REPORTER:

ANCAJAS , JAY ARVI A. BS CE IV

High concentrations of the ff: can harm people and other living things: Chloride - can make water unfit for human consumption and for many industrial uses. Sodium ion - can contribute to certain heart disease or high blood pressure, particularly in susceptible individuals

 Chlorine

- has bad effects on the environment as well: it can produce leaf burn and even defoliation in sensitive crops; in lakes can increase the presence of metals in waters and prevent the distribution of oxygen and nutrients and thus harm aquatic life

Modeling of saltwater intrusion is considered difficult. Some typical difficulties that arise are: presence of fissures and cracks and fractures change of hydraulic properties; dissolution cation exchange - A process in which cations in solution are exchanged with cations held on the exchange sites of mineral and organic matter, particularly on the surfaces of colloids of clay and humus. Aquifer dynamics climate change

Saltwater intrusion is also an issue where a lock separates salt water from fresh water .
In this case a collection basin was built from which the salt water can be pumped back to the sea. Some of the intruding salt water is also pumped to the fish ladder to make it more attractive to migrating fish.

 The

use of artificial recharge to store surplus surface water underground can be expected to increase as growing populations demand more water, and as the number of good dam sites still available for construction becomes fewer.

 The

main purpose of artificial aquifer recharge technology is to store excess water for later use, while improving water quality (decreasing the salinity level) by recharging the aquifer with better water

1. Flooding
The water is spread as a thin sheet. It

requires a system of distribution channel for the supply of water for flooding.

2.Basin & Percolation Tanks

This is the most common method for artificial

recharge. In this method, water is impounded in series of basins or percolation tank.

3. Stream Augmentation
Seepage from natural streams or rivers is

one of the most important source of recharge of the ground water reservoir.

4. Ditch & Furrow system

This technique consists of a system of

shallow flat bottomed and closely spaced ditches / furrow which are used to carry water from source like stream /canals and provide more percolation opportunity

1.Recharge Well
two types - (a) Injection well, where water is

pumped in for recharge and (b) Recharge well, where water flows under gravity.

2.Pits & Shafts

In

area where impervious layer is encountered at shallow depth the pits & shafts are suitable structure for artificial recharge.

3. Dug wells
These dug wells can be used as recharge

structure storm water and other surplus water from canal etc. can be diverted into these structures to directly recharge the dried aquifer.

An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing groundwater under positive pressure. This causes the water level in a well to rise to a point where hydrostatic equilibrium has been reached. This type of well is called an artesian well. Water may even reach the ground surface if the natural pressure is high enough, in which case the well is called a flowing artesian well.

Flow rates in the groundwater are not extremely slow, and considerable rate may be involved in groundwater phenomena. A critical lowering of he water table adjacent to a coast may not bring immediate salt water intrusion because of the time required for salt water to move inland.

Several hundreds of years might be required for a sudden increase in the water level in the recharge area of an extensive artesian aquifer. Thus, interpreting groundwater data is important to give full weight of the influence of time. Observed variations in groundwater levels must be corrected and related to casual factors if serious misconceptions are not to result.