1

CHAPTER 3

TWO-DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE
CONDUCTION
3.1 The Heat Conduction Equation
Assume: Steady state, isotropic, stationary,
k = = constant
(3.1)
0
2
2
2
2
=
' ' '
+
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
k
q
x
T
k
U c
y
T
x
T
p

2
Special case: Stationary material, no energy
generation
Cylindrical coordinates:
0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
T
x
T
(3.2)
(3.3)
0
1
2
2
=
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
z
T
r
T
r
r r
Eq. (3.1), (3.2) and (3.3) are special cases of
3
0 ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0 1
2
2
2 0 1 2
2
2
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+ +
c
c
+
c
c
T y g
y
T
y g
y
T
y g T x f
x
T
x f
x
T
x f
(3.4)
Eq. (3.4) is homogenous, second order PDE with
variable coefficients
3.2 Method of Solution and Limitations
Method: Separation of variables
Basic approach: Replace PDE with sets of ODE
4
The number of sets depends on the number of
independent variables
Limitations:
(1) Linear equations
Examples: Eqs. (3.1)-(3.4) are linear
(2) The geometry is described by an orthogonal
coordinate system. Examples: Rectangles,
cylinders, hemispheres, etc.
variable dependent the if linear is equation An
unity power to raised appear s derivative its or
occur not do products their if and
5
3.3 Homogeneous Differential Equations and
Boundary Conditions
Example: Eq. (3.1): Replace T by cT and divide
through by c
0
2
2
2
2
=
' ' '
+
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
ck
q
x
T
k
U c
y
T
x
T
p

NH
(a)
not is it if s homogeneou is condition buondary or equation An
constant a by multiplied is variable dependent the when altered
6
Example: Boundary condition

=
c
c
T T h
x
T
k (b)
Replace T by cT
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c

c
T
T h
x
T
k
NH
(c)
Simplest 2-D problem: HDE with 3 HBC and 1 NHBC
Separation of variables method applies to NHDE and
NHBC
7
3.4 Sturm-Liouville Boundary Value
Problem: Orthogonality
PDE is split into sets of ODE. One such sets is known
as Sturm-Liouville equation if it is of the form
Rewrite as
(3.5a)
) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
2 1 2
2
x a x a
dx
d
x a
dx
d
n
n n

| |
+ + + 0 =
n
|
(3.5b)
) ( ) ( ) (
2
x w x q
dx
d
x p
dx
d
n
n

|
+ +
(

0 =
n
|
8
where
= , exp ) (
1
dx a x p ), ( ) (
2
x p a x q = ) ( ) (
3
x p a x w =
(3.6)
NOTE:
w(x) = weighting function, plays a special role
Equation (3.5) represents a set of n equations
corresponding to n values of
n

The solutions
n
| are known as the characteristic
functions
9
Important property of the Sturm-Liouville problem:
orthogonality
Two functions,
n
| ,
m
| and are said to be orthogonal
in the interval a and b with respect to a weighting
function w(x), if
=
b
a
m n
dx x w x x 0 ) ( ) ( ) ( | |
(3.7)
The characteristic functions of the Sturm-Liouville
problem are orthogonal if:
10
(1) p(x) , q(x) and w(x) are real, and
(2) BC at x = a and x = b are homogeneous of the
form
0 =
n
|
(3.8a)
(3.8b)
0 =
dx
d
n
|
(3.8c)
0 = +
dx
d
n
n
|
| |
11
Special Case: If p(x) = 0 at x = a or x = b , these
conditions can be extended to include
) ( ) ( b a
n n
| | =
(3.9a)
and
dx
b d
dx
a d
n n
) ( ) ( | |
=
(3.9b)
(3.9a) and (3.9b) are periodic boundary conditions.
Physical meaning of (3.8) and (3.9)
12
Relationship between the Sturm-Liouville problem,
orthogonality, and the separation of variables
method:
PDE + separation of variables

