IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO.

2, MAY 2005

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Short-Term Scheduling of Battery in a Grid-Connected PV/Battery System

Bo Lu, Member, IEEE, and Mohammad Shahidehpour, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractWe present in this paper a short-term scheduling of battery in security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC). For economical operation and control purposes, electric power users with photovoltaic (PV)/battery systems are interested in the availability and the dispatch of PV/battery power on an hourly basis, which is a cumbersome task due to the complicated operating patterns of PV/battery. The details of battery model in the PV/battery system are presented in this paper. The paper applies a Lagrangian relaxation-based optimization algorithm to determine the hourly charge/discharge commitment of battery in a utility grid. The paper also applies a network ow programming algorithm for the dispatch of committed battery units. The paper analyzes the impact of grid-connected PV/battery system on locational pricing, peak load shaving, and transmission congestion management. An eight-bus test system is used to study the operational pattern of aggregated PV/battery and demonstrate the advantages of utilizing PV/battery systems in the electric utility operation. Index TermsLagrangian relaxation, locational pricing, network ow programming, peak shaving, PV/battery, security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC), utility grid.

NOMENCLATURE Model Parameters: Fit parameter (variable with cell type for amorphous cells using the one-diode model but for polycrystalline cells may be set constant to two across all cell types). Aggregated capacity of all batteries [KAh]. Aggregated lower capacity limit [KAh]. This value is 20% of for deep-cycle batteries in PV applications. Charge of an electron ( As). Generation cost function of thermal unit . Solar cell terminal current [A]. Light-generated current (linear with irradiance). Saturation current due to diffusion mechanism. Saturation current due to recombination in spacecharge layer. Boltzmann Constant ( JK ). Aggregated discharging power limit of all batteries [MW]. Aggregated charging power limit of all batteries [MW]. Cell series resistance [ m ].
Manuscript received June 28, 2004; revised November 2, 2004. This work was supported under Grant 03-57701 from the DOEs Ofce of Energy Efciency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Paper no. TPWRS-00351-2004. The authors are with the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616 USA (e-mail: lubo@iit.edu; ms@iit.edu). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.846060

Cell shunt resistance [ m ]. Shut-down cost of thermal unit at time [$]. Start-up cost of thermal unit at time [$]. Solar cell terminal voltage [V]. Aggregated discharging current limit for all batteries [KA]. for all batAggregated charging current limit teries [KA]. Charge/discharge conversion coefcient [KA/MW], . where alpha Step size for updating Lagrangian multipliers. Emission factor. Ambient temperature [K]. Decision Variables: State of charge of the aggregated battery at hour [KAh]. Commitment of thermal unit at hour (0:OFF; 1:ON). Iteration number. Lagrangian function of whole scheduling problem. Lagrangian function of PV/battery subproblem before the relaxation of constraints. Lagrangian function of PV/battery subproblem after the relaxation of constraints. Discharge /charge power of the aggregated battery [MW]. System load at hour [MW]. Thermal unit dispatch at hour [MW]. Electrical power of PV output at hour [MW]. Spillage power [MW]. Power generated /consumed by PV/battery at hour [MW]. Scheduling period [hour]. Charge /discharge current [KA]. Lagrangian multiplier associated with the lower limit of state of charge at hour . Lagrangian multiplier associated with the upper limit of state of charge at hour . Lagrangian multiplier associated with the nal state of charge limit. Lagrangian multiplier associated with load balance at hour . Lagrangian multiplier associated with the lower limit of output power at hour . Lagrangian multiplier associated with the upper limit of output power at hour . Subgradient of with respect to . Subgradient of with respect to .

