RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Characterised by a high neutrophil count, asthma, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Allergic reactions due to exposure to certain agents (i.e. foods) are a relatively common cause of acute respiratory disease. examples include sea foods prawns, some fatty fish, radish arrow root, l ady's finger lemon moong dhal peanuts, water content spinach, curd, bananas, grapes, pomegranates, berries, custard apple, ice creams, etc. In summer, bad weather condition mean sandy and dusty weather or some may affect in winter also.

COMMON SYMPTOMS OF ALLERGY

Affected organ NOSE SINUSES AIRWAYS Symptom swelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) allergic sinusitis Sneezing, coughing, bronchoconstriction,wheezing,and dyspnea, sometimes outright attacks of asthma,in severe cases the airway constricts due to swelling known as laryngeal edema redness and itching of the conjunctiva( allergic conjunctivitis) feeling of fullness, possibly pain, and impaired hearing due to the lack of eustachian tube drainage. Rashes such as eczema and hives (urticaria abdominal ,pain,bloating ,vomiting ,diarrhea

EYE EARS

SKIN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

CAUSE
Foods Non-food proteins Toxins interacting with proteins Genetic basis Hygiene hypothesis Other environmental factors Acute response Late-phase response

DIAGNOSIS

Skin testing

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES

Diseases of the lung where the airways Bronchi Bronchioles alveoli become reduced in volume or have free flow of gas impeded, making it more difficult to move air in and out of the lung.

Condition

Major changes

Causes

Symptoms

Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis

Hyperplasia and hypersecretion of mucus glands

Dilation and scarring of airways Smooth muscle hyperplasia Airspace enlargement and wall destruction Inflammatory scarring and bronchiole obliteration

Tobacco smoking and air pollutants

Persistent severe infections Immunologic

Productive cough

Cough, purulent sputum and fever Episodic wheezing, cough and dyspnea Dyspnea

Asthma

Emphysema

Tobacco smoking Tobacco smoking and air pollutants

Bronchiolitis

Cough, dyspnea

Gastro-esophageal reflux disease

CAUSES
Environmental Tobacco Hygiene hypothesis Volatile organic compounds Phthalates Nitrogen Dioxide Geneenvironment interactions Exacerbation Socioeconomic factors

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

Chronic bronchitis & emphysema Often occur together in heavy smokers Chronic bronchitis - disorder with excessive cough & sputum. Causes alveolar hypoventilation, hypercapnia, hypoxia Secondary pulmonary hypertension develop - leads to right heart failure - Cor pulmonale

SIGNS
tachypnea, a rapid breathing rate wheezing sounds in the lungs heard through a stethoscope breathing out taking a longer time than breathing in enlargement of the chest, particularly the front-toback distance (hyperaeration) active use of muscles in the neck to help with breathing breathing through pursed lips increased anteroposterior to lateral ratio of the chest (i.e. barrel chest).

SYMPTOMS History of cigarette smoking. Chronic cough and sputum production (in chronic bronchitis) Dyspnea Rhonchi, decreased intensity of breath sounds, and prolonged expiration on physical examination Airflow limitation on pulmonary function testing that is not fully reversible and most often progressive

CAUSE
Smoking Occupational exposures Air pollution Genetics Autoimmune disease

DIAGNOSIS

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness chest tightness cough particularly at night and/or in the early morning.

CLASSIFICATION
Brittle asthma Asthma attack Status asthmaticus Exercise induced Occupational

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Wheezing shortness of breath chest tightness Coughing

RISK FACTOR REDUCTION

Bronchodilators Medicines that relax smooth muscle around the airways, increasing the calibre of the airways and improving air flow. Reduce the symptoms of shortness of breath, wheeze and exercise limitation. administered with an inhaler or via a nebulizer.

2 agonists stimulate 2 receptors on airway smooth muscles, causing them to relax. Salbutamol and terbutaline are widely used short acting 2 agonists and provide rapid relief of COPD symptoms. Long acting 2 agonists (LABAs) such as salmeterol and formoterol are used as maintenance therapy and lead to improved airflow, exercise capacity, and quality of life.

Anticholinergics drugs cause airway smooth muscles to relax by blocking stimulation from cholinergic nerves. Ipratropium provides short-acting rapid relief of COPD symptoms. Tiotropium is a long-acting anticholinergic whose regular use is associated with improvements in airflow

Corticosteroids used in tablet form to treat and prevent acute exacerbations of COPD people with mild COPD, however, they have been shown to decrease acute exacerbations in those with either moderate.

RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASES

Restrictive lung diseases (also known as interstitial lung diseases) are a category of respiratory disease characterized by a loss of lung compliance,[2] causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness. E.g. in infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS).

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections lower respiratory tract infections.

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

Infection is the common cold however, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as. sinusitis tonsillitis otitis media pharyngitis laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.

Rhinitis - Inflammation of the nasal mucosa Rhinosinusitis or sinusitis - Inflammation of the nares and paranasal sinuses, including frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid Nasopharyngitis (rhinopharyngitis or the common cold) - Inflammation of the nares, pharynx,hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils Pharyngitis - Inflammation of the pharynx, hypopharynx, uvula, and tonsils

Epiglottitis (supraglottitis) - Inflammation of the superior portion of the larynx and supraglottic area Laryngitis - Inflammation of the larynx Laryngotracheitis - Inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and subglottic area Tracheitis - Inflammation of the trachea and subglottic area

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

cute upper respiratory tract infections include rhinitis pharyngitis tonsillitis laryngitis often referred to as a common cold, and their complications: sinusitis ear infection bronchitis (though bronchi are generally classified as part of the lower respiratory tract.) Symptoms of URI's commonly include

cough sore throat runny nose nasal congestion headache low grade fever facial pressure and sneezing

Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis tonsillitis(strep throat) typically sore throat pain with swallowing and fever Pain and pressure of the ear caused by a middle ear infection. (Otitis media) and the reddening of the eye caused by viral Conjunctivitis are often associated with upper respiratory infections.

TREATMENT
Decongestants Cochrane review single oral dose of nasal decongestant in the common cold is modestly effective for the short term relief of congestion in adults. not recommended for use in children under 12 years of age with the common cold. contraindicated in patients with hypertension, coronary artery disease, and history of bleeding strokes.

Alternative medicine. use of Vitamin C in the inhibition and treatment of upper respiratory infections

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

Infection in is pneumonia, a lung infection. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae. Tuberculosis is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as viruses and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome pneumocystis pneumonia. develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the pleural cavity.