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Basic Geodesy
Geosystems
Contents
Definition
Geosystems
Definition
Geodesy is the science of the measurement and mapping of the earths surface
F.R Helmert (1880)
Geosystems
Equipotential surface that best equates to mean sea level Physical definition of a complicated surface Described by an infinite number of parameters Can be sensed by instruments
Topography
N. America
Europe
S. America
Africa
Geosystems
The Ellipsoid
Geosystems
Topography
N. America
Europe
O1
S. America
Africa
Geosystems
Topography
N. America
Europe
O1 O2
S. America Africa
Geosystems
Common Ellipsoid
The World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) The best mean fit to the Earth
N. America
N
Topography
Europe
S. America
Africa
Geosystems
Origin coincides with Earths center of mass X and Y axes are perpendicular to each other in the equatorial plane Z axis is at right angle to the X,Y plane and coincides with the Earths rotational axis
P h
j l
Geosystems
The prime orientation (X) is Greenwich Meridian Positions and coordinate differences are obtained in the WGS 84 coordinate system
P h
j l
Geosystems
Heighting - 1/4
Ellipsoid
Geosystems
Heighting - 2/4
The Geoid is the equipotential surface (equal gravity) that best equates to Mean Sea Level The geoid undulates due to the effects of Topography
Orthometric heights are referenced to a datum which is typically M.S.L M.S.L approximates the Geoid
H = Height above Geoid (~Orthometric Height)
h H
Geoid
Ellipsoid
Geosystems
Heighting - 3/4
The height difference between the ellipsoid and the geoid is called geoidal undulation To obtain orthometric heights, the geoidal undulation must be accounted for
Topography
h H N
Geoid
N = Geoidal Separation
Ellipsoid
Geosystems
Heighting - 4/4
Geoidal separation can be computed using GEOID99 (USA) or HT01_01 (Canada) The geoidal undulation for the contiguous United States is negative
h = Ellipsoidal height
Topography
P
H = Height above geoid (~Orthometric Height) N = Geoidal separation
h H N
Geoid
h=H+N
Leica Geosystems Capture new dimensions.
Ellipsoid
Geosystems