0885-8950/$20.00 2005 IEEE

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Subgradient of with respect to . Subgradient of with respect to . Subgradient of with respect to . Scheduling interval (1 h in this paper). I. INTRODUCTION HE 21st century emerged with numerous challenges and opportunities that affect global energy, economics, environment, and security. These challenges have in part resulted from population growth, electric utility restructuring, crises in fossil fuel production and delivery in various parts of the world, environmental pollution, and global warming. These driving forces underlie the need and the opportunity for enhancing the nations infrastructure for generating, transmitting, and delivering reliable and affordable energy [1]. It is envisioned that a portfolio of distributed generation (DG) technologies could provide a sizeable fraction of the nations electricity generation requirements and, in concert with other generation sources, supply reliable energy in a constrained energy infrastructure. DG systems generally consist of the following: 1) small and modular generating systems (such as microturbines, reciprocating engines, fuel cells, cogeneration of heating/power systems, and hybrid units) that use a diversity of fuels, such as natural gas and hydrogen; 2) renewable energy resources (such as PV, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, tidal, and hydropower). We conne our analyzes in this paper to grid-connected PV systems with battery storage because of the popularity of this type of system.WithfurtherdevelopmentsinthePVtechnologyandlower manufacturing costs, it is envisioned that the PV power will account for a higher percentage of electric power generation in the near future. PV represents superior characteristics such as pollution free and abundant alternate source of energy with minute generation costs [2], [3]. However, the maximum power output of PV generally occurs when solar radiation is the strongest, which may not be consistent with the period of system peak load. To solve the problemoftwodistinctpeakperiods,batteriesareinstalledtostore energy from PV and grid during off-peak period for discharging during evening peak hours. This study will emphasize the impact of utilizing PV and the scheduling of battery for peak shaving, stabilizing locational marginal prices (LMPs), and managing transmission congestion in a grid-connected PV/battery system. The grid-connected PV system is an electrical power generating system that uses a PV array as the primary source of electricity generation and is intended to operate synchronously and in parallel with the ac utility grid. Such systems may include battery storage and other generating sources for supplying on-site loads during grid outages and peak load hours [4]. Fig. 1 depicts the grid-connected PV system with battery storage [5]. We consider three modes of operation for PV/battery systems. 1) Charging state for battery: When system load is low, PV and/or grid will charge the battery storage 2) Idle state of battery: PV supplies the local load directly at certain hours when both PV power and load are high 3) Discharging state of battery: Both PV and battery supply the peak load at certain hours (like noon hours); battery

Fig. 1. Grid-connected PV system with battery storage.

supplies the evening peak load hours when the PV power is scarce and the marginal cost of grid power is high. The above modes are considered under normal weather conditions when the PV power output is available. However, on cloudy days, the PV/battery system will only function as a battery energy storage system due to the absence of PV power output. In such cases, if the daily load prole creates sufcient price differences between peak and off-peak load periods, battery will be charged during off-peak periods and discharged during peak periods for economic operation. Otherwise, battery will retain its idle state during the scheduling horizon. Traditionally, battery scheduling in a PV/battery system is predened by heuristic rules considering the system load prole and the generation characteristic of PV power [6], [7]. These heuristic rules could be easily implemented in control systems. However, predened scheduling heuristics are not effective in responding to frequent and swift load changes and, hence, cannot fully utilize the benets of a PV/battery system for reducing the cost of supplying the hourly load. In our previous study [8], we presented a successive dynamic programming (DP) approach to scheduling battery operations in a coordinated thermal-PV/battery system. By discretizing the state of charge of battery, the best charge/discharge trajectory of battery was calculated in order to minimize the cost of thermal power generation. However, to obtain more accurate schedules in [8] when applied to large-scale power systems, the state space in DP would have to be expanded, which could increase the computation time and requirements in real time. In essence, our approach in [8] was limited to a nite number of PV/battery systems and could face difculty when the coordination included several PV/battery systems. Furthermore, additional PV/battery/grid constraints are introduced in this paper. In this paper, we apply security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) to optimize the operation of PV/battery in a large power system with various types of thermal units. The SCUC algorithm is based on the Lagrangian relaxation technique, which is further discussed in the next section. Since we do not intend to discretize the state of charge of battery in our algorithm, the accuracy and the computational speed of the coordinated system are highly improved in real time. The problem of several PV/battery systems is easily managed by employing the proposed decomposition technique. The rest of this paper is arranged as follows: Section II formulates the mathematical model for the PV/battery scheduling

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and discusses the solution of the problem; numerical results for case studies are presented and analyzed in Section III to show the operational characteristic of PV/battery system and its effects on the utility system. Conclusions based on our studies are drawn in Section IV. II. SHORT-TERM SCHEDULING OF GRID-CONNECTED PV/BATTERY A. Power Output From PV Array A mathematical description of the current/voltage (I-V) terminal characteristic of PV cells is reviewed here. The two-diode model (1) is derived from the physics of the p-n junction and is generally accepted as reecting the behavior of such cells, especially those constructed from polycrystalline silicon. If PV cells are constructed from amorphous silicon using thick-lm deposition techniques, one-diode mode (2) provides a better t to such cells. In essence, (2) is a subset of (1) by setting the rst to zero [9]. Both equations are implicit saturation current and nonlinear, and therefore, numerical methods are adopted to solve the I-V curve. Then, electrical power output of a PV array is calculated based on energy balance equation

Fig. 2.

