35

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

40 65 30 45 47 27 94

207

12 13. 14 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20

08.1 1.20 04 20.0 2.20 05 23.0 2.20 05 25.0 2.20 05 26.0 2.20 05 9.03. 2005 15.0 3.20 05 16.0 3.20 05 17.0 3.20 05

SRI technology Pest management in different crops Pest management in different crops Pest management in different crops

Pullalarevu farmers Madigubba farmers Rangampeta farmers Pullalarevu farmers

30 30 30 26 30 25 40 41 26

Management of different crops and Pamurai farmers reclamation of problematic soils. Management of crops, pest and diseases Pamurai farmers control in different crops Management of crops B.Yelaru Management of crops, Pests and diseases Nayanavaripalli management in different crops. Management of different crops, pest and Y.Kottapalli diseases management in horticulture crops.

Work shops and field days Workshop on Crops, cropping systems and irrigation management under tankfed areas of Rayalaseema region (AEPRP). A two day work shop was conducted on 30th January and 31st January 2004 crops and cropping systems and irrigation management under tankfed areas of Rayalaseema region and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop production in tankfed areas. The participants included the scientists of the Scarce Rainfall Zone of Andhra Pradesh (Agronomist and Soil Scientists), extension personnels of department of Agriculture, progressive farmers and Associate Director of Research, RARS, Nandyal with Dr.G.Sreedhar, Registrar, S.K.University, Anantapur as the chief guests.

208

Recommendations of workshop on crops, cropping systems and irrigation management under tankfed areas of Rayalaseema region (AEPRP). 1. Suitable crops for different soils like musk melon for sandy soils and sunflower for alkali soils. 2. Reclamation of alkali soils Green manuring with diancha Gypsum application Application of sand Since the tankfed areas are deficient in zinc, it should be applied @ 50 kg/hectare

Work shop on Management of crops in Tank fed irrigated areas One day work shop was conducted on 15-2-2005 on Management of crops in Tank fed irrigated areas and discussed thoroughly the problems and prospects of crop production in tank fed areas. The participants included the Scientist of the Agricultural Research station, Anantapur, Agricultural Research station, Reddipalli, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Reddipalli, extension personal of Deportment of Agriculture, irrigation department Engineers, District irrigation Agronomist, progressive farmers of tank fed villages and Associate Director of Research, RARS, Nandyal. Scientists in charge of tankfed irrigation project of Kadapa, Palem, Jagityal have also participated. Recommendations of the work shop: Alternate to rice, sunflower, pulses, jowar, maize, bajra and vegetable crops can be taken up. 1. Reclamation of alkali soils with gypsum helps to get higher yields 2. Green manuring with sunhemp, diancha crops can be recommended and popularized 3. Short duration horticultural crops like chrysanthemum, melons (musk melon, water melon) can be recommended 4. Before onset of monsoon, soils should be thoroughly prepared. 5. Under limited water conditions SRI technique can be adopted. Field day was conducted on 02.08.2005 at Madigubba village on crop diversification.

209

VIZIANAGARAM

EXTENSION ACTIVITIES Farmer- Scientist interactions, several awareness trainings were conducted to create awareness among the farmers on the efficient management of the scarce resource like water to reap maximum benefits covering 671 participants 13 training programmes on the following items. 1. Package of practices on direct sown rice later converted to wet (aerobic rice). 2. Management of irrigated dry crops like maize, ragi, and groundnut during kharif season. 3. Planning of potential rabi crops and management to increase production. 4. Efficient utilization of irrigation water available in the tanks by adopting suitable crop planning. 5. Management of pests / diseases on several crops commonly grown in the tank command. 6. Balanced fertilizer management to maintain soil health including INM. 7. Water management practices in transplanted rice and irrigation schedules in I.D. crops. 8. Mid-seasonal training programmes to correct nutritional deficiencies / disorders , forecast of pests and diseases and their management. During the above training programmes, discussed with the farmers on the package of practices of the crops like aerobic rice, maize, sunflower, sesamum, ragi and vegetables. Discussions were held on the importance of use of rain water and better management practices for realizing optimum crop yields under I.D. conditions. Explained the farmers about the importance of rice based cropping system under the present days of water shortage and to identify most suitable and more remunerative cropping systems including cropping intensity under the tank commands.

210

The farmers were sensitized about the difference between pest and disease incidence and are able to take up suitable control measures for the effective management of various pests and diseases on different crops grown under the tank command. Motivated the farmers for the efficient utilization of the available irrigation water resources under the tank commands by proper planning of crop sequences to harvest better yields.

Extended technical expertise on various pests and diseases on different crops grown by the farmers in the entire village by visiting their fields, time to time. Field days were organized and discussed the merits and demerits encountered by introducing the non-traditional crops. The precautionary measures to be taken while using the chemicals for weed control especially in the aerobic rice and I.D. crops. During the midseason the IPM and INM practices and their impact were discussed in the context of over usage of these commodities at times and the need to maintain proper pollution check. The importance of basal application of Phosphorus and Potash fertilizers were very much stressed as most of the farmers were in the habit of applying them in the form of complex fertilizers as top dressing and some times even at the time of flowering stage. The advantage of application of straight fertilizers at the right time crop need was also very much stressed.

211

KADAPA

TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED DURING 2005-06 Sl. No. Date Training programmes / Group discussions / Demonstrations / Field visits Training programme on Alternate crops to rice (I.D crops). Training programme on Alternate crops to rice (I.D crops). Resource persons Name of the conducted village Ibrahimpet No.of Partic ipants 67

1.

5.7.05

2.

7.7.05

3.

5.8.05

Training programme on Production technology on Jowar and Sunflower Training programme on Production technology on Jowar and Sunflower

4.

6.8.05

P.V.Krishana Reddy (Soil science) R.NarasimhaReddy (Pl.Br) Research Associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah P.V.Krishana Reddy Senior scientist (Soil science) Dr.K. Sankara Reddy, Senior scientist (Agro) and project in-charge. Research Associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah Dr.K. Sankara Reddy, Senior scientist (Agro) and Project in-charge. Research Associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah Dr.K. Sankara Reddy, Senior scientist (Agro) and Project in-charge. Research Associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah

Puttayapalli

72

Gangaperuru

59

Thippanapalli

51

212

TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED 2004-05 Sl. No. 1. Date Training programmes/Group discussions/Demonst rations/Field visits Training programme on Irrigated dry crop (I.D crops). Resource persons Name of the conducted village

4.6.04

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Dr.K.SankarReddy Gangaperuru Senior scientist (Agro) and project incharge Research associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah 7.6.04 Training Dr.K. Sankara Reddy, Puttayapalli programme on Senior scientist (Agro) and project inIrrigated dry crop charge. (I.D crops). Research Associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah 8.6.04 Training Dr.K. Sankara Reddy, Thippanapalli programme on Senior scientist (Agro) and Irrigated dry crop Project in-charge. (I.D crops). Research Associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah 4.1.04 Training programme Dr.K. Sankara Reddy, Gangaperuru on Production Senior scientist (Agro) and technology on Project in-charge Sunflower and R.NarasimhaReddy (Pl.Br) Vegetable Research Associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah 5.1.05 Training programme Dr.K. Sankara Reddy, Ibrahimpet on Production Senior scientist (Agro) and technology on Project in-charge Sunflower and R.NarasimhaReddy (Pl.Br) Vegetable Research Associates: Sri. S.S.N. Malleswara Rao Sri. K.Ramasubbaiah 21.2.05 Field day JDA, Cuddapah. Puttayapalli Smt. Jaheera Bhanu, Board Member,ANGRAU Dr. K.Sankara Reddy, Senior scientist and project in-charge Alternate crops to rice (I.D crops). Production technology on Jowar and SunflowerIrrigated dry crop (I.D crops). Production technology on Sunflower and Vegetable. 213

Extension activities in Kadapa

214

Extension activities in Mahaboobnagar district

Faremers Field Day conducted in Indrakal Village on 24-10-2004

Farmers visit to Indrakal village 215

Exposure visit to Officers of Department of Agriculture, Mahaboobnagar district to Project villages

Training to Farmers through FTC, Mahaboobnagar 216

On-Farm Interaction program

Training to framers in RARS, Palem 217

Extension activities in Medak district

Farmers training program in Khajipur village on 11-01-2005

Participants in the training program

218

Famers training program in Magole village on 12-01-2005

Participants in the training program

219

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PROJECT OBJECTIVES

MEDAK To achieve the objectives of the project, trials and demonstrations were conducted under Kalakalamma cheruvu (Kukunoorpally), Pedda cheruvu (Bhoompally) tank commands for three years (2003-04, 2004-05 & 2005-06) and under Doddi cheruvu (Mangole) and Pedda Cheruvu (Khajipur) tank commands for two years (2004-05 & 2005-06). The outstanding achievements are as follows. 1. Demonstration / Evaluation of different crops and crop sequences Instead of keeping the land fallow I.D crops like maize, cotton (Genetically modified cotton), Maize intercropped with redgram, cowpea and beans were identified as profitable crops / crop sequences under tank commands. As a result of introduction of irrigated dry crops like maize, soybean and cotton during Kharif and bengalgram, castor, groundnut, sunflower, redgram and coriander during Rabi, the cropping intensity which was 0.51, 0.24, 0.35 and 0.37 prior to project implementation increased to 1.47, 0.83, 1.31 and 1.26 at Kukunoorpally, Bhoompally, Mangole and Khajipur respectively after Project implementation. 2. Application of identified improved water management techniques to crop or situation Alternate wetting and drying in paddy (Irrigating 24 hrs after the disappearance of water) resulted in significantly at par yield with continuous flooding under different tank commands 3. Optimal crop planning under limited water availability to maximize production and returns. Dry seeding in paddy resulted in good economic returns under tank commands. 4. To explore the potentiality of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in improving WUE and in increasing cropping intensity leading to increase in production and net returns. Several I.D crops like bengalgram, sunflower, groundnut, redgram, coriander were successfully grown under tank commands during rabi by conjunctive use of rainfall and ground water (Residual soil moisture and water from the bore wells) thus improving the WUE and increasing cropping intensity.

