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I2a2a, M223
I2a2, M436
F, M89
CT, M168
I2b is found in all Western Europe, but apparently survived better the Indo-European invasions in northern Germany, and was reintroduced by the Germanic invasions during the late Roman period. Nowadays, I2a2a peaks in central and northern Germany (10-20%), the Benelux (10-15%) as well as in northern Sweden. It is also found in 3 to 10% of the inhabitants of Denmark, East England, and Northern France. It is rare in Norway, which concords with the fact that it hasn't been invaded by people from northern Germany. Haplogroup I2a2a has been found in over 4% of the population only in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, England (not including Wales or Cornwall), Scotland, and the southern tips of Sweden and Norway in Northwest Europe. Also in the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, and Perche in northwestern France; the province of Provence in southeastern France; Moldavia and the area around Russia's Ryazan Oblast in Eastern Europe. The subclade divergence for M223 occurred 14.63.8 kya. Haplogroup I2a2a can be further subdivided in 5 subgroups. Haplogroup I2a2a* with no further known polymorphisms, Haplogroup I2a2a1 with M284 polymorphism with an undergroup Haplogroup I2a2a1a with the L126/S165, L137/S166 polymorphisms, Haplogroup I2a2a2 with P78 polymorphism, and Haplogroup I2a2a3 with P95 polymorphism. The age of YSTR variation for the M223 subclade is 13.22.7 kya and 12.33.1 kya. Distribution of haplogroup I2a2a in Europe:
V. Haplogroup I2 (L460)
Time of Emergence: 19,000 BC, 580 generations ago Place: Along the Danube This marker was discovered by Family Tree DNAs Genomics Research Center in May of 2011. So far, not much is known (or even speculated) about the location of its origination.
The Cymbrian flood The Cymbrian flood (or Cimbrian flood) was a large-scale incursion of the sea in the region of the Jtland peninsula in the period 120 to 114 BC, resulting in a permanent alteration of the coastline with much land lost. This disaster killed many, and sent others living in the area south, in search of new lands. It was one of a number of such conflagrations of nature in northwest Europe during the Roman period, the climate between 300 BC and about 100 AD producing frequent storms and the blowing of sand near the coast.
The journey Moving south-east Some time before 100 BC many of the Cimbri, as well as the Teutones and Ambrones migrated south-east. After several unsuccessful battles with the Boii and other Celtic tribes, they appeared ca 113 BC in Noricum, where they invaded the lands of one of Rome's allies, the Taurisci. On the request of the Roman consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, sent to defend the Taurisci, they retreated, only to find themselves deceived and attacked at the Battle of Noreia, where they defeated the Romans. Only a storm, which separated the combatants, saved the Roman forces from complete annihilation. Invading Gaul Now the road to Italy was open, but they turned west towards Gaul. They came into frequent conflict with the Romans, who usually came out the losers. In 109 BC, they defeated a Roman army under the consul Marcus Junius Silanus, who was the commander of Gallia Narbonensis. The same year, they defeated another Roman army under the consul Gaius Cassius Longinus, who was killed at Burdigala (modern day Bordeaux). In 107 BC, the Romans once again lost against the Tigurines, who were allies of the Cimbri. The Cimbri changed their tribal name (Kimbern) to Sicambri (Sugambrer), joining a Germanic tribe living around the lower Rhine near the present-day Netherlands.
The Sicambri (Sugambri) The Sugambri are generally classified as Germanics, although they probably had Celtic ancestry as well and had a culture similar to that of those Celts who lived to their west. The name of the Sugambri is related to the old High German word gambar, for "vigorous." The Romans under Julius Caesar crossed the Rhine in 55 b.c.e. and made war on the Sugambri and on their allies living to the north, the Usipetes and beyond them the Tencteri. The Sugambri, however, remained powerful for years, carrying out raids across the Rhine, such as against the Celtic Eburones in 53 b.c.e. In 8 c.e. Tiberius defeated the Sugambri, relocating most tribal members to the west bank of the Rhine at Cibernodorum (modern Xanten).
"Post illos Altmann intrat de Fridburc miles coridatus ex patria Turingorum, de isto illi de Bolugi oriuntur. (Simonis de Keza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, 1282-1285)
From 895 AD to 902 AD the whole area of the Carpathian Basin was conquered by the Hungarians. After that, an early Hungarian state (the Principality of Hungary, founded in 895) was formed in this territory. The ruling prince (fejedelem) Gza of the rpd dynasty, who ruled only part of the united territory, the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes, aimed to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe, rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social model. He established a dynasty by naming his son Vajk (the later King Stephen I of Hungary) as his successor.
Chief prince Gza relied first and foremost on the clergymen and German knights to carry out his plans. To realize his strive for centralisation he needed the help of his strong military escort. He replaced the pagan tribal leaders and heads of clans with Christian German knights, who supported him loyally, and who were likely to get the property of the rebelling leaders. These knights formed the center of the heavily armed forces. The Hungarian soldiers were equipped only with light weapons. There had been a migration of German Christian knights into the rich and fertile plains of Hungary. These newcomers took up land and they also labored to make converts of the peasantry. Many Magyars not unnaturally resented this infiltration, which they thought jeopardized their territorial rights and their ancient pagan customs. They rose in revolt under the leadership of Koppny, a man of great valor. Stephen met the insurgents himself, having prepared for battle by fasting, almsdeeds, and prayer, and invoking the aid of St. Martin of Tours, whom he had chosen as his patron. The historic meeting took place at Veszprem in 998, and though Stephen's forces were inferior in size to those of the rebels, with the help of the German knights he won a famous victory. Koppny was slain. The leaders of Istvn's guardsmen were Hont and Pzmny, Swabian knights, Altmann from Thringia; Herman, Wolfer and Konrad from Nrnberg; and the bavarian Gottfried and Poth. The Swabian guest (hospes), Vecellin took the lead of the army, and he killed Koppny near Veszprm during the battle. The foreigners who were staying at the court arrived in the country with Gizella, and their role was very important; not only in armed fights, but in other respects as well. Their activity in the church and politics was of equal importance: the ruler followed their advice in governing the country. During the organising of the castle districts and counties, the developed western form made its way into public administration. Centers that guaranteed the king's power had to be established, and these centers were the castles. Altmann and his family was settled in Vmosbalog (Grosteffelsdorf) in the Balog Valley, changing his family name to Balog (Bolug). The Balog Castle (Balogvr) was built much later, around 1290, by Henrik, son of Oth. The king Karol Robert gave the Castle to another branch of the family, to the Szchy branch in 1323, because of their support against Mt Csk, the Kings' rival. In the same year it was renovated in gothic style, and in 1483 it was extended and fortifications were added. Until the 17th century the Castle remained in the possession of the Szchy branch of the family.