Rail:

made of iron or steel. Connected to sleepers two rails connected by fastening Ballast: sand stone size of 40 to 60 mm are used are ballast. Slope is 1.5 :1 . Embankment : filling of soil and aggregates. Sleepers: it can be wooden ,cast iron, concrete. Rail supported on sleepers. Sub-ballast :Prepared formation either in cutting or embankment. made murrum, gravel, and black trap metal

Broad gauge : Meter gauge :

1.676 m 1.000 m

Narrow gauge :
Light gauge :

0.762 m
0.610 m

In UK, USA STANDARD GAUGE IS 1.435 m

Construction cost Volume and nature of traffic

Development of area
Physical feature Speed of train

Continuous travelling by same train from origin to destination. So we can save time and money. Movement of goods from origin to destination possible. So safety, securities possible and there is no need of loading unloading. So breaking of goods, missing of goods avoided. There is no requirement of large shed for storing goods. In disaster like earthquake ,war, flood speedy transportation possible.

At junction where two types of gauge exist, additional arrangement of locomotive , train coach, wagon ,platform etc will have to be provided.

Hold the rail in proper position Support rail . Hold the rail in proper level Work as an elastic medium of transferring stresses Provides stability

Sleeper types

Wooden sleeper Iron sleeper C.I. ,steel Prestressed concrete

Low initial cost ,less maintenance Easily lifted ,changed and effective packing can be done Environment effect like temp, moisture should be minimum Dimension of sleeper such that distribute heavy load without crushing

In India length of rail is

For B.G. 12.80 m For M.G. 11.89

proposal for future B.G. 19.2 to 25.6 USA and UK it is 30 m . If length increase give more stability density of sleeper No of sleeper / m of rail n+ x , where n= length of rail If l = 12.86 and 7 sleeper than density of sleeper is n + 4 In India it is n+3 to n+6

Double headed Rail Bull headed Rail Flat footed Rail In India use flat footed rail

Classification of Rail as per IRS

BG 55R ,wt in 55 Kg/m also 45 R ,35 R MG 45R, wt in 45 kg/m also 30 R ,25 R NG 25R , wt in 25 kg/m

It provide smooth surface for moving wheels. Rail transmit various stress to sleepers. Important role to resist stress like Braking effect ,Temperature effect Inducing heavy stresses due to lateral and longitudinal movement

Material of rail such type no tear and wear effect and no necessity of change it frequently

Equally Distribute load of rail to below level Resist deflection of sleeper To resist sleeper to slip Proper drainage of rain water Give elasticity to railway to resist shock and vibration.

Material used in ballast Broken stone ,gravel, murrum, ash and cinders ,kankar, brick bats, sand etc..

Joint such that rail not deflected at ends. Less maintenance It is durable Sufficient gap between two joints for expansion and contraction Joints have more strength because 50 % stability is due to joints. To change fish plate, to oiling we can easily operate it without disturbing railway.

To provide uniform level To maintain uniform gauge To resist lateral gauge To absorb impact/vibration

To allow expansion and contraction against change of temperature

With reference to location of sleepers rail joints is following type Supported type Suspended type Bridge With reference to location of joints Square joint Staggered joint

To increase length by welding rail. In India welding 5 rails of 12.8 m and increase length to 64 m Object of welding Decrease no of joints so construction maintenance decrease. To repair points and curve If ends of rail decrease due to wearing then repair it by welding To increase life of rail To decrease creep and wear To increase stability

Fish plate Dog spike Bearing plate Hook bolt