220

5. Improved on farm agronomic practices and production parameters including use of appropriate farm implements, cultivars, fertilizer, pest control and other measures.

Demonstrations on recommended fertilizer application and Integrated Pest Management in different crops were organized. The fertilizer consumption reduced. The practice of alleyways in rice has become popular in the command area. Balanced fertilization in maize resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs.1089 per hectare. Integrated nutrient management in paddy resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 4828 per hectare. Integrated pest management in paddy, cotton and castor resulted in a mean additional net income of Rs. 8757, 15327 and 1824 per hectare 6. Multidisciplinary training programs for promoting farmers managerial capabilities Eight training programs, Four Farmer scientist interaction meetings and Four Farmers, Scientists and Line department interaction meetings were conducted under APERP project during 2003-04 to 2005-06 at various centers covering different topics to benefit 30-250 farmers in each training programme. Due importance was given to the cropping pattern to be adopted for effective management of water under tank command areas, with the objective to have more acreage under command area profitable crops, which require less irrigation have been identified and recommended in place of rice. Special lectures were arranged to educate farmers on cultivation aspects, efficient irrigation water management and integrated pest management for successful growing of crops under irrigated dry conditions. The impact of the project can be seen from the medium to higher knowledge gained by the farmers on agricultural production technology. Higher percentage of adoption of improved technology, increase in labour employment potential, an increase in cropping intensity and productivity of crops was achieved in beneficiary villages.

221

Mahaboobnagar district Rotational irrigation system in paddy reduced 10 irrigations compared to continuous saturation method both in black and red soils, but slightly decreased grain (5.96%) and straw (2.69%) yields as compared to farmers method. Maize seed yield increased by 11 and 21 per cent in black and red soils respectively with two irrigations given at critical crop growth( silking and grain filling) stages as compared to cultivation under rainfed situation There was 22 per cent increase in paddy grain yield due to green manuring (daincha) along with recommended fertilizers over farmers method (with out green manuring). In cotton, 18-20 per cent reduction in cost of cultivation was observed with integrated pest management over farmers method. There was 6.5 and 17.34 per cent increase in returns with maize + red gram and castor + red gram inter cropping over sole maize and castor Among different rice based cropping systems, rice followed by vegetables was more remunerative, while in case of ID based cropping systems, maize followed by vegetables recorded more returns.

222

Ananthapur District The cultivated area under tank is declining over year. This decay in tank system is a serious matter in the context of preservation of sustained ecological balance which if neglected further, may lead to crisis situation. To control the problems of tankfed area, project entitled Agricultural Research Demonstration was started in Anantapur district. Four villages named Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba were effected for study. In this programme, extension activities like laying Research cum field demonstrations trails, conducting field days, training programmes provision of inpots were made extensively and it resulted the farmers to adopt these technologies to improve the crop yields and there by improving the economic status of farming community in the tankfed areas. 1. As the Tankfed area is kept fallow during kharif as filling tanks place in October and November. Introduction of fodder sorghum, green manures like sunhemp and diencha increased the productivity at the tank command area there by increasing the cropping intensity ranging from 24 to36 percent 2. Reclamation is required to overcome the problems of alkalinity and nutrient deficiency. Application of green manures as preceeding crop to paddy and application of gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and ZnSo4 @ 50kg/ha improved the physical and chemical properties of soil. The results indicated that 3. During summer with limited water available in bore well supported by tanks, the entire area under borewell irrigation cannot be cultivated. Hence irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum and sunflower were introduced succesfully to replace paddy. This resulted is increases in gross cropped area and also 4. It is also profitable to grow crops with purchased water instead of keeping land fallow due to non availability of water in their holding.

223

Vizianagaram District 1. Maize can be cultivated during kharif season under the tank commands preferably in heavy black soils in the upper reaches and in medium red soils in the middle reaches wherever proper drainage facilities exist. The crop need to be harvested before October as the North Coastal Zone is cyclone prone. Weeds can be effectively managed with the application of Atrazine at 1.0 1.25 kg a.i per ha as pre emergence. Direct sown paddy under dry conditions later convert to wet (aerobic rice) can be successfully cultivated instead of transplanted paddy with early duration varieties like MTU-1010 in the upper reaches, medium duration varieties like RGL-2538, in the middle reaches, long duration varieties BPT-3291, RGL-2332 and RGL-2537 even in the lower reaches of the tank commands. In the years late monsoon aerobic rice cultivation is more profitable than the traditional method of rice cultivation. Weed menace is the major hurdle coming in the way of aerobic rice cultivation. This can be over come by application of Butachlor (preemergence herbicide). Green manure crops like sunhemp, diancha, pilli pesara can be raised preceeding paddy and can be incorporated at puddling time to improve soil fertility. Sesamum can be raised profitably under the residual moisture conditions. Whenever limited irrigation facilities are available sunflower cultivation is more remunerative. Cultivation of Vegetables like French bean, bhendi are profitable where better irrigation facilities are available. Under crop sequence approach. 1. Maize/ rice Sesamum (residual moisture) 2. Maize / aerobic rice sunflower (limited irrigations) Ragi Sunflower (1 or 2 irrigations) 3. Maize French bean / bendi (better irrigation) 4. Aerobic rice Maize (when N-E monsoon is active)

2. 3.

4.

5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

224

Recommendations for adoption Based on the research and demonstration under tank mount areas in the districts of different agro-climatic regions of A.P. The following crops and cropping systems have been recommended depending on type of soils. MAHABOOBNAGAR Black Soils Tanks filled Green gram /green manure-paddy-Sunflower Green gram /green manure-paddy -Maize. Green gram /green manure-paddy -Sorghum. Tanks partially filled /unfilled Cotton-sunflower Early onset of monsoon : Maize-sunflower /Bengal gram. Late onset of monsoon : Sunflower / castor - ragi /vegetables. Complete rain fed Maize + red gram /castor +red gram /sorghum +red gram during kharif fallow in Rabi. Red Soils Tanks filled Sunflower- groundnut or maize - groundnut. Tanks partially filled /unfilled Maize - sunflower /groundnut or Sorghum - groundnut / ragi / sunflower Complete rain fed Sorghum +red gram - fallow Castor + red gram - fallow Total diversification from paddy to dry crops under bore wells.

225

MEDAK Red soils under completely rain fed Maize-fallow Castor-fallow Maize + red gram (2-4: 1) Black soils completely rain fed, (tanks not filled) Maize - Bengal gram Maize - sunflower Cotton (hybrid) Cotton (bt) Red soils -rain fed supported by bore wells: Maize - groundnut Maize - castor Maize + field beans (2-4: 1) Black soils- rain fed supported by bore wells Maize - Bengal gram Maize - sunflower Paddy - sunflower Maize - coriander Cotton ( bt ) Cotton (hybrid) KADAPA Tanks not filled Green gram / bajra / preceding rice from may - Aug. and jower / sunflower as contingent crops during October for effective utilization of rainfall and residual soil moisture. Tanks supported by bore well Green gram /green manure -rice - sunflower / vegetables ( French bean ) French bean in rice fallow under rice based cropping system ANANTAPUR Tanks not filled Under rain fed situation: Fodder sorghum, sunhemp / grain sorghum instead keeping land fallow. Tanks receive water and supported by bore wells: Soil reclamation with gypsum / green manure for Paddy crop. In Paddy, ZnSO4 application to combat Zn deficiency in alkaline soils which is common in tank ayacut of Anantapur.

226

VIZIANAGARAM Black Soils (Clay and Silty Soils) Aerobic rice with early and medium varieties for upper and middle reaches Maize under proper drainage condition Ragi instead of groundnut and mesta in elevated areas. Late onset of monsoon, aerobic rice during kharif followed by sesamum in Rabi. Maize-sunflower system under limited irrigation facilities. Paddy-maize systems where N.E. monsoon is active. Red soils (sandy loams or sandy clay loams ) For middle and upper reaches maize / ragi / groundnut /aerobic rice with early and medium duration varieties and aerobic rice with long duration varieties in lower reaches. For late onset of monsoon : Wet seeded rice and maize / ragi as contingent crops for kharif and during Rabi under limited irrigation facilities sunflower and vegetables like French bean, Raddish and carrot.