Charge/discharge characteristic of aggregated battery.

Fig. 3.

Interaction between subproblems.

(1)

(2) , and In the two-diode model, ve parameters ( ) vary under different ambient conditions (i.e., irradiance and temperature). Depending on the physical placement of PV array, two different models are widely used to calculate the irradiance on PV cells. The irradiance on horizontal plane can practically be calculated by models given in [10] and [11], while the model in [12] has been shown as the most exact algorithm for the calculation of sky diffuse irradiance on a tilted plane. Since the emphasis of this paper is on the hourly scheduling and dispatch of battery in a grid-connected PV/battery system, a more detailed discussion on the PV model is not considered here. For the rest of this paper, we assume the daily prediction of a PV array output is given as input to the SCUC algorithm. B. Aggregated Battery Unit Characteristic In practice, the battery storage system used in PV/battery system could consist of a matrix of identical batteries based on the size of PV power. The aggregated power output of the battery storage system is the sum of power output of the individual batteries in the matrix. Dozens of batteries would be connected in series to boost the voltage level of the battery matrix, while multiple battery strings are connected in parallel to increase the working current level of the battery storage system. We consider an aggregated battery unit for representing batteries in a battery storage matrix.

Accordingly, we establish the operational characteristic of the aggregated battery in Fig. 2. We assume the battery voltage keeps constant during the scheduling horizon. Then, the battery charge/discharge power can be approximated as a linear function of its charge/discharge current. However, if battery voltage changes as a function of state of charge of the aggregated battery [13], [14], an iterative method based on [15] will be applied to calculate the effect of voltage changes on the batterys operational characteristic. In our proposed Lagrangian relaxation algorithm, the linear relationship between battery power and current (solid line in Fig. 2) will lead to an oscillatory solution for the battery current, which could reside at either minimum or maximum limit. To avoid oscillations during the calculation process, we apply curve tting to the linear characteristic function of the battery to form a quadratic function of charge/discharge current (dashed line), , and the which shares the same points with the linear line at origin. In Fig. 2, for generating the same amount of current, the power used for charging the battery is greater than that for discharging the battery, which accounts for the charging efciency of battery. C. Coordination of Thermal and PV/Battery Systems The objective of power system is to supply the load with the least cost dispatch while satisfying generating unit and network constraints. We represent thermal unit constraints in SCUC, including unit capacity, ramping rates, min up/down, crew, fuel, start-up, shut-down, emission of individual units and a group of units, and ac power transmission constraints [16]. However, we skip the presentation and discussion of these constrains in this paper in order to focus on PV/battery scheduling. The relationship between thermal and PV/battery subproblems in SCUC is presented in Fig. 3. The thermal subproblem, which excludes the scheduling of PV/battery system, calculates the commitment of thermal units for supplying the hourly load. obtained from the thermal subproblem, The price signal which is the dual variable associated with the load balance

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equation in the LP-based economic dispatch, is sent to the PV/battery subproblem. The PV/battery generation will substitute the thermal generation at hours when is high. The proposed PV/battery schedule will be sent back to the thermal subproblem for revising the thermal unit commitment. The iterations between the two subproblems will continue until no further improvement in is gained and nal results are achieved. So, the objective function of the proposed scheduling problem is written as Min (3) subject to (4) Based on (3) and (4), we express the Lagrangian function as

Accordingly, by considering (8) and (14) and relaxing constraints (9), (11), and (13), the Lagrangian function for the PV/battery subproblem in SCUC is written as (15). This problem is also solved using the Lagrangian relaxation method, which decomposes the subproblem further into hourly , and cases. Ignoring the constant terms, which include reordering (15), we formulate the hourly decomposition of PV/battery subproblem in (16): Min

