Microwave Transmission Line

MMG Rashed
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ETE
Daffodil International University
What is Transmission Line?
The two ends of a
microwave communication
system are very similar to
each other with both
consisting of: one or more
antennas; a transmitter and
receiver (commonly known
as a transceiver) and
something to connect
these two together a
Transmission Line or
feeder.
Transceiver
Antenna
Transmission
Line/ Feeder
Why Transmission Line study necessary?
Almost always used for connecting a transmitter and its
antenna (or antenna and reciver) and it is usually
regarded as a part of the antenna systems.

Transmission lines elements are integral parts of the
antenna, in some antenna system.

Transmission lines basic principles are applicable in
understanding some aspects of antenna theory e.g.
definition, current and voltage distribution etc.
Basic Principles of Transmission lines (LT)
Transmission
lines are a means
to convey
electrical signals
or power between
two points
separated by
appreciably in
distance.

Z
R

V
S
/Z
S

Input
or
Sending
terminal

Output
or
Receiving
terminal

S
l
d
Basic Principles of Transmission lines

At audio frequencies the two pieces of
apparatus , say a generator and a load are
connected together by a pair of short leads ,
one expects equal input and equal output
currents.

Furthermore because of negligible lead
resistance the input and output voltages are
also expected to be equal .
Basic Principles of Transmission lines

However, when the lead length is
appreciable and the and when the
frequency belong to R.F spectrum its
never possible to maintain the equality
of current and voltage. The input and
output voltages vary not only in
magnitude but also in phase as well.



Basic Principles of Transmission lines
On such long transmission lines can
be treated as an equivalent circuit
containing resistance inductance and
capacitance and the behavior of the
transmission line can be predicted.
Basic Principles of Transmission lines
Distributed parameters:
An equivalent circuit of
transmission line can be
developed by considering a
pair of straight wires of equal
size and this line is known as
the parallel wire line. Since
the wires are uniform in size
the resistance of the
conducting material is
considered to be uniformly
distributed along their lengths.
Input
or
Sending
terminal
Output
or
Receiving
terminal
S
l
d
Basic Principles of Transmission lines
At radio frequencies, appreciable
radiation of energy may take place
from the transmission lines .The
possibility of radiation from a parallel
wire line is prevented by keeping the
separation between the two wires as
low as 1/10th of a wavelength.
Basic Principles of Transmission lines
Because of current flow magnetic field
is established around the line. The
magnetic field links the wires and
hence and inductance is said to be
present. This again distributed along
the entire length of the line. Since the
inductance impedes the current flow, it
is effectively in series with the
uniformly distributed resistance.

Basic Principles of Transmission lines
Even though there is no physical
connection between the two wires
constituting the line, the fact that the
input and output currents are different,
suggest the possibility of an
admittance between the wires. This
shunt admittance consists of a
conductance and a capacitance in
parallel.
Basic Principles of Transmission lines
The presence of capacitance is
because the line consists of two
conductors separated by air-dielectric.
Also because the dielectric is not
perfect, a conduction current will flow
between the wires. This leakage path
may be represented more conveniently
by a conductance between the wires..

Basic Principles of Transmission lines
These two parameters are also uniformly
distributed. Since all the parameters of
the line are uniformly distributed over the
entire length, it is impossible to draw an
accurate equivalent of the line. A rough
approximation is shown in Fig. 3.1. The
small length x is approaching zero and
the line parameters shown are
distributed parameters.
A
Basic Principles of Transmission lines
Primary Constants of TL
Resistance (R) is defined as a loop resistance
per unit length of the line (ohm/km).
Inductance (L) is defined as a loop inductance
per unit length of the line (henries/km).
Conductance (G) is define as a shunt
conductance between two conductors per unit length of
the line (Mhos/km).
Capacitance (C) is define as shunt capacitance
between two conductors per unit length of the line
(farad/km).

Basic Transmission Line
Equations
Fig. 3.2 shows a transmission line of
appreciable length .On one side of the
transmission line and the other side a load
,here shown by a resistor.
Consider a small line dL on the
transmission line and the voltages and
currents on the two sides of dL is shown in
the figure.
Basic Transmission Line
Equations
The voltage changes by an amount as a
result of the drop produced by line current I
flowing through the resistance and the
reactance ,the current also changes
by a small amount as a result of the
current flow between between the wires
through the capacitance caused by the
voltage that exists between the wires.
dE
Rdl
Ldl je
dI
Gdl
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Frequency Distortion:
In general, is a function of frequency. All
frequencies transmitted on a line will then not
be attenuated equally. A complex voltage
such as voice frequency consisting of a large
number frequency components will not have
all frequencies transmit with equal
attenuation and the received waveform will
not identical with input waveform at the
sending end. This type variation results into
frequency distortion.
o
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Delay or Phase distortion:
The phase constant can be calculated from the equation


It is clear that and do not both related tp frequency in the
same manner and that the velocity of propagation is some
function of frequency.
All frequencies applied to a transmission will not have the
same time of transmission, some frequencies be delayed
more than others. For an applied speech voltage waveform at
the sending end some components will be delayed more than
those of other frequencies. This phenomena is delay or phase
distortion.
|
2
) ( ) )( (
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
LC RG C G L R e e e
|
+ +
=
|
e
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Reduction of Frequency Distortion:
In the high quality radio broadcast programs
it is reduced with the help of equalizers. The
frequency and phase characteristics of the
equalizer circuit is adjusted in such a way
that it results a uniform frequency response.

Basic Transmission Line Equations
Reduction of Delay Distortions:
Delay distortion is of relatively minor importance to
voice and music transmission because of the
characterstics of the ear. It can be very serious in
circuits intended for picture transmission, and
applications of the co-axial cable have been made
to overcome this difficulty.
How the cable solves the problem?
(k.k)
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Conditions for Distortion less line:
For Frequency Distortion to be Absent:
Frequency distortion is due to attenuation constant
which is frequency dependent. So in order to
achieve nearly uniform attenuation for complete
frequency band ,
Should be made independent of frequency. So, in
the equation (3.29a) the term
should be such as to nullify the
frequency component of .
o
o
) )( (
2 2 2 2 2 2
C G L R e e + +
LC RG
2
e
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Basic Transmission Line Equations
Input Impedance
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR)
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR)
VSWR
Return Loss (RL)

The Return Loss (RL) is a parameter
which indicates the amount of power
that is lost" to the load and does not
return as a reflection. As explained in
the preceding section, waves are
reflected leading to the formation of
standing waves, when the transmitter
and antenna
Return Loss
Problems:
1.K.D Prasad: Pg1009(10.1-10.9,10.14)

2 .Book: Radio Frequency and Microwave Electronics
Writer: Mathew M.Radmanesh
Example 7.3(Pg-260)Background theory:
Read the derivation from equation 7.20 to equation 7.21
2. Example 7.4(Pg-264)
Background theory:
Equation 7.27a and 7.40
3. Example 7.5(Pg-264)
Background theory:
Equation 7.27a and 7.40
4. Example 7.10(Pg-273)
Support
1. We know that in transmission line
the series components are
Resistance and Inductance.
1. So the equation for series
impedance is:
2.For Shunt admittance:

( )
L
R
L R L j R z
e
e e
1
2
2
tan

Z + = + =
( )
C
G
C R C j G Y
e
e e
1
2
2
tan

Z + = + =
Support
3. Multiplication of phase angles:

4. Division:

2
B A
B AX
+
Z = Z Z
2
/
B A
B A

Z = Z Z