227

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH 1. Name of the centre: Medak 2. Details of the project location: Kukunoorpally (Kondapak Mandal) Bhoompally (Mirdoddi Mandal) Mangole (Kondapak Mandal) Kazipur (Mirdoddi Mandal) 3. Details of rainfall in the project areas: Kondapak Mandal Years 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 Mirdoddi Mandal Years 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 Normal rain fall (mm) 635.0 635.0 635.0 635.0 635.0 635.0 635.0 635.0 Normal rain fall (mm) 686.9 686.9 686.9 686.9 686.9 686.9 686.9 686.9 Actual rainfall (mm) 460.4 534.6 1003.1 453.8 366.9 480.9 696.7 992.4 Actual rainfall (mm) 954.0 661.2 578.4 624.8 208.6 414.9 677.9 797.3 Distribution of rainfall /maximum rainy months July, Aug & Sep -doJune, July & Aug June & Aug Aug & Oct Oct July & Oct July & Sep Distribution of rainfall /maximum rainy months June, July, Aug, Sep & Oct June, July, Aug & Sep June, July &Aug June & July Aug Aug & Oct July & Sep July, Sep & Oct % Deviation from normal 27.5 Deficit 15.8 Deficit 57.9 Excess 28.5 Deficit 42.2 Deficit 24.3 Deficit 9.7 Excess 56.3 Excess % Deviation from normal 38.9 Excess 3.7 Deficit 15.8 Deficit 0.9 Deficit 69.6 Deficit 39.6 Deficit 1.3 Deficit 16.1 Excess Tank-4 Pedda Cheruvu 61.6 ha 100% filled in 1996-97 25 25 75 97.636

4. Details of the tank in the project location: Particulars Tank-1 Tank-2 Name of the tank Kalkalamma Pedda Cheruvu cheruvu Area of the tank 56.8 ha 67.6 ha Tank filling status (%) Before project 100% filled in 100% filled in implementation 1996-97 1996-97 2003-04 25 25 2004-05 30 25 2005-06 100 80 Total command 41.712 170.4 area under the tank (ha)

Tank-3 Doddi Cheruvu 16.0 ha 100% filled in 1996-97 25 30 100 62.44

228

Dr. Balasubramanyam, World Bank Consultant's visit to project villages in Madak District

World bank consultant and other review team members interacting with farmers in Medak district

229

Dr. A. Padma Raju, Director of Research, ANGRAU during a field visit in Indrakal Village

230

Chapter-VIII

Impact Assessment

231

232

5 a) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Kalkalamma tank (Kukunoorpally) Gross Actual Kharif Rabi command cultivated Crop name Area Crop name area (ha) area (ha) (ha) Before Paddy 14.0 Paddy implementation of Cotton 0.2 Bengalgram the project 41.712 F. Jowar 0.8 Castor 15.0 14.8 0.4 4.0 2.4 0.8

Area (ha) 4.0 2.0 0.4 6.4 4.0 12.0 2.0 0.4

Summer Crop name

Area (ha)

Total Crop name Paddy Cotton F. Jowar Bengalgram Castor Paddy Cotton Maize Soybean F. Jowar Bengalgram Castor Others Paddy Cotton Maize Soybean F. Jowar Bengalgram Castor Sunflower Redgram Coriander Paddy Cotton Maize(S) Maize(I) Castor F. Jowar Bengalgram Sunflower Coriander Others

2003-04

41.712

Paddy Cotton Maize Soybean F. Jowar

Paddy Bengalgram Castor Others

2004-05

41.712

Paddy Cotton Maize Soybean F. Jowar

22.4 14.0 7.0 9.2 0.4 0.8

Paddy Bengalgram Castor Sunflower Redgram Coriander F.Jowar

18.4 4.8 14.0 2.4 3.2 0.4 0.4 0.8

2005-06

41.712

Paddy Cotton Maize(S) Maize(I) Castor F. Jowar

31.4 9.6 6.6 17.1 1.4 1.2 0.1

Paddy Bengalgram Castor Sunflower Coriander Others

26.0 11.6 4.0 0.4 6.0 0.6 2.7

36.0

25.3

Area (ha) 18.0 0.2 0.8 2.0 0.4 21.4 18.8 0.4 4.0 2.4 0.8 12.0 2.0 0.4 40.8 18.8 7.0 9.2 0.4 1.6 14.0 2.4 3.2 0.4 0.4 57.4 21.2 6.6 17.1 1.4 1.6 0.1 4.0 6.0 0.6 2.7 61.3

Cropping intensity

0.51

0.98

1.38

1.47

233

5 b) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Pedda Cheruvu Tank (Bhoompally)
Gross command area (ha) Before implementation of the project 170.4 Actual cultivated area (ha) Kharif Crop name Paddy Maize Castor Area (ha) 14.0 3.2 4.0 21.2 24.8 21.6 4.0 15.2 65.6 15.2 72.0 8.8 1.6 1.6 Rabi Crop name Paddy Bengalgram Sugarcane Castor Paddy Bengalgram Sugarcane Castor Area (ha) 1.6 10.0 4.8 4.0 20.4 -44.0 4.8 12.8 61.6 1.2 64.0 10.4 12.8 Summer Crop name Area (ha) Total Crop name Paddy Maize Castor Bengalgram Sugarcane Paddy Maize Castor Soybean Bengalgram Sugarcane Paddy Maize M+R Castor Cotton Soybean Bengalgram Sugarcane Paddy Dry Paddy Maize M+C M+R Castor Cotton F.Jowar Sunflower Bengalgram Sugarcane Safflower Area (ha) 15.6 3.2 8.0 10.0 4.8 41.6 24.8 21.6 16.8 15.2 44.0 4.8 127.2 16.4 72.0 8.8 12.8 1.6 1.6 64.0 10.4 187.6 12.8 1.6 25.8 20.4 18.9 11.2 0.4 0.1 0.8 35.2 13.4 0.4 141.0 Cropping intensity

0.24

2003-04

170.4

Paddy Maize Castor Soybean

0.75

2004-05

170.4

Paddy Maize M+R Cotton Soybean

Paddy Bengalgram Sugarcane Castor

1.10

2005-06

170.4

Paddy Dry Paddy Maize M+C M+R Castor Cotton F.Jowar

99.2 10.4 1.6 25.8 20.4 18.9 1.2 0.4 0.1

Paddy Sunflower Bengalgram Castor Sugarcane Safflower

88.4 2.4 0.8 35.2 10.0 13.4 0.4

0.83

78.8

62.2

234

5 c) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Doddi Cheruvu tank (Mangole) Gross command area (ha) Before implementation of the project Actual cultivated area (ha) Kharif Crop name Paddy Maize M+RG Cotton Castor Cowpea Paddy Maize M+RG M+Bean Cotton Soybean Castor Coepea Redgram Area (ha) 8.0 1.6 0.8 2.0 0.8 0.4 13.6 8.2 16.8 4.8 1.2 6.6 1.2 0.8 1.2 2.0 Rabi Crop name Paddy Bengalgram Castor Area (ha) 5.0 1.6 1.6 Summer Crop name Area (ha) Total Crop name Paddy Maize M+RG Cotton Castor Cowpea Bengalgram Paddy Maize M+RG M+Bean Cotton Soybean Castor Coepea Redgram Bengalgram Gnut Sunflower Others Paddy Vegetables 6.0 5.0 Paddy Maize M+RG M+Bean Cotton Castor F.Jowar Bengalgram Gnut Sunflower Vegetables Area (ha) 13.0 1.6 0.8 2.0 2.4 0.4 1.6 21.8 10.2 16.8 4.8 1.2 6.6 1.2 6.8 1.2 2.0 14.0 5.2 1.6 1.2 73.0 31.9 17.1 1.4 2.4 5.9 6.3 0.1 6.0 0.8 5.0 5.0 81.9 Cropping intensity percent

62.44

0.35

Paddy Bengalgram Gnut Castor Sunflower Others

8.2 2.0 14.0 5.2 6.0 1.6 1.2

2004-05

62.44

1.17

2005-06

62.44

Paddy Maize M+RG M+Bean Cotton Castor F.Jowar

43.0 9.1 17.1 1.4 2.4 5.9 5.5 0.1

Paddy Bengalgram Gnut Castor Sunflower

30.0 16.8 6.0 0.8 0.8 5.0

1.31

41.5

29.4

11.0

235

5 d) Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas: Pedda Cheruvu Tank (Khazipur) Gross command area(ha) Before implementation of the project 97.636 Actual cultivated area (ha) Kharif Crop name Paddy Maize Area (ha) 10.0 0.8 Rabi Crop name Paddy Bengalgram Sugarcane Castor Paddy Bengalgram Sugarcane Castor Others Area (ha) 1.6 6.0 6.0 12.0 25.6 0.8 32.0 8.8 26.0 3.6 Summer Crop name Area (ha) Total Crop name Paddy Maize Bengalgram Sugarcane Castor Paddy Maize M+R Cotton Soybean Redgram Bengalgram Sugarcane Castor Others Paddy Maize M+CP M+R Cotton Castor F.Jowar Sunflower Bengalgram Sugarcane Safflower Others Area (ha) 11.6 0.8 6.0 6.0 12.0 36.4 7.8 33.6 2.8 0.8 2.0 1.2 32.0 8.8 26.0 3.6 118.8 13.9 23.4 22.5 16.9 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.4 24.0 2.8 0.4 5.8 118.8 Cropping intensity percent 0.37

