Organic compounds and Nomenclature

Root of the name

This depends on the number of carbon atoms in the longest unbroken chain. 1 carbon chain . Meth2 carbon chain . Eth3 carbon chain . Prop4 carbon chain . But5 carbon chain . Pent

The default
This is a hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds. It has the suffix (ending) ane Example A three carbon chain with only carbons, hydrogens and single bonds is called propane. CH3CH2CH3

Unsaturation

If a molecule contains double or triple bonds it is said to be unsaturated (meaning that it would be possible to fit in more hydrogens if the double bonds were changed to single). Chains with one double bond take the suffix ene. Example: ethene CH2=CH2 Chains with one triple bond take the suffix yne. Example: Ethyne CHCH

Functional Groups
Most

organic chemistry involves substituents often contain the elements O, N, S, or P also called functional groupsthey are the chemically functional part of the molecule, and are the non-hydrocarbon part

Functional Groups
Functional

group - a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound, that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.
What is the best way to classify organic compounds? By their functional groups.

Functional Groups
The

symbol R is used to represent any carbon chains or rings

These

are called alkyl groups CH3 - methyl group CH3CH2 - ethyl group CH3CH2CH2 - propyl group

Halogen Substituents
Halogenocarbons

- class of organic compounds containing covalently bonded fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine

General formula: R-X Naming? Name parent as normal, add the halogen as a substituent (or prefix) -

Halogen Substituents
The more highly halogenated the compound is (I.e. the more greater the number of halogen atoms), the higher the b.p. Few halogenoalkanes are found in nature. but, readily prepared and used halothane and also the hydrofluorocarbons

Alcohols and Ethers

OBJECTIVES:

Describe the structures and naming of alcohols and ethers.

Alcohols
Alcohols - a class of organic compounds with an -OH group The -OH functional group in alcohols is called a hydroxyl group; thus ROH can represent the formula, where R is an alkyl group How is this different from the hydroxide ion? (covalently bonded to the carbonnot ionically as in hydroxides)

Alcohols
Both systematic and common names systematic: drop the -ane ending of the parent alkane name; add ending of -anol, number the position of OH if needed parent is the longest chain that contains the carbon with the attached hydroxyl.

Alcohols The hydroxyl group is given the lowest position number Alcohols containing 2, 3, and 4 of the -OH substituents are named diols, triols, and tetrols respectively (not needed fro year 10)

Alcohols Common names: similar to halogenoalkanes, meaning name the alkyl group root followed by the suffix -anol One carbon alcohol = methanol = methanol

Properties of Alcohols
Glycerol

(propan 1,2,3 triol) - used as a moistening agent in cosmetics, foods, and drugs; also a component of fats and oils Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) used in the intoxicating beverages; an important industrial solvent

Ethers
A class of organic compounds in which oxygen is bonded to 2 carbon chains: R-O-R is the formula Nomenclature: The larger of the two R groups is the root and the other R group is prefixed as alkoxyExample: CH3CH2OCH3 methoxyethane

Alkanals and Alkanones

The

C=O group is called the carbonyl group it is the functional group in both alkanals and alkanones Alkanals - carbonyl group always joined to at least one hydrogen (meaning it is always at the end!)

Alkanones
Alkanones

- the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons (meaning it is never on the end)

Alkanals and alkanones

Nomenclature

Alkanals: identify longest chain containing the carbonyl group, then the -ane ending replaced by -anal, such as methanal, ethanal, etc. Alkanones: longest chain with the carbonyl, then new ending of anone; number it propanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone

Aldehydes and Ketones

Propanone

(common: acetone) is a good solvent; miscible with water in all proportions why is it a good substance used in nail-polish removers? (a powerful solvent-able to dissolve both polar & non-polar substances)

Carboxylic Acids
Also

have a carbonyl group (C=O), but is also attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH) = carboxyl group general formula: R-COOH weak acids (only slightly dissociate into ions) Named by replacing -ane with anoic and followed by the word acid methanoic acid; ethanoic acid

Carboxylic Acids
Abundant

and widely distributed in nature, many having a Greek or Latin word describing their origin acetic acid (ethanoic acid) from acetum, meaning vinegar many that were isolated from fats are called fatty acids