(5) is the Lagrangian multiplier associated with load where balance equation at hour . Based on (5), we formulate the PV/battery subproblem as Min subject to State of charge balance equation (7) Power balance equation (8) State of charge limits (9) (10) (11) (16) According to Fig. 2, the batterys charge/discharge power is a quadratic function of battery charge/discharge cur. So, in (16), the hourly Lagrangian is also rent a quadratic function of charge/discharge current, given values , and . The optimal hourly of charge/discharge current is calculated via (17), subject to charge/discharge current limits. In our proposed algorithm, means that a battery is at discharge the positive sign of means that a battery is state, while the negative sign of at charge state. The idle state of the battery is associated with zero charge/discharge current. The hourly optimal Lagrangian function is obtained correspondingly Min (13) E. Single Unit Dynamic Programming D. Lagrangian Equation of PV/Battery Subproblem We rewrite (7) as (14) For the hourly optimal solution, single unit DP determines the commitment of aggregated battery by nding the least-cost trajectory in the scheduling horizon [17]. Fig. 4 is the state transition diagram for DP. In SCUC, we dene discharge, idle, and , respectively. charge state of battery as 1, 0, and (17) (6) (15)

initial state of charge nal state of charge Charge/discharge current limits

(12) Output power limits

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Fig. 4.

State transition diagram of aggregated battery. Fig. 5. Network diagram (hour t).

F. Feasibility Check Due to the relaxation of coupling constraints, the commitment schedule obtained through Lagrangian relaxation may be infeasible. In practice, heuristic methods could be chosen to nd a feasible solution. We pick the batterys commitment from the single unit dynamic program and send it to economic dispatch program to guarantee that the nal solution is feasible. Since it will take time for network ow programming (NFP) to identify a feasible commitment, linear programming (LP) is used to screen the commitment to identify a feasible solution, which will be sent to NFP to improve the computation performance. So, LP is used to check the feasibility of DP commitment. The mathematical model of feasibility check is Min (18) The vector (unknown variables) includes a batterys , charge/discharge current , and genstate-of-charge . Each erated/consumed power of PV/battery generator variable is limited to its lower/upper bounds. Since we are interested in checking the feasibility of constraints and not are zero operating economics, the elements of cost vector , which are set to . except for those associated with Equality constraints consist of two types of balance equations: state-of-charge balance (7) and power balance (8). In order to apply LP, we rewrite these two equations as follows: (19) (20) In (19), is equal to 1, and (20) shows the linearized form of (8). If the result is infeasible, Lagrangian multipliers are updated for calculating the new commitment schedule. If the commitment is feasible, it will be used in economic dispatch based on NFP. G. Economic Dispatch Using NFP NFP, which is a special case of LP, is faster and more efcient than LP in the utilization of computer time and space resources [18]. NFP, which is applied to nd the minimum path problem, is used here to minimize the PV/battery dispatch cost (6) in SCUC when all constraints are satised. Since usually there is no dispatch cost associated with the PV/battery subproblem, the objective of economic dispatch is to maximize the contribution of PV/battery system to reducing the cost of thermal dispatch while satisfying operational constraints.

Network models in NFP are created from two major building blocks: nodes and arcs that link nodes together. A graph is a structure that is built by interconnecting nodes and arcs. A directed graph (often called a digraph) is a network in which arcs have directions shown by arrowheads. An upper (and sometimes lower) ow limit on a network arc is called ow capacity. In our problem, ow capacities are limits on state-of-charge, charge/discharge current, and generated/consumed power of PV/battery [19]. Generally, there are two special types of nodes in NFP: Source: a node that injects ows to a network at the boundary between the network and the external world. Sink: a node that extracts ows from the network at the boundary between the network and the external world. Fig. 5 represents a segment of network ow in which variables are calculated based on arc ows. The primal solution is calculated based on NFP results and compared with the dual solution obtained from DP. If the corresponding duality gap is less than a predened value, the iteration will stop. Otherwise, Lagrangian multipliers will be updated for the next iteration. H. Updating Lagrangian Multipliers A subgradient algorithm [20] is used to update Lagrangian multipliers as follows: Max Max Max Max where (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) Fig. 6 depicts the owchart of the PV/battery subproblem. (21) (22) (23) (24) (25)

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Fig. 7.