2004-05

97.636

Paddy Maize M+R Cotton Soybean Redgram

10.8 7.0 33.6 2.8 0.8 2.0 1.2

1.26

2005-06

97.636

Paddy Maize M+CP M+R Cotton Castor F.Jowar

47.6 10.3 23.4 22.5 16.9 0.2 1.2 0.1

Paddy Sunflower Bengalgram Sugarcane Castor Safflower Others

71.2 3.6 0.4 24.0 2.8 7.2 0.4 5.8

1.26

74.6

44.2

236

6.Details of crop production in tankfed areas:

Crop

Area (ha)

Kharif Avg. Cost of cultivat ion (Rs/ha 8100 25000

Kalkalamma cheruvu : 41.712 ha (Kukunoorpally) Rabi Avg. Avg. Crop Area Av. Avg. Avg. yield market (ha) cost of yield market (q/ha) price cultivat (q/ha price Rs/q ion ) Rs/q Rs/ha 36.01 0.0 520 2000 Paddy Bengal gram Castor Paddy Bengal gram Castor Sunflo wer Corian der Others 4.0 2.0 0.4 11.6 4.0 0.4 6.0 0.6 2.7 9000 3600 4000 14500 4000 4700 8600 4000 7405 40.0 4.5 4.0 52.0 8.0 10.0 15.0 14.0 80.0 580 1000 900 650 1200 1100 1500 1700 500

Crop

Area (ha)

Summer Av. Av. Cost yield of cultiva (q/ha) tion Rs/ha

Av. mark et price Rs/q

Before implement ation of the project After implement ation of the project

Paddy Cotton F. J Paddy Cotton Maize M+RG Castor F.J

14.0 0.2 0.8 9.6 6.6 17.1 1.4 1.2 0.1

14000 16250 7100 8000 5200

46.2 19.1 35.4 44.0 10.0

620 1750 540 540 1200

237

Kharif Crop Area (ha)

Av.cost of cultivatio n (Rs/ha

Av. yield (q/ha)

Av.mar Price Rs/q

Pedda Cheruvu : 170.4 ha (Bhoompally) Rabi Crop Area Av.cost Av.yield (ha) of cult (q/ha) (Rs/ha)

Av.mar price Rs/q

Crop

Summer Area Av.c (ha) ost of cultiv ation( Rs/ha

Before project Paddy Maize Castor 14.0 3.2 4.0 8040 6400 4900 40.0 15.0 7.2 520 450 900 Paddy Bengalgr am Sugarcan e Castor Paddy Sunflowe r Bengalgr am Castor Sugarcan e Safflower 1.6 10.0 4.8 4.0 2.4 0.8 35.2 10.0 13.4 0.4 9000 3600 22000 4000 14500 8600 4800 4000 25000 4000 42.0 7.2 600.0 6.0 50.0 13.5 9.0 8.4 750.0 10.0 550 1000 650 900 650 1500 1200 1100 810 800

A v. yi el d (q/ ha )

Av. mar price Rs/q

After implement ation of the project

Paddy Dry Paddy Maize M+C M+R Castor Cotton F.J

10.4 1.6 25.8 20.4 18.9 1.2 0.4 0.1

13000 11500 7100 7500 8000 5200 15000

42.7 45.0 33.0 44.6 50.2 10.0 10.5 45.0

620 620 540 540 540 1200 1750

238

Doddi cheruvu : 62.44 ha (Mangole)

Kharif Crop Area (ha) Avg. Cost of cultivati on (Rs/ha Av. yield (q/ha) Avg. market price Rs/q Rabi Crop Area (ha) Avg. cost of cultivati on (Rs.) Avg. yield (q/ha) Avg. market price Rs/q Summer Crop Are a (ha) Avg. cost of cultivat ionRs/ ha Av. yield (q/ha) Av. marke t price Rs/q

Before implement ation of the project

After implement ation of the project

Paddy Maize M+R Cotton Castor Cowpe a Paddy Maize M+B M+R Cotton Castor F.J

8.0 1.6 0.8 2.0 0.8 0.4 9.1 17.1 2.4 1.4 5.9 5.5 0.1

10000 6500 7500 22000 4500 3500 10500 7800 17500 8500 16500 5000

25.0 15.0 18.0 15.0 6.25 4.0 26.0 28.0 81.25 45.0 18.0 10.0 45.0

520 470 470 2000 900 1000 650 570 800 570 1750 1200

Paddy Bengal gram Castor

5.0 1.6 1.6

10500 4500 4500

40.0 5.0 6.0

650 1100 900

Paddy SRI Paddy Sunflo wer Bengal gram Gnut Castor

16.0 0.8 5.0 6.0 0.8 0.8

13000 12500 8500 3800 12500 4050

54.0 64.0 18.0 12.0 30.0 10.0

650 650 1500 1200 1200 1000

Paddy Vegetab les

6.0 5.0

11000 15000

48.0 50.0

700 600

239

Pedda Cheruvu : 97.636 ha (Khazipur)

Kharif Crop Area (ha) Avg. cost of cultivati on (Rs/ha Av. yield (q/ha) 38.0 16.0 Avg. market price Rs/q 520 450 Rabi Crop Area (ha) Avg. cost of cultivati on 9600 3600 4900 Avg. yield (q/ha) 40.0 7.2 6.4 Avg. market price Rs/q 550 1000 900 Summer Crop Are a (ha) Avg. cost of cultivat ion(Rs/ ha Av. yield (q/ha) Av. marke t price Rs/q

Before implementa tion of the project

Paddy Maize

10.0 0.8

8040 6400

Paddy Bengalg ram Castor Sugar cane Paddy Sunflow er Bengalg ram Castor Safflow er Sugarca ne

1.6 6.0 12.0 6.0 3.6 0.4 24.0 7.2 0.4 2.8

After implementa tion of the project

Paddy Dry Paddy Maize M+C M+R Cotton Castor FJ

9.9 0.4 23.4 22.5 16.9 0.2 1.2 0.1

11500 9000 7800 8100 8500 15000 5000

46.6 55.0 41.0 56.4 60.0 10.8 10.0 40.0

620 620 540 540 540 1750 1200

13000 8500 4200 4000 4700 25000

48.0 12.5 9.0 8.0 10.0 720

650 1500 1200 1100 800 810

240

7. Details of project interventions/activities and impact Name of the intervention made Kalkalamma Cheruvu 41.712 ha Integrated Nutrient Supply management in Paddy (120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K2O + Green leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4/ha is recommended for paddy) 2003-04 IPM in Cotton Demonstration of Production technology in paddy Balanced fertilization in Maize Production technology in Castor Alternate wetting and Drying 2004-05 Introduction GM Cotton IPM in Cotton 2005-06 Alternate wetting and Drying Introduction GM Cotton No. of beneficia ries 3 Area coverage (ha) 1.0 Cost advantage (Rs/ha) Yield advantage (Kg/ha) 740 Income advantage (Rs/ha) 4070 Remarks

5 5 5 5 3 1 28 10

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 14.2 2.4 0.6 9.6 6.6

11750

175 1640 300 268

15425 9020 1440 3000 A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was obtained A net returns of Rs. 15800 per ha was obtained An additional net returns of Rs. 10665 was obtained A mean grain yield of 4.62 t/ha was obtained A seed cotton yield of 19.1 q/ha was recorded

2790

0.45

10665

241

Name of the intervention made Pedda Cheruvu 170.4 ha Demonstration of Dry seeding in Paddy Integrated Nutrient Supply management in Paddy (120-60-40 N, P2O5 and K2O + Green leaf maneuvering + 50 Kg ZnSO4/ha is recommended for paddy) Integrated pest management in cotton Demonstration of production technology in paddy Demonstration of production technology in Castor Balanced fertilization in Maize Dry seeding in Paddy Water management practices in Paddy (Alternate Wetting & Drying) Introduction of GM cotton 2005-06 Dry seeding in Paddy Water management practices in Paddy (Alternate Wetting & Drying) Introduction of GM cotton

No. of beneficia ries 4 5

Area coverage (ha) 1.6 1.0

Cost advantage (Rs/ha)

Yield advantage (Kg/ha) 980 900

Income advantage (Rs/ha) 5400 4800

Remarks

An additional yield of 0.98 t/ha was obtained with two supplemental irrigations An additional net returns of Rs 5430/ha was recorded

2003-04

5 5 5 5 6 20 2 4 30 1

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 11.4 0.8 1.6 10.4 0.4

9900

260 1250 334

15130 7629 4000 1720 A mean grain yield of 2.39 t/ha was obtained
A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was recorded

500

260

2004-05

A net returns of Rs 3737 per ha was obtained A mean grain yield of 4.5 t/ha was obtained A mean grain yield of 4.27 t/ha was obtained A seed cotton yield of 10.5 q/ha was recorded

242

Name of the intervention made

No. of beneficiaries

Area covera ge (ha) 8.2 1.4 0.6 9.1 5.9 0.1 0.8 5.0 0.8

Cost advantage (Rs/ha)

