SATYADHIR DUBEY

CONTENTS
SOIL EROSION

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
TYPES OF PLOUGH

TYPES OF ENGINE
TRACTOR INDUSTRY

By- SATYADHIR DUBEY

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1.Rain drop erosion 2.Sheet erosion 3.Rill erosion 4.Gully erosion

SOIL EROSION

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(i) Rain drop or splash erosion: Erosion

preceded by the destruction of the crumb structure due to the impact of falling raindrop on the surface of soil is termed as splash erosion.

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(ii) Sheet erosion: It is the

fairly uniform removal of soil in thin layers from the land surface, often scarcely perceptible, especially when caused by wind. Areas where loose, shallow topsoil.

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(iii) Rill erosion: A form of

water erosion in which numerous very small and more or less straight channels are produced; the channels get obliterated by ordinary use. It can be removed by normal tillage operations
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(iv) Gully erosion: A form of

water erosion in which gullies are produced by combination of unattended rill.

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WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

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WHAT IS A WATERSHED ? A watershed can

be defined as the drainage basin or catchment area of a particular stream or river. Simply put, it refers to the area from where the water to a particular drainage system, like a river or stream, comes from

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TYPES OF WATERSHED
Watersheds is classified depending upon the size, drainage, shape and land use pattern. 1) Macro watershed (> 50,000 Hect) 2) Sub-watershed (10,000 to 50,000 Hect) 3) Milli-watershed (1000 to10000 Hect) 4) Micro watershed (100 to 1000 Hect) 5) Mini watershed (1-100 Hect)

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WHAT IS WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT ? Watershed

development refers to the conservation, regeneration and the judicious use of all the resources natural (land, water, plants, animals) and human within a particular watershed. Watershed management tries to bring about the best possible balance in the environment between natural resources on the one side, and human and other living beings on the other.
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COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT:

Human Resource Development (Community Development) Soil and Land Management Water Management Crop Management Afforestation Pasture/Fodder Development Livestock Management Rural Energy Management Farm and non-farm value addition activities A
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COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT:

Human Resource Development (Community Development) Soil and Land Management Water Management Crop Management Afforestation Pasture/Fodder Development Livestock Management Rural Energy Management Farm and non-farm value addition activities All these components are interdependent and interactive
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SATYADHIR DUBEY Objectives of watershed management-

1. To control damaging runoff and degradation and thereby conservation of soil and water. 2. To manage and utilize the runoff water for useful purpose. 3. To protect, conserve and improve the land of watershed for more efficient and sustained production. 5. To check soil erosion and to reduce the effect of sediment yield on the watershed. 6. To increase infiltration of rainwater. 7. To enhance the ground water recharge.

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Factors affecting watershed management

a) Watershed characters i) Size and shape ii) Topography iii) Soils b) Climatic characteristic i. Precipitation ii. Amount and intensity of rainfall

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Watershed management practices

1. To increase infiltration 2. To increase water holding capacity 3. To prevent soil erosio In brief various control measures are: 1. Strip cropping 2. Pasture cropping 3. Grass land farming Engineering measures ( Structural practices 1. Contour bunding 2. Terracing 3. Construction of earthern embankment 4. Construction of check dams 5. Construction of farm pon 6. Gully controlling structure 7. Providing vegetative and stone barriers 8. Construction of silt tanks .

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1.Country plough 2.MB plough 3.Disc plough 4.Chisal plough

TYPES OF PLOUGH

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Indigenous plough
Indigenous plough is an implement which is made of wood with an iron share point. It consists of body, shaft pole, share and handle. It is drawn with bullocks. It cuts a V shaped furrow and opens the soil but there is no inversion. Ploughing operation is also not perfect because some unploughed strip is always left between furrows.
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Disc Plough- A
large, revolving, concave steel disc replaces the share and the mouldboard. The usual size of the disc is 60 cm in diameter and this turns a 35 to 30 cm furrow slice. The disc plough is more suitable for land in which there is much fibrous growth of weeds as the disc cuts and incorporates the weeds. The disc plough works well in soils free from stones.
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Mouldboard Plough
This type of plough leaves no unploughed land as the furrow slices are cut clean and inverted to one side resulting in better pulverisation. The animal drawn mouldboard plough is small, ploughs to a depth of 15 cm, while two mouldboard ploughs which are bigger in size are attached to the tractor and ploughed to a depth of 25 to 30 cm. Mouldboard ploughs are used where soil inversion is necessary.

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Chisel Plough:
Chisel plough is used for breaking hard pans and for deep ploughing (6070 cm) with less disturbance to the top layers. Its body is thin with replaceable cutting edge so as to have minimum disturbance to the top layers.
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ENGINE

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TYPES OF ENGINE
TWO STROKE ENGINES
Cycle - Two Strokes: 1.Compression (intake+compression) 2.Combustion (combustion+exhaust) Advantages of two stroke engines: The engine fires - spark plug ignites. They produce twice the power than four stroke engines. They are much simpler than four stroke engines. Disadvantages: Lubrication is not as efficient as in a four stroke engine with heavy oil. Do not use gas efficiently. Pollute more
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FOUR STROKE ENGINES

Cycle - Four Strokes: 1.Intake 2.Compression 3.Combustion 4.Exhaust Advantages of four stroke engines: Last longer than two stroke engines More efficient use of gas Pollute less than two stroke engines Disadvantages: More complicated. Half as powerful as two stroke engine.

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TRACTOR INDUSTRY IN INDIA

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ABOUT 14 PLAYERS IN MARKET

Mahindra & Mahindra Tractor and Farm Equipment Limited Sonalika (International Tractors Ltd.) HMT Tractors John Deere Escorts Eicher

MARS Farm Equipments Ltd Force Motors Ltd Mahindra Gujarat Tractor Limited (MGTL) VST Tillers

New Holland Indo Farm

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MARKT SHARE
M&M TAFE SONALIKA 44% 23% 11%

ESCORTS
NEW HOOLAND JOHN DEERE

14%
5% 4%

OTHERS

7%

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MANUFACTURING PLANTS
MAHINDRA&MAHINDRA TAFE EICHER ESCORTS HMT JOHN DEERE SONALIKA NEW HOLLAND MUMBAI CHENNAI BHOPAL FARIDABAD PINJORE(PUNJAB) PUNE HOSHIARPUR(PUNJAB) NABHA(PUNJAB)

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