Network diagram of eight-bus test system.

Fig. 8. Fig. 6. Flowchart of the PV/battery subproblem.

Hourly scheduling of PV/battery generator.

III. CASE STUDIES An eight-bus test system depicted in Fig. 7 is chosen in our study. This eight-bus system could represent the local network for a large-scale system where PV/battery is located. Since the impact of PV/battery is generally conned to the local system, we use the eight-bus system in order to analyze the results more closely. There are six thermal units at buses 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. We assume there are several distribution level PV/battery installations at various public buildings and structures connected to bus 8, which are represented by an aggregated PV/battery at bus 8. System load data and unit parameters are listed in Tables IVIX in the Appendix. The maximum system load is 344.11 MW at hour 11. The maximum PV power is 4.68 MW, which occurs at Hours 12 and 14. The maximum power of the aggregated battery is also 4.68 MW (1.3% of the peak load). We ignore the effect of spillage power of the aggregated battery in the following case studies. A. Hourly Scheduling of PV/Battery Generator We examine the hourly PV/battery schedule in Fig. 8. In this gure, positive corresponds to hours when battery is discharged, while negative corresponds to charging hours of the battery. According to the hourly load prole with two peak hours, the power grid and to some extent PV will charge the battery at midnight and early morning hours, respectively, when hourly loads are relatively low. The higher power (6.24 MW)

supplied for charging the 4.68 MW battery shows the efciency of the battery unit given as 75% (see Table IX). Then, during the peak load at noon, PV and battery will both supply the local load directly instead of charging the battery. This operational scheme provides a lower cost for supplying the hourly load as compared with that of charging the battery at noon hours when LMPs are high. The battery will supply the local load during evening peak hours when the PV power is scarce. B. Impact of PV/Battery on Mitigating Branch Congestions Fig. 9 is the comparison of line ows on branch 10 before and after installing the aggregated PV/battery unit at bus 8. Branch 10 connects buses 7 and 8. The largest thermal unit is located at bus 7, and bus 8 has the biggest load, so branch 10 generally carries a large sum of power to satisfy the load at bus 8. Fig. 9 shows that without PV/battery, there will be congestion on branch 10 during peak load hours. The congestion on branch 10 will be mitigated by installing the PV/battery at bus 8 for supplying the local load at peak load hours. C. Impact of PV/Battery on LMP When congestion occurs on branch 10 at peak load hours, expensive thermal units may have to be committed and dispatched in order to satisfy the load at bus 8. The additional dispatch will be necessary in this case since the cheaper generation cannot be fully utilized due to the congestion on branch 10. The congestion on branch 10 will result in large LMPs at bus 8, as represented by the upper curve in Fig. 10. As indicated earlier, the

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TABLE II HOURLY THERMAL GENERATION COST

Fig. 9. Power ow on branch 10.

Fig. 10.

Hourly LMP at bus 8.

TABLE I LMP AT HOUR 11 FOR VARIOUS PV/BATTERY UNITS Fig. 11. Thermal load shaving after installing PV/battery.

TABLE III UNIT COMMITMENT OF THERMAL UNIT 2

congestion on branch 10 will be mitigated by utilizing PV/battery at bus 8 when the hourly LMP at bus 8 ($30/MWh) drops to the system MCP ($20/MWh) during peak hours, as depicted in Fig. 10. Table I shows the reduction of LMP at bus 8 (compared with the no PV/battery case) at peak hour 11 for different sizes of PV/battery unit. For instance, when the PV and battery are 6 MW each, LMP drops by $12.51/MWh, and the power supplied by the grid drops by 11.74 MW. The table shows the signicance of a sizable PV/battery in reducing the LMP and the power supplied by the grid. The reduction in LMP will lower the cost of supplying the hourly load at the corresponding bus. Table II shows the thermal generation costs with/without the 4.68 MW PV/battery unit. The shaded blocks in this table represent hours with lower dispatch costs. At hours 15, 16, and 2324, thermal generation costs are higher since the grid power is used for charging the battery. However, since loads and generation costs at these hours are relatively low, the incremental

cost of generation for charging the battery is minimal. The application of the 4.68 MW PV/battery unit will save 2.8% of the daily thermal generation cost for supplying the load, which is reduced from $41 822.02 to $40 670.16. These results merely represent the minimum cost of operating PV/battery and thermal units for supplying the load and do not include the investment cost of thermal and PV/battery units. In our future papers, we will consider the comparative capital investment for the installation of PV/battery system, the alternative cost of reinforcing the existing transmission and distribution lines for utilizing the existing thermal units, and the cost of acquiring new thermal units to compensate for PV/battery in thermal systems. D. Impact of PV/Battery on Peak Load Shaving Since the PV/battery power is consumed locally, the 4.68-MW PV/battery supplies the local difference between