Yield advantage (Kg/ha)

Income advantage (Rs/ha)

Remarks

Doddi Cheruvu 62.44 ha Water management practices in Paddy (Alternate Wetting & Drying) 2004-05 Introduction of GM cotton IPM in Cotton Water management practices in Paddy (Alternate Wetting & Drying) Introduction of GM cotton 2005-06 Introduction of Fodder Sorghum Introduction of SRI method in Paddy Introduction of Sunflower Introduction of Groundnut

25 4 2 24 12 1 2 10 4

A mean grain yield of 3.8 t/ha was recorded

1840

1880

34740

A net returns of Rs 28996 per ha was obtained B : C ratio of 3.71 was reported in IPM plots as against a B:C ratio of 1.45 in non IPM plots A mean grain yield of 2.6 t/ha was obtained A seed cotton yield of 18.0 q/ha was obtained 4.5 t/ha of green fodder was obtained A mean grain yield of 6.4 t/ha was obtained A mean grain yield of 18.0 q/ha was obtained A mean grain yield of 30.0 q/ha was obtained

243

Name of the intervention made Pedda Cheruvu 97.636 ha Water management practices in Paddy (Alternate Wetting & Drying) 2004-05 Introduction of GM cotton Dry seeding in Paddy 2005-06 Water management practices in Paddy (Alternate Wetting & Drying) Introduction of GM cotton Introduction of Fodder sorghum

No. of beneficia ries 18 1 1 24 1 1

Area coverage (ha) 7.2 0.8 0.4 9.9 0.2 0.1

Cost advantage (Rs/ha)

Yield advantage (Kg/ha)

Income advantage (Rs/ha)

Remarks

A mean grain yield of 4.5 t/ha was obtained A net return of Rs. 12750 was recorded. A mean grain yield of 5.5 t/ha was obtained A mean grain yield of 4.66 t/ha was obtained A seed cotton yield of 10.75 q/ha was recorded 4.0t /ha of green fodder was obtained

244

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK Location: Kukunoorpally Tank: Kalkalamma Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 41.712 ha Particulars Yield kg/ha GROSS income ( Rs/ha) Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Net income Rs /ha /year Net income Rs/ total tank area/year Additional income Rs /tank by APERP

Existing cropping system

Kharif 3563 17739 7893 9846 147680 Rabi 2665 16131 7000 9131 58440

Total
3222 17258 7626 9632 206120

Improved cropping system

Kharif 3468 24170 10569 13601 489635 Rabi 3769 24670 10230 14390 364080

Total
3592 24377 10450 13927 853715 6,47, 595-00

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK Location: Bhoompally Tank: Pedda Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 170.4 ha Particulars Yield kg/ha GROSS income Rs/ha Cost of cultivation Rs/ha Net income Rs /ha /year Net income Rs/ total tank area/year Additional income Rs /tank by APERP Existing cropping system Kharif Rabi 3004 1046 (Excl Sugarcane) 15977 15576 7200 8777 186080 8431 7145 145760 Total Improved cropping system Kharif Rabi 4120 1098 (Excl Sugarcane) 22907 18930 8292 14615 1151711 9440 9490 590300 Total

15781 7804 7977 331840

21153 8798 12355 17,42,011 14,10,171-00

245

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK Location: Mangole Tank: Doddi Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 62.44 ha Particulars Yield kg/ha GROSS income Rs/ha Cost of cultivation Rs/ha Net income Rs /ha /year Net income Rs/ total tank area/year Additional income Rs /tank by APERP Existing cropping system Kharif Rabi 2029 2654 13834 17980 10691 8159 3143 9821 42748 80540 Total 2264 15394 9739 5655 123288 Improved cropping system Kharif Rabi Summer 2745 3773 4891 20975 29016 31964 9824 10086 12818 11151 18930 19146 462786 556540 210600 Total 3402 10320 25338 15018 12,29,926-00 11,06,638-00

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK PER TANK Location: Khazipur Tank: Pedda Cheruvu Ayayacut Area: 97.636 ha Particulars Yield kg/ha GROSS income Rs/ha Cost of cultivation Rs/ha Net income Rs /ha /year Net income Rs/ total tank area/year Additional income Rs /tank by APERP Existing cropping system Kharif Rabi 3651 933 (Excl. Sugarcane) 15977 7200 8777 186080 15576 8431 7145 145760

Total

Improved cropping system Total Kharif Rabi 5017 10.30 (Excl. Sugarcane) 27731 8510 19221 1433877 13775 5694 8081 357196 22539 7463 15076 1791073 13,63,473-00

15781 7804 7977 331840

246

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK/TANK Location: Kukunoorpally Tank:Kalkalamma Cheruvu Ayyacut Area: 41.712 ha Name of the farmer: Kasam Naveen Particulars Existing Total Cropping system Paddy Paddy (R) (K) 1.0 0.8 1.8 4600 4000 30000 27000 28500 12500 9500 17500 17500 17500 14000 11000 17500 31500 Improved cropping system Paddy (K) 0.4 5250 34200 13500 20700 8280 Cotton (K) 0.6 4000 72000 17500 54500 32700 Sun Flower (R) 0.4 1750 26250 11000 15250 6100 Total

Area (ha) Yield kg/ha GROSS income Rs/ha Cost of cultivation Rs/ha Net incomers /ha /year Net incomers Rs/total tank area/year Additional income by APERP/tank

1.4 44150 14000 30150 47080 15580

247

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF MEDAK/TANK Location: Mangole Tank:Doddi Cheruvu Ayyacut Area: 62.44 ha Name of the farmer: Y. Bapu Reddy Particulars Existing cropping System Paddy Fallow Paddy (R) (K) 2.5 2.0 2.5 4600 30000 12500 17500 17500 4000 27000 9500 17500 14000 Total Improved cropping system Maize+ Maize Paddy Beans (K) 2.0 2.0 1.75 4500 22500 7500 15000 12000 3850 26000 9500 16500 11550 Sun flower 3.0 2066 31000 11000 20000 24000 Total

Area (Acres) Yield kg/ha GROSS income Rs/ha Cost of cultivation Rs/ha Net incomers /ha /year Net incomers Rs/total tank area/year Additional income by APERP/tank

4.5

5.0 (0.5 acre leased in) 32875 10500 22375 77950 46450

28500 52000 11000 14000 17500 38000 31500 30400

248

EVALUATION OF CROPPING INTENSITY UNDER TANK FED AREAS OF MEDAK Name of the tank Existing cropping system Area in ha Before Project Implementation Kharif Rabi Summer Kalkalamma Cheruvu-41.712ha Pedda Cheruvu170.4 ha Doddi Cheruvu62.44 ha Pedda Cheruvu-97.636 ha 10.8 25.0 35.8 120.6 74.6 44.2 118.8 403.0 231.8 234.2 13.6 8.2 21.8 41.5 29.4 11.0 81.9 275.7 21.2 20.4 41.6 78.8 62.2 141.0 238.9 15.0 6.4 Total Area in ha Improved cropping system Area in ha After Project Implementation Kharif Rabi Summer 36.0 25.3 Total Area in ha Percent (%) increased cropping intensity 186.4

21.4

61.3

249

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH 1. Name of the centre: Kadapa 2. Details of the project location: Thippanapalli ( Badvel Mandal ) Gangaperuru (Vontimitta Mandal ) 3. Details of rainfall in the project areas: Badvel Mandal Years 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2005-2006 Normal rain fall (mm) 661.6 661.6 661.6 661.6 661.6 661.6 661.6 Actual rainfall (mm) 733.8 603.1 714.2 840.8 581.6 628.8 912.3 Distribution of rainfall /maximum rainy months July,Aug,Sep, Oct,Nov June ,Aug June ,Aug Sept,Oct Sept,Oct May,June,Oct July,Oct Any other information /Remarks -

Vontimitta Mandal Years Normal rain fall (mm) 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2005-2006 573.0 573.0 573.0 573.0 573.0 573.0 573.0

Actual rainfall (mm) 591.4 497.4 562.6 753.8 346.6 747.4 917.4

Distribution of rainfall /maximum rainy months July,Aug,Sep, Oct,Nov May,June,july,Oct June.Aug,Oct August, Oct October July,Sep,Oct July,Aug,Oct,Nov

Any other information /Remarks -

251

4. Details of the tank in the project location: Particulars Name of the tank Storage of the tank Tank filling status (%) Before project implementation 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Total command area under the tank(ha) Tank-1 Thippanapalli 36.5ha rainfed Tank-2 Puttayapalli 44.0ha Rainfed Tank-3 Gangaperuru 46.6ha rainfed Tank-4 Ibrahimpet 104.8ha rainfed

Full 1/4 1/4 16.2

59.08

Full 1/4 1/4 38.0

1/4 1/4 176.78

.Details of cropping pattern in tank fed areas : Thippanapalli tank Thippanapalli tank Gross command area(ha) 16.0 16.0 Actual cultivated area (ha) 10.0 16.0 Early Kharif Crop name Bajra Green gram Daincha Area (ha) 12 2 2.0 Late Kharif/Rabi Crop name Rice Paddy Sunflower French bean Area (ha) 16.0 10 6.0 0.5 Summer Crop name Cotton Sunflower Cotton Area (ha) 10.0 8 8 Total Crop name Paddy Cotton Paddy Bajra Green gram Sunflower Cotton Dhaincha Area (ha) 16. 10 10 12 2 14.0 8.0 184 Cropping intensity percent -

