A device which uses the phenomenon of mutual induction to change the values of alternating voltages and currents Advantages:

low losses high efficiency long life very stable

Types:

Three-phase core

Single-phase shell

Core and windings of three-phase

Helix and disc coils on single-phase

Flux Primary winding

Core Secondary winding

AC supply
N1 N2

Load

Consists of two windings connected by a magnetic core One winding is connected to a power supply (AC supply) and the other to a load

When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage V1 is applied to a primary winding, a small current flows which set up a magnetic flux in the core. This alternating flux links with both primary and secondary coils and induces in them e.m.f.s of E1 and E2. The induced e.m.f., E in a coil of N turns is given by

d E N dt
d dt

Unit: Volt

where

= rate of change of flux

In an ideal transformer, losses are neglected Considered to be 100% efficient. In ideal transformer, the rate of change of flux is the same for both primary and secondary thus

E1 E2 N1 N 2

The induced e.m.f. per turn is constant.

Assuming no losses, E1 = V1 and E2 = V2

V1 N1 V2 N 2

or

V1 N1 V2 N 2

Hence, Input power = Output power V1 I1 = V 2 I2 Primary and secondary volt-amperes are equal,

V1 I1 V2 I 2

Hence combining equations,

V1 N1 I1 V2 N 2 I 2
where; V = primary voltage (volt, V) V = secondary voltage (volt, V) N = primary windings (turns) N = secondary windings (turns) I = primary current (ampere, A) I = secondary current (ampere, A)

Example
1. A transformer is to be used to provide a 60

V output from a 240 V A.C supply. Calculate

a. b.

the turns of ratio required the number of primary turns, if the secondary is wound with 500 turns.

2. A 2000/200V, 20kVA transformer has 66 turns

in the secondary. Calculate:

a. b.

primary turns primary and secondary full-load currents

Neglect the losses.

Two types of single-phase double-wound transformer construction

the core type

the shell type

Transformer ratio is the comparison between primary and secondary elements

Flux produced by primary winding induces secondary winding via core Secondary winding Primary winding

Vp

Np

Ns

Vs

N s Es Vs Transformer ratio, K N p Ep Vp
If K < 1 i.e. If K > 1 i.e. If K = 1 i.e. Ns < Np Ns > Np Ns = Np : this transformer is called step-down transformer : this transformer is called step-up transformer : this transformer is called coupling transformer

Step-up transformer

Np

Ns

Step-down transformer

Np

Ns

Coupling transformer

Np

Ns


1.

Example
The number of windings for the three transformers are
a. Np = 100, Ns = 2000 b. Np = 3000, Ns = 2000 c. Np = 100, Ns =100

Calculate the value of K for each transformer then determine the type of transformer and draw the symbol of transformer to differentiate the number of windings

R.M.S value of e.m.f induced in primary winding E1 = 4.44 N1 f m volts R.M.S value of e.m.f induced in secondary winding E2 = 4.44 N2 f m volts

Example
1. A 250 kVA, 1100 V / 400 V, 50 Hz single-phase

transformer has 80 turns on a secondary. Calculate :

a. the approximate values of the primary and secondary currents. b. the approximate number of primary turns. c. the maximum values of flux.

2. An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the

primary winding and 40 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
primary and secondary currents on full-load secondary e.m.f. and the maximum core flux

a. b. c.

losses which occur in a transformer on load can be divided into two groups:
Copper losses Core losses (hysteresis and eddy currents)

Variable result in a heating of the conductors, due to the fact that they possess resistance If R1 and R2 are the primary and secondary winding resistances then the total copper loss is Pcu = I12R1 + I22R2

Hysteresis loss

the heating of the core as a result of the internal

Eddy current loss

molecular structure reversals which occur as the magnetic flux alternates. proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop and thus low loss nickel iron alloys are used for the core since their hysteresis loop have small areas.
the heating of the core due to e.m.f. s being

induced not only in the transformer windings but also in the core. These induced e.m.f.s set up circulating currents call eddy currents. Owing to the low resistance of the core, eddy currents can be quite considerable and can cause a large power loss and excessive heating of the core.

Assume the core loss constant at all loads

(the maximum value of the flux in a normal

transformer does not vary by more than about 2 per cent between no load and full load)

If Pc = total core loss, total losses in transformer; Total losses = Pc + Pcu Total losses = Pc + I21R1 + I22R2

Pout output power Efficiency , input power losses Pin losses

I 2V2 p.f. Efficiency , 2 2 I 2V2 p.f. Pc I1 R1 I 2 R2

where; I - primary current (A) I - secondary current (A) V - primary voltage (V) V - secondary voltage (V) Pc core losses R - primary load () R - secondary load () p.f power factor

output power input power - losses Efficiency , input power input power

losses Efficiency , 1 input power


1.

Example The primary and secondary windings of a 500 kVA transformer have resistances of 0.42 and 0.0019 respectively. The primary and secondary voltages are 11 000 V and 400 V respectively and the core loss is 2.9 kW, assuming the power factor of the load to be 0.8. Calculate the efficiency on :

a. full load b. half load

2.

In a 50 kVA transformer, the iron loss is 500 W and full-load copper loss is 800W. Find the efficiency at full-load and half-load at 0.8 p.f. lagging.

Advantages:
enable efficiency and voltage regulation to

be a calculated without actually loading the transformer Higher accuracy is possible by direct measurement of input and output powers and voltages Power required to carry out these tests is very small compared with the full-load output of transformer.

The transformer is connected to a supply at the rated voltage and frequency, namely the voltage and the frequency given on the name plate. The ratio of the voltmeter readings, V1 / V2, gives the ratio of the number of turns Ammeter A gives the no-load current, and its reading is a check on the magnetic quality of the ferromagnetic core and joints. The primary current on no load is usually less than 5 per cent of the full-load current I2R loss on no load is less than 1/400 of the primary I2R loss on full load and is therefore negligible compared with the core loss. Wattmeter reading can be taken as the core loss of the transformer.

Secondary winding is short-circuited through a suitable ammeter A2 Low voltage is applied to the primary circuit. This voltage should, if possible, be adjusted to circulate full-load current in the primary and secondary circuits. Assuming this to be the case, the I2R loss in the windings is the same as that on full load. On the other hand, the core loss is negligibly small, since the applied voltage is low Flux are only about one-twentieth to one-thirtieth of the rated voltage and flux The core loss is approximately proportional to the square of the flux. Hence the power registered on wattmeter W can be taken as the I2R loss in the windings.

A transformer having a part of its winding common to the primary and secondary circuits

The nearer the ratio of transformation is to unity, the greater is the economy of conductor material Mainly used for interconnecting systems that are operating at roughly the same voltage and starting cage-type induction motors. Should an auto transformer be used to supply a low voltage system from a high voltage system, it is essential to earth the common connection (to avoid serious shock) An auto transformer should not be used for interconnecting high voltage and low voltage systems.

Advantages
1. Save cost (less copper core is needed) 2. Less volume

Disadvantages
1. A smaller percentage voltage regulation 2. The primary and secondary
windings are not electrically separate

3. Less weight
4. High efficiency

5. Low copper losses

6. A continuously variable output voltage is achievable if a sliding contact is used.