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load and thermal generation for peak load shaving. Fig. 11 shows that PV and battery will supply the local load at noon hours, and battery will supply the local load during the evening peak load hours when PV is unavailable. The battery is charged again after midnight to supply the next day peak load. E. Impact of PV/Battery on Thermal Unit Commitment The hourly unit commitment for thermal unit 2 with/without 4.68-MW PV/battery is listed in Table III. Thermal unit 2 is an expensive unit that is located at bus 3, which is near bus 8. At hours 89, the system load is partly supplied by unit 2 prior to the installation of PV/battery generator at bus 8. However, once the PV/battery generator is added, unit 2 is turned off at these two hours. Meanwhile, unit 2 is committed during peak hours of 1012 and 1921 since PV/battery alone will not be able to supply the peak load.

TABLE V BRANCH DATA FOR THE EIGHT-BUS SYSTEM

TABLE VI HOURLY LOAD

IV. CONCLUSION Aggregated PV/battery is used for managing the economics and the security of grid power in this paper. A generating unit commitment approach is introduced in SCUC, based on Lagrangian relaxation and NFP, for the scheduling of battery in the PV/battery system. The case studies based on an eight-bus test system indicate that the application of PV/battery can impact the congestion mitigation and pricing, peak load reduction, and the commitment of expensive thermal units. Much of the benets listed here will depend on the megawatt size of the PV/battery system and the strategy for its utilization. Also, the impact of PV/battery is conned to local loads. Accordingly, market rules need to be properly established in various power markets to encourage the investment and the utilization of PV/battery and other types of distributed and renewable resources. APPENDIX Tables IVIX show the example system data.
TABLE IV PARAMETERS OF THERMAL UNITS

TABLE VII BUS LOAD DISTRIBUTION FACTORS OF THE EIGHT-BUS SYSTEM

TABLE VIII HOURLY PV POWER OUTPUT

We assume

in this paper.

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TABLE IX CHARACTERISTICS OF AGGREGATED BATTERY

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to acknowledge the comments and the information provided by F. Schwartz at the San Francisco Public Utility Commission and Dr. S. Al-Hallaj in the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department at the Illinois Institute of Technology. REFERENCES
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Bo Lu (M03) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Southeast University, China, in 1997 and 2001, respectively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago. He is a Research Assistant in the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center, IIT. His research is focused on power system generation scheduling, economics, and risk management. Mr. Lu is listed in the Whos Who among Graduate Students and won the IITs 2003 Outstanding TA Award.

Mohammad Shahidehpour (F01) is a Full Professor in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and Director of the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago. He is the author of 300 technical papers and four books on electric power systems planning, operation, and control. His books include Maintenance Scheduling in Restructured Power Systems (Boston, MA: Kluwer, 2000), Restructured Electrical Power Systems (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001), Market Operations in Electric Power Systems (New York: Wiley, 2002), and Communication and Control of Electric Power Systems (New York: Wiley, 2003). Dr. Shahidehpour received the Edison Electric Institutes Outstanding Faculty Award, HKNs Outstanding Young Electrical Engineering Award, Sigma Xis Outstanding Researcher Award, IITs Outstanding Faculty Award, and University of Michigans Outstanding Teaching Award. He is the Past President of National Electrical Engineering Honor Society and has served as the Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, Guest Editor of IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Guest Editor of a Special Issue of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, and Editor of the Marcel Dekker Book Series on Power Systems. He has been a member of the Editorial Board of KIEE Journal of Power Engineering (Korea), HKN Bridge Magazine, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS, Journal of Electric Power Systems Research, IEEE Power Engineering Letters, and IEEE Power and Energy Magazine. He is an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer and has lectured across the globe on electricity restructuring issues and has been a Visiting Professor at several universities.

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