Before implementation of the project After implementation

252

Gangaperuru tank

Gross command area(ha) 38.0

Actual cultivated area (ha) 38.0

Early Kharif Crop name Area (ha) -

Late Kharif/Rabi Crop name Rice Area (ha) 38.0

Summer Crop name Cucumber Gingelly Area (ha) 12 8

Total Crop name Rice Cucumber Gingelly Paddy Green gram Sunflower Area (ha) 38.0 12.0 8.0 32.0 38.0 2 42.0

Cropping intensity percent -

Before implementation of the project After implementation

38.0

38.0

Green gram

38.0

Paddy Sunflower French bean

32.0 4.,0 0.5

Sunflower

38.0

196

253

6.Details of crop production in tankfed areas.: Early Kharif Crop Area (ha) Av.cost of cultivati on (Rs/ha -Av. yield (q/ha) Av.mar ket price Rs/q -Late Kharif /Rabi Crop Are Av.cost a of (ha) cultivati on Paddy 16 14500 Av.yiel d (q/ha) Av.market price Rs/q Summer Crop Are a (ha) Av.cos t of cultivat ion(Rs/ ha 15500 Av. yield (q/ha) Av. marke t price Rs/q 2200

Thippanapalli- Tank: 16.0ha Before --implementatio n of the project After implementatio nhe project Bajra 12.0 Gree 2.0 Green gram Gangaperuru- Tank: 38.0ha -Before project

--

50.0

800

Cotton

10. 0

16.0

8000 5000

21.0 616

12600 16500

Paddy Sunflow er Rice

10

14500

50.0 1650

800 2000

Sunflow er Cotton Cucumb er Gingell y Sunflow er

8 8 12 8

9000 15500

21.0 15.0

2000 2200

--

--

--

38

15000

50.0

800

5000 6000

120 500

150 2400

After implementatio n of the project

Green gram

38

5000

551

2500

Rice

32

15000

54.0

800

38

10000

21.0

2000

254

7. Details of project interventions/activities and impact Name of the tank Name of the intervention made Number of beneficiaries 25 20 20 25 6.0 6.0 2.0 Area coverage (ha) 10 8.0 8.0 10.0 14.0 14.0 1.0 Cost advantage (Rs/ha) -800 -1200 -2000 Yield advantage(K g/ha 225 200 250 150 150 100 -Income advantage (Rs/ha) 1800 1600 2000 1200 3300 2200 --Minimising the cost of cultivation Remarks

Thippanapalli-16.0ha Water management in Rice Weed control with Butachlor Alley formation in rice Zn application in Rice Ridge and furrow sowing in Sunflower Application of Boran to Sunflower Semidry paddy

20% irrigation was alsosaved

255

Name of the tank

Name of the intervention made

Number of beneficiaries 30 22 22 30 15 20.0 1.0

Area coverage (ha) 32 20 25 32.0 28.0 24.0 0.5

Cost advantage (Rs/ha) -750 -1200 -2000

Yield advantage(K g/ha 205 180 150 125 150 100 --

Income advantage (Rs/ha) 1640 1440 1200 1000 3300 2200 ---

Remarks

Gangaperuru-38.0ha Water management in Rice Weed control with Butachlor Alley formation in rice Zn application in Rice Ridge and furrow sowing in Sunflower Application of Boron to Sunflower Semidry paddy

20% irrigation was also saved

Minimising the cost of cultivation

256

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA PER TANK Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ganga peruru Ayayacut Area: 38 Particulars Yield kg/ha GROSS income Rs/ha Cost of cultivation Rs/ha Net income Rs /ha /year Net income Rs/ total tank area/year Additional income Rs /tank by APERP Existing cropping system Fallow Rice Gingelly 4,950 500 29,700 10,000 15,000 14,700 6,250 3,750 Total 5,450 39,700 21,250 18,450 7,01,100 Improved cropping system Green gram Rice Sunflower 552 5,485 2,150 13,800 32,910 38,700 5,000 8,800 15,000 17,910 10,000 28,700 Total 8,187 85,410 30,000 55,410 21,05,580 14,04,480

257

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA/TANK Location: Vontimitta Tank:Ibrahim pet Ayyacut Area: 176 ha Particulars Yield kg/ha GROSS income Rs/ha Cost of cultivation Rs/ha Net incomers /ha /year Net incomers Rs/total tank area/year Additional income By APERP/tank Existing cropping system Fallow Gingelly Rice 4,800 550 28,800 11,000 15,000 13,800 24,28,800 6,250 4,750 3,80,000 Total 5350 39,800 21,250 18,550 28,08,800 Improved cropping system Green gram Rice Sunflower 612 5000 1625 15,300 30,000 29,250 5,000 10,300 6,79,800 15,000 15,000 24,00,000 10,000 19,250 18,48,000 Total 7237 74,550 30,000 44,550 49,27,800 21,19,000

258

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CROPPING SYSTEM OF APERP UNDER TANKFED AREAS OF KADAPA Location: Vontimitta Tank: Ganga peruru Ayayacut Area:176 ha Name of the farmer: M.SUBBAREDDY Particulars Yield kg/ha GROSS income Rs/ha Cost of cultivation Rs/ha Net income Rs /ha /year Net income Rs/ total tank area/year Additional income Rs /tank by APERP Land holding: 2.4 ha Total 10300 39800 21250 18550 44520 Improved cropping system Green gram Rice Sunflower 625 5150 1550 15,625 30,900 27,900 5000 10,625 15,000 15,900 10,000 17,900 Total 7325 74,425 30,000 44,425 1,06,620 62,100

Existing cropping system Fallow Rice Gingelly 4800 5500 28800 11000 15000 13800 6250 4750 -

259

EVALUATION OF CROPPING INTENSITY UNDER TANK FED AREAS OF KADAPA Name of the tank Early kharif Gangaperuru38ha Ibrahimpet176.6ha Thippanapalli16.6ha Puttayapalli59.8ha 40 40 14 40 16 10 26 160 80 240 66 70 16 101 74 14 2 40 14 8 8 108 270 48 184 160 425 177 Existing cropping system area in ha Late 38 Rabi/ 20 58 Early kharif 38 kharif summer Total Improved cropping system area in ha Late kharif 38 Rabi / summer 38 114 196 Total area Percent (%) in ha increased cropping intensity

260

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF APERP PROJECT ON AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION UNDER TANK IRRIGATED AREAS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

1. Name of the centre

: Anantapur

2. Details of the project location: Pamurai, Madigubba, Pullalarevu and Rangampeta of Anantapur district. 3. Details of rainfall in the project area: Years Normal 600 1998-1999 600 1999-2000 610.0 2000-2001 615.9 2001-2002 625.5 2002-2003 634.5 2003-2004 591.8 2004-2005 ---2005-2006 4. Details of the tanks in the project location Pamurai Name of the tank Storage capacity of the tank Tank filling status (%) Before project implementation 2003- 2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 Total command area under the tank (ha.) Information not provideded 75% 55% 85 85 85 60 ha. Pullalarevu Information not provideded 60% 50% 55% 60% 75% 52 ha. Madigubba Information not provideded 85% 70% 85% 75% 70% 168 ha. Rangampeta Information not provideded 50% 40% 50% 50% 50% 48 ha. 685 9 Months nil 515.8 6 Months Nil 256.2 5 Months Nil 389.4 7 Months Nil 731.2 6 Months Nil 590.2 8 Months Nil 471.6 8 Months Nil Rainfall (mm) Actual 937.2 Distribution of rainfall/maximum rainy months 8 Months Any other information / Remarks nil

261

5. Details of cropping pattern in tankfed areas. Gross com mand area (ha) Before project 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 36 36 36 36 Actual cultivated area (ha) Kharif Crop name Area (ha) Rabi Crop name Area (ha) Pamurai 20 29 30 32 Paddy Paddy Green manures Green manures Paddy Green gram Green manures Paddy 19 20ha 10.5ha 10 ha 22 ha 0.5 ha 20 ha 25 ha Paddy Paddy Green manures Green manures Paddy Green manures Paddy 10 ha 17 ha 10 ha 15 ha 25 ha 15 ha 25 ha Before project 2003 2004 2004 2005 52 52 52 26.5 27 33 Paddy Paddy Green manures Paddy Fodder jowar Green manures Paddy 14.5 21 ha 05 ha 30 ha 04 ha 50 ha 32 ha Paddy Paddy Green manures Paddy Pullalarevu 14 ha 22 ha 06 ha 15 ha Sunflower Jowar 15 ha 15 ha Sunflower Sunflower 10 ha 12 ha Paddy Paddy Green manures Green gram Paddy Sunflower Green manures Paddy Sunflower Paddy Paddy Green manures Paddy Sunflower Fodder jowar Green manures Paddy Sunflower 29 ha 37 ha 20.5 ha 05 ha 45 ha 10 ha 35 ha 34 ha 12 ha 33.5 43 10 ha 45 ha 15 ha 04 ha 10 ha 52 ha 20 ha 105.2% 127.5% 143.3% 173.25% Summer Area (ha) Total Crop name Area (ha) Croppin g intensity

