What are organizations? Why do organizations exist?

Organizational effectiveness

OB refers to the behavior of individuals and groups within organizations and the interaction between organizations and their external environment.

OB is a field of study that investigates the impact of that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organizations effectiveness.

A study of behavior, attitudes and performance and attitudes of people in organizations. Emphasis on applied psychology A cause and effect study A branch of social science

Description of human behavior Understanding it

Individual behavior Interpersonal Group Inter group

Prediction of human behavior

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Control (belief that organisms respond to stimulus)

Leadership Motivation Communication Organizational change and development Organizational climate

Caused / motivated behavior A whole person Individual differences Human dignity

OB is an applied behavioral science which derives heavily from: Psychology Sociology Anthropology Political Science Economics Medicine and many others

Planning Organizing Leading Controlling

Interpersonal roles
Figurehead Leader Liaison

Informational
Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson

Decisional

Entrepreneur Disturbance handler Resource allocator Negotiator

Situation 1 Sam works for you. He is technically capable and a good worker, but does not get along well with people in the group. When Sam gets an opportunity to get a transfer, you encourage him to take it. What would you say to Sams potential supervisor when he asks about Sam?

Situation 2 Your boss has told you that you must reduce your work group by 30 percent. Which criteria would you use to lay off workers?

Probable answers to situation 2 Lay off older, higher paid employees Lay off younger, lower paid employees Lay off workers based on seniority only Lay off workers based on performance only

Situation 3
You are engineer employed with ABC Ltd. but not working on the companys Department of Transportation project. You overhear a conversation in the cafeteria that a large contract is going to be given to ABC company to develop a DOT subsystem. This contract is likely to positively influence the share prices of the company. Would you buy shares of ABC Ltd.? Would you share this information with some one else?

Situation 4 You work for a cigarette company and up till now you have not been convinced that cigarettes cause cancer. Recently you have got conclusive evidence of the same. What would you do?

Situation 5 You are the CEO of a company, a close competitor of which has made an un patentable discovery likely to boost profits. Would you attempt to hire employees of the competitor company who know all the intricate details of this company?

What if everyone acted this way? Would you want someone to do this for / to you? Can you comfortably defend your actions? Are there any other alternatives which are more ethical?

Diversity management Changing demographics of workforce Changed employee expectations Globalization Promoting ethical behavior Technology transformation

Dimensions of diversity
Age Gender Sexual orientation Ethnic heritage Race

Mental/physical abilities / characteristics

Dimensions of diversity

Geographic location Cultural experience Work experience Income Religion First language Organizational role and level Communication style Family status Work style Education

Prejudice Ethnocentrism Stereotypes Discrimination Harassment Sexual harassment Backlash

Biographical characteristics Abilities (mental and physical)

Study of individual behavior is aimed at finding the right ability job fit.

Any permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. Steps in the process: Acquiring new input Assimilating new input Internalization of the input Availability of internalized input for use (generally involves creativity) Improved capacity for learning

Classical conditioning
Smells and sounds evoke memories Unconditioned stimulus evokes unconditioned

response Conditioning is required to produce a conditioned response

Goof off when no one is watching Arrive on time / late

Operant conditioning
Good acts are positively reinforced and bad acts

are negatively reinforced leading to desired voluntary behavior.

We automatically pull back our hand when it comes in contact with a hot object.

Social Learning Theory

People learn through observation and direct

experience.
Pay attention Retain Do Reinforce

Cognitive dissonance Adult learning theories (CAL)

Capitalize on experience Adapt to limitation Learning programmes

Reinforcement
Positive Negative Extinction Some type of reinforcement is required to change behavior Some types of rewards are more effective in changing behavior Timing of reinforcement is important (continuous or intermittent)

Reduction in absenteeism (rewarding no absence) Well pay (sick pay reinforces wrong behavior) Discipline (match severity of crime with punishment) Training (provide opportunity to practice new behaviors and internalize positive ones) Mentoring Self management (to reduce external negative reinforcement)