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Who
History of PE
Point of Emphasis
This
is the only course that will address PE history, a topic included on the Praxis II exam.
Q&A
What
can you tell me about the history of physical education? Background? Influences (Sociocultural?)
Current
Physical Education is the latest rendition of all the changes that have taken place over time.
Why
is this important?
Overview of History
No formalized physical education Fitness through survival, hunting, work, little leisure time Emergence of gymnastic systems Physical training, emergence of sport Formalized curriculum Accepted methodology
Acceptance (1917-1930)
German Turnverein
German System Swedish System Beecher System Hitchcock System Sargent System
of American PE 1852 founded the American Womens Education Association 1856 - Womens physical training published a manual of physiology and calisthenics Calisthenics Light exercises for health and beauty
MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY
Puritan
ethic was a prominent influence on how PE was viewed. Conflict between religion and the body MC a philosophy that made exercise and fitness compatible with the tenets of the faith.
PRIOR TO 1885 PHYSICAL EDUCATION (in the broad sense) DID NOT EXIST AS FORMAL FIELD OF EDUCATION!!!!
1885
Adelphi Conference (1885) Participants pledge to improve the profession and increase its standing. The Association for the Advancement of Physical Education is formed (forerunner of AAHPERD). Names for PE: Gymnastics, physical training, sport, physical education
Early 1900s
Decline
of religious opposition Immigration introduced new activities Urbanization, transportation, and war dispersed activities Growth of leisure time Intercollegiate athletic conferences
Curb
Comprehensive
John
Education
Early 1900s
Still
Posture Exercises
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlZgMkaC5A
shift
began diversifying its content to include sports Still included militaristic, calisthenics like exercises but emphasis was waning
Formalized
PE curriculum began
Formal Recognition
Umbrella
Included
dance, health education, intramurals, camping, playgrounds, recreation, outdoor education, YMCA/YWCA.
NEA
Q&A
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsports.htm
What sports were invented in the US? Typically during the late 1800s & early 1900s but also into today? Some have their roots in sports from abroad. Lacrosse (<1630, Native Americans) Baseball/Softball (Cartwright, ~1845, NYC) Football (Camp, ~1875, New Haven CT) Basketball (Naismth, 1891, Springfield, MA) Volleyball (Morgan, 1895, Holyoke MA) Mountain Biking (Californnia) Pickleball (Bell and Pritchard, 1965, WA state)
La-crosse
Basketball History
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Io35RCBMQJw
1909
1920s 30s
PE
became an accepted subject. States passed mandatory PE laws Teacher education developed Graduate study began Sport continued to dominate American pop culture
1940s
Half
of WWII military recruits were unfit for duty; concern for fitness Adapted PE took off due to wounded vets
1950s
Eisenhower formed the President's Council on Youth Fitness Article portrayed American kids as weak. 60% failed fitness test compared to 6% of European kids Kennedy spoke openly about the need to improve their fitness levels, including writing an article in Sports Illustrated entitled "The Soft American"
Recreation, sport and fitness still the main focus. Concerns that not all students needs being met Developed dance further, introduced alternative education. Fitness boomed with running, aerobics (Cooper), and rope jumping
Kenneth Cooper
Father
of the Modern Fitness Movement Worked with NASA to help create astronaut conditioning program Developed the 12-minute and 1.5-mile fitness tests & the Aerobics Point System Publication of Aerobics in 1960s Disease prevention thru aerobic exercise Cooper Institute (developed Fitnessgram)
http://www.cooperaerobics.com/default.aspx
in emphasis
and have not's
Health/looks
Trim/athletic Obese/SES
Curriculum Additions to PE
Movement Education (70s) Teaching games for understanding-tactical (1986) Hellisons model of social responsibility (1995) Sport education (1994) Wellness/fitness (1990s)
Today
Sub-disciplines
Exercise
Subdisciplines
Anatomy
The
Subdisciplines
Kinesiology
Study
Subdisciplines
Biomechanics
Study
of the human body as a mechanical system, utilizes principles drawn from physics. No specific course, incorporated throughout
Subdisciplines
Physiology
Functions
and activities of living organisms, including all physical and chemical processes.
Subdisciplines
Exercise
physiology
Study
Subdiscplines
Motor Learning
Focuses on how motor skills are learned. Areas: motor learning, control, development Categories
Subdisciplines
Sport
Psychology
Study
of sport and psychological issues in sport Intervention examples: Relaxation, cue control, mental imaging, coping, desensitization
Kinesiology
Umbrella
Today-New PE
Not
a specific program or curriculum but a philosophy of being more inclusive and lifetime oriented. Began in 90s and is considered the norm today.
Covered
fitness and wellness focus More lifetime activities; inclusivity Improved status Engine for reduction in obesity and diabetes Greater recognition of the importance of physical activity in many facets of life
Depends on You
Webquest HW
Due