Crop name

126.4% 159.2 181.8

2005 2006

52

35

Greenmanures Paddy Fodder jowar

05 ha 20 ha 10 ha

Sunflower

20 ha

205.7%

262

Before project 2003 2004 2004 2005

168 168 168

96 96 115

Paddy Paddy Greenmanures Paddy

20 ha 25 12 28

Paddy Paddy

Madigubba 72 ha 90 10 84.5 20 10 70 25 Sunflower 45 Sunflower 25

Paddy Paddy Green manures Paddy Sunflower Fodder jowar Green manures Paddy Sunflower Fodder jowar Paddy Green manures Paddy Hb Jowar Green manures Paddy Fodder Jowar Sun flower Green gram Green manures Paddy Fodder Jowar Sun flower

102 115 22 12.5 25 20 28 125 45 25 37 10 47.4 04 10 40 2.5 10 05 14 50 05 14.4

106.2%

Green manures Paddy Fodder jowar Green manures Paddy Fodder jowar

149.1

2005 2006

168

122

Green manures Paddy

18 55

178.2

Before project 2003 2004 2004 2005

48 48

30 35.4

Paddy Green manures Paddy Green gram Green manures Paddy Green gram

10 10 20.8 25 10 20.8 05

Paddy

Rangampeta 27 04 30 2.5 30 10 Sunflower 10

112.2 128.5

Hb Jowar Paddy Fodder jowar Paddy Fodder jowar

48

36.4

157.9

2005 2006

48

42.2

Green manures Paddy

14 15

Fodder jowar Paddy

05 35

Sunflower

14.4

175.2

263

6. Details of crop production in tankfed areas. Kharif Crop Area (ha) Average cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Aver age yield (Q/h a) 52 16.8 53 17 t 54 incor porat ed 18 t 54 53 55 18t 54 13 t Average Market price (Rs/Q) Rabi Crops name Area (ha) Average cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) Average yield (Q/ha) Average market price (Rs/Q) Summer Crop Area (ha) Avg COC (Rs/ha) Avg yield (Q/ha) Average market price (Rs/Q)

Before project 2003-04 2004-05

1.paddy 1.green manure 2.paddy 1.green manures 2. paddy 3. Green gram 1. Green gram 2. paddy 1. Paddy 1.paddy 1. Green manures 2. Paddy 3Fodder Jowar

19 10.5 20 10 36 05 10 25 14.5 21 5 30 4

12660 3220 12750 3000 12000 2000 2750 11750 11600 11700 2750 12125 800t

600 Incorporate d 650 650

Paddy Green gram Paddy Green gram Paddy Fodder jowar Green manures Paddy Paddy Paddy Green manure Paddy

10 5 17 05 35 05 15 29

11900 2050 12800 3200 11000 2100 2500 11750 11900

54 15 t 35 17 t 55

550 Incorporate d 700 Incorporate d 800 fodder purpose Fodder purpose 850 600 600 Incorporate d 750

Sunflow er

10

1000

16

1850

2005-06

Incorporate d 800 650 700 Incorporate d 750 fodder jowar

18 t 54 54 55 18 t 55

Sunflow er --Sunflow er jowar

12

7000

17

1900

Pullalarevu Before project 2003-04 2004-05 --15 15 --7650/-750/2530/---23 6 20 12150 2500 12250

2005-06

1. Green manures 2. Paddy

5 32

2800 12200

19 t 55

Incorporat ed 800

Green manures Paddy

5 20

3000 11500

18 T 56

incorporat ed 750

sunflow er

20

8200/ -

15

1900/ -

264

Kharif

Rabi

Summer

Crops name

Area (ha)

Average cost of cultivatio n (Rs/ha)

Averag e Yield (Q/ha)

Avera ge marke t price (Rs/Q )

Crops name

Area (ha)

Average cost of cultivatio n (Rs/ha)

Averag e yield (Q/ha)

Average market price (Rs/Q)

Crops name

Area (ha)

Averag e cost of cultivati on (Rs/ha)

Avera ge yield (Q/ha )

Aver age mark et price (Rs/Q )

Madigubba
Before Project 2003-04 2004-05 1. Paddy 1.paddy 1. Sunhemp 2.paddy 2005-06 1. Green manures 2. Paddy 3 1. paddy 1. green manures 2. paddy 1Green manure 2 paddy 3greengram 20 25 12 28 18 55 12000 11600 2560 12060 2600 11800 50 50 52 20 t 60 650 700 Incor porate d 700 Incor porate d 52 615 Incor porate d 700 750 Paddy Paddy Paddy Fodder jowar Green manures Paddy Fodder jowar Paddy Hyb jowar Paddy Fodder jowar Fodder jowar Paddy `80 90 -20 18 55 20 11000 11500 12200 2600 2200 11600 950 58 50 53 54 14.5 t Incorporated 800 fodder purpose Sunflo wer 45 8200/17 1850 600 650 750 fodder purpose --Sunflo wer --25 --7500 --17 --1800

Before Project 2003-04

48 10 20.8 10 20.8 5

11800 2200 11500 2650 13500 3100

52

Rangampeta 27 12200 04 30 2.5 30 10 13700

52 54

600 750

-SUN FLOW ER sunflo wer

-4

-8000

-14

-1850

52 55

2004-05

12200 900

55

750 fodder purpose

10

7500

15.5

1800

265

7. Details of project intervention / activities and impact Names of the intervention Number of beneficiaries

Area coverage (ha) 20.5 17 20 40 35 2.5 25 35 04

Cost advantage (Rs./ha)

Yield advantage (Q/ha)

Income advantage (Rs./ha 2100 4000 3500 3500 28000 -4200 3600 --

Remarks

Pamurai
2003-04 2004-2005 2005-2006 Green manure crops introduction Gypsum application in paddy ZnSo4 application in paddy Gypsum application in paddy Sunflower introduction Butaclore application in paddy Gypsum application in paddy ZnSo4 application in paddy Chelated Zinc 35 10 25 15 10 04 15 20 10 2-3 4-5 3-4 3-4 15 1700 5-6 4-5 --

Pullalarevu
2003-04 2004-2005 Gypsum application in paddy ZnSo4 application in paddy Fodder jowar Sunflower Green manure Green manure Sunflower Gypsum application in paddy ZnSo4 application in paddy 20 20 15 30 10 25 20 50 50 25 27 10 20 20 10 20 25 25 3-5 4-6 12t 16 9t 10.5 16.5 4-6 4-6 3500 4300 2160 25000 incorporated Incorporated 26000 4000 4200

2005-2006

267

Madigubba
2003-04 2004-2005 Gypsum application in paddy ZnSo4 application in paddy Green manure Sunflower introducation Fodder jowar Green manure Gypsum application in paddy ZnSo4 application in paddy Fodder jowar Green manure ZnSo4 application in paddy Gypsum application in paddy Green gram Green manure Gypsum application in paddy ZnSo4 application in paddy Sunflower Fodder jowar Gypsum application in paddy ZnSo4 application in paddy Green manures 50 60 44 80 10 18 60 60 30 20 30 20 10 10 50 30 30 10 20 30 20 20 25 20 50 05 10 25 20 15 05 20 15 05 10 15 25 15 05 10 15 15 3-5 4-5 12 t 14 13 10 t 4-6 4-5 13 12 t 2-3 2-3 10 t 13 t 3-4 3-5 14 10.5 t 4-6 4-6 incorporated 3600 4400 2450 23400 2500 2500 4400 3500 -2200 3200 2500 2000 2400 3500 3400 24000 1600 3750 4500 ---

2005-2006

Rangampeta
2003-04

2004-2005

2005-2006

269

IMPACT ASSESSMENT Methodology:The project was under taken in four tankfed villages of Anantapur district. They are Pamurai, Rangampeta ,Pullalarevu and Madigubba. To study the impact of the project on cropping pattern, input utilization, cropping intensity and annual net returns twenty farmers were selected at random from each village.The total of 80 farmers from tankfed area are selected for study. Data were collected through survey method with the help of schedule. The collected data were tankfed and statistically analyzed for interpretation of the findings with the following objectives: 1. To study the impact of introduction of cropping range on cropping intensity 2. To study the impact of crop diversification 3. To study the impact of soil reclamation on growth and yields at crops.. 4. To asses the impact of training programmes conducted to the farmers. 1. To study the impact project intervention on cropping intensity Mostly the land is kept fallow during kharif as filling of tank takes place in October and November. Instead of keeping land fallow, early kharif crops like sunhemp, diencha and fodder sorghum were introduced and during late kharif and in summer the cultivated area increased by diversifying the farmers from growing paddy to sunflower and jowar. Before project After project % Villages Gross Net Cropping Gross Net Cropping increasing cropped cropped Intensity cropped cropped Intensity in cropping area area area area intensity (ha.) (ha.) (ha.) (ha.) Pamurai 1.54 1.47 105.2 2.39 1.47 163.25 55.1 Rangampeta 1.79 1.60 112.2 2.8 1.6 175.2 56.1 Madigubba 32.2 2.8 115 4.82 2.8 178.2 52 Pullalarevu 3.92 3.12 125.64 5.33 3.12 170.83 26.4 With project intervention, cleaning of tank and clearance of feeder channels were also under taken, which resulted in increase in cropping intensity ranging from 26 to 56 percent when compared to the tankfed area before the project.