2 ODE
One of the 2 ODE = Sturm-Liouville problem
Solution to this ODE =
n
|
= orthogonal functions
13
3.5 Procedure for the Application of
Separation of Variables Method
Example 3.1: Steady state 2-D conduction in
a rectangular plate
Find T (x,y)
(1) Observations
2-D steady state
4 BC are needed
3 BC are homogeneous
2 HBC
x
y
1 . 3 Fig.
T = f(x)
T = 0 T = 0
T = 0
0
0
14
(2) Origin and Coordinates
Origin at the intersection of the two simplest BC
Coordinates are parallel to the boundaries
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
(1) 2-D
(2) Steady
(3) Isotropic
(4) No energy generation
(5) Constant k
15
(ii) Governing Equations
0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
T
x
T
(3.2)
(iii) Independent Variable with 2 HBC: x-
variable
(iv) Boundary Conditions
(1)
, 0 ) , 0 ( = y T
H
T = 0
2 HBC
x
y
1 . 3 Fig.
T = f(x)
T = 0
T = 0
0
0
(3)
, 0 ) 0 , ( = x T
H
(2)
, 0 ) , ( = y L T
H
16
(4) Solution
(i) Assumed Product Solution
) ( ) ( ) , ( y Y x X y x T =
(a)
(a) into eq. (3.2)
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
y Y x X
x
y Y x X
(b)
(4)
), ( ) , ( x f W x T =
non-homogeneous
17
2
2
2
2
) (
1
) (
1
dy
Y d
y Y
dx
X d
x X
= (c)
) ( ) ( y G x F =
where
2
n
is known as the separation constant
2
2
2
2
2
) (
1
) (
1
n
dy
Y d
y Y
dx
X d
x X
= =
(d)
0 ) ( ) (
2
2
2
2
= +
dy
Y d
x X
dx
X d
y Y
18
NOTE:
The separation constant is squared
The constant is positive or negative
The subscript n. Many values:
n
,... , ,
3 2 1
are
known as eigenvalues or characteristic values
Special case: constant = zero must be considered
Equation (d) represents two sets of equations
0
2
2
2
=
n n
n
X
dx
X d

(e)
19
0
2
2
2
=
n n
n
Y
dy
Y d
(f)
The functions
n
X
n
Y
and
or characteristic values
are known as eigenfunctions
(ii) Selecting the sign of the
n
terms
Select the plus sign in the equation representing the variable
with 2 HBC. Second equation takes the minus sign
20
0
2
2
2
= +
n n
n
X
dx
X d

(g)
0
2
2
2
=
n n
n
Y
dy
Y d
(h)
Important case:
, 0 =
n

equations (g) and (h) become

0
2
0
2
=
dx
X d
(i)
21
0
2
0
2
=
dy
Y d
(j)
(iii) Solutions to the ODE
x B x A x X
n n n n n
cos sin ) ( + =
(k)
y D y C y Y
n n n n n
cosh sinh ) ( + =
(l)
x B A x X
0 0 0
) ( + =
(m)
y D C y Y
0 0 0
) ( + = (n)
22
NOTE: Each product is a solution
) ( ) ( ) , (
0 0 0
y Y x X y x T =
(p)
) ( ) ( ) , ( y Y x X y x T
n n n
=
(o)
The complete solution becomes

=
+ =
1
0 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
n
n n
y Y x X y Y x X y x T
(q)
(iv) Applying Boundary Conditions
23
NOTE: Each product solution must satisfy the BC
BC (1)
) ( ) 0 ( ) , 0 ( y Y X y T
n n n
=
) ( ) 0 ( ) , 0 (
0 0 0
y Y X y T =
Therefore
0 ) 0 ( =
n
X
(r)
0 ) 0 (
0
= X
(s)
Applying (r) to solution (k)
0 0 cos 0 sin ) 0 ( = + =
n n n
B A X
24
Therefore
0 =
n
B
Similarly, (r) and (m) give
0
0
= B
B.C. (2)
0 ) ( ) ( ) , ( = = y Y L X y L T
n n n
Therefore
0 ) ( = L X
n
25
Applying (k)
0 sin = L A
n n

Therefore
0 sin = L
n
(t)
Thus
,
L
n
n
t
=
... 3 , 2 , 1 = n
(u)
Similarly, BC 2 and (m) give
0 ) (
0 0 0
= + = B L A L X
26
Therefore
0
0
= A
With , 0
0 0
= = B A the solution corresponding to
0 =
n
vanishes.
BC (3)