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2. To study the impact of crop diversification With the limited water available in borewell supported by tanks, farmers in general cultivate paddy and rest of the land is kept fallow. Hence there is a need for crop diversification from paddy and bring more area under cultivation and there by increase net return of the farmers. For this new irrigated dry crops like sunflower, hybrid jowar were introduced. Before the project Gross Village cropped area (ha.) Pullalarevu Rangampeta Pamurai Madigubba 0.79 0.5 0.40 0.88 28499 68000 13746.61 69500 18737.37 44030 8646.61 44500 2.06 Gross returns (Rs.) Net returns (Rs.) After the project Gross cropped area (ha.) 1.61 1.26 39868 96357 21899.71 108855 26901 63574 14642. 17 73688 29188 8164 19547 5996 Gross returns (Rs.) Net return s (Rs.) Income advantag e

With the project intervention more area was brought under cultivation . The annual income advantage of Pamurai, Rangampeta ,Pullalarevu and Madigubba were Rs.5996,19547,81649and Rs.29188 respectively. 3. Impact of gypsum and ZnSo4 application on yields of paddy: To study the impact of gypsum and ZnSo4 application on paddy yields, average yields of three years were recorded in four villages. These yields were compared with control plots.

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Village name

Control Grain yield Straw kg/ha. yield kg/ha. 4635 4574 4673 4720 5323.6 5245 5494 5453

Gypsum Grain Straw yield yield kg/ha. kg/ha. 5140.3 4778 5115 4958.3 5711 5707 6012 5754

ZnSo4 Grain yield Straw yield kg/ha. kg/ha. 5210 4693 5290 5363.6 5509 5551 6077.5 6100.3

Pamurai Pullalarevu Madigubba Rangampeta

In gypsum applied plots the percentage increase in grain yield ranged from 4.04 to 10.89 percent and increase in straw yield ranged from 5.5 to 9.4 percent compared to control plot. Maximum yield increase was recorded in Pamurai village. ZnSo4 was applied @ 50kg/ha in treated plots, maximum percentage increase in grain and straw yields was recorded Rangampeta village viz; 13.62% and 12.04% respectively in when compare to the control plot. Impact of Training programme: A questionnaire was developed to evaluate the training programme. Data was collected through interview method. Comparison of the topics presented in the training programme as perceived by the farmers: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Topic Reclamation of problematic soils SRI Technology Management of pests and diseases in different crops Crop production technology Management of PSND in groundnut Crop diversification to utilize available resources efficiently 272 Mean score 4.1 3.82 3.76 2.27 2.41 2.76 Rank I II III VI V IV

From the table it can be inferred that reclamation of problematic soils (1) was more effective followed by SRI technology (II) and management of pests and diseases in different crops (III) as all these are major problems in the region. Crop diversification tankfed (IV) followed by management of PSND in groundnut (V) and crop production technology (VI) these are very much useful to farmers in daily crop management practices. Effectiveness of training programmes in terms of coverage clarity etc., was also evaluated. S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Issue Coverage of content Clarity of presentation Method of training Duration of training Facilitations provided by trainees Mean score 3.84 3.65 2.41 3.01 2.76 Rank I II V III IV

From the table it can be inferred that the farmers were impressed by coverage of content (I) clarity of presentation II and duration of training IV. Facilitation provided in trainees and method of training ranked IV and V as it was difficult to provide facilities to all farmers as the number was more. Overall rating of the training programmes was as follows. S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. Category Excellent Satisfactory Fair Un satisfactory Frequency 06 32 35 7 Percentage 7.5 40 43.75 8.75

Majority of the farmers expressed fair (43.75%) and satisfactory (40%) as all the topics covered were related to the existing problems faced by the farmers 7.5 percent farmers rated the programme as excellent and only 7 percent of farmers expressed un satisfactory over the programme.

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Impact of the project in general The farming communities in the tankfed area have in many ways benefited from the project because the entire programme was conducted at farmers filed level for easy transfer of technology. The impact aspects are furnished below:1. Cleaning up at the tanks and clearance of feeder channels was taken up with the assistance of Agrose Govt. organization and with co operation of farmers in the village. 2. Inputs such as seeds of green manure crops, jowar, sunflower and other inputs like gypsum, Zinc etc. were given free accept the technology and implement them. 3. The forgo then technology like growing green nmanure crops as a preceeding crop to main crop has provoked interest among to farmers further continue the practice as this resulted in vigoroles growth of preceeding crop. 4. Farmers attended training programmes, vented demonstration plots and few farmers started complementary in their field. 5. Application of gypsum followed by ZnSo4 has got highest yield recorded in the village. This aspect helped in increasing the productivity in paddy fields in the villages. 6. Crop diversification from paddy was useful in efficient utilization, of water and land this was an appreciated practice. 7. Water trade which was not practiced has been proved by the project that growing crops with purchased water is profitable. 8. There is a good impact on line departments due to conducting training programme and workshop to Agricultural Officers and ADAs.

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Chapter-IX

Summary & Conclusions

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Summary and Conclusions The cultivated area under tank is declining over year. This decay in tank system is a serious matter in the context of preservation of sustained ecological balance which if neglected further, may lead to crisis situation. To control the problems of tankfed area, project entitled Agricultural Research Demonstration was started in Anantapur district. Four villages named Pamurai, Rangampeta, Pullalarevu and Madigubba were effected for study. In this programme, extension activities like laying Research cum field demonstrations trails, conducting field days, training programmes provision of inpots were made extensively and it resulted the farmers to adopt these technologies to improve the crop yields and there by improving the economic status of farming community in the tankfed areas. Conclusions:5. As the Tankfed area is kept fallow during kharif as filling tanks place in October and November. Introduction of fodder sorghum, green manures like sunhemp and diencha increased the productivity at the tank command area there by increasing the cropping intensity ranging from 24 to36 percent 6. Reclamation is required to overcome the problems of alkalinity and nutrient deficiency. Application of green manures as preceeding crop to paddy and application of gypsum @ 4.5 t/ha and ZnSo4 @ 50kg/ha improved the physical and chemical properties of soil. The results indicated that 7. During summer with limited water available in bore well supported by tanks, the entire area under borewell irrigation cannot be cultivated. Hence irrigated dry crops like hybrid sorghum and sunflower were introduced succesfully to replace paddy. This resulted is increases in gross cropped area and also 8. It is also profitable to grow crops with purchased water instead of keeping land fallow due to non availability of water in their holding.

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CONCERNS AND FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

The technologies popularized in the project needs support by Government and extension agencies for further continuation after the project. These /issues are discussed below. 1. The water should be made available in the tank for giving scheduled irrigations to different crops. 2. Different crops and vegetables (Coriander, French beans) tested in various cropping systems are cultivated on a limited scale by farmers. These require Government support for marketing for their expansion. 3. The practice like Gypsum application has become popular in the project command area. This requires support from agricultural department for further spread to other farmers. 4. The practice of IPM technology should be adopted on the community basis for getting maximum benefit. This needs further popularization and various components of IPM should be made available in the market for more adoption. 5. The field channels in the command area are to be maintained by water users association members. These channels require to be maintained by the farmers to get sufficient water to their fields. 6. The training and visit to demonstrations by more number of farmers with the help of extension agencies involving water users associations will disseminate the technologies identified in the project

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CONSTRAINTS IN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION APERP project conceived during the year 2003-04 was under implementation in five districts (Mahaboobnagar, Medak, Ananthapur, Kadapa and Vizianagaram) for three years. In the process of implementation of the project few but considerable constraints were encountered in acceptance and implementation of improved new technology by the farmers. The technology introduced to the farmers at times was not accepted in Toto but with few modifications to suit the local conditions. The constraints and failures in the project implementation are discussed in detail below. 1) Introduction of ID crops in place of rice to achieve the equitable distribution of water to the farmers was not well accepted by the farmers who have borewells as they have water as per requirement. Comparatively, farmers without bore-wells have accepted cultivation of the ID crops in place of paddy and are cultivating these crops. 2) The low acceptance rate of the ID crops by the farmers under tank commands is due to easy management of rice and assured returns from the crop compared to the ID crops introduced like maize, cotton, redgram, groundnut etc. 3) Cultivation of pulse crop in crop rotation for maintaining the soil health is well understood by the farmers but practiced to the certain extent due to higher pest and disease infestation and fluctuations in the yield and market price of the produce in comparison to the problem free Maize crop. 4) In case of soybean during the year 2003, there was heavy infestation of stem girdler devastating the crop. It could not be controlled with any of the chemicals. As a result of this many of the farmers have given up cultivation of soybean. 5) With the project implementation most of the farmers are enlightened on Gypsum but very few farmers apply gypsum due non-availability. 6) Availability of improved variety seed in case of pulses is a constraint coming in the way of large-scale cultivation of pulses, as farmers still are not practicing the seed village concept to the extent required. The farmers do not preserve the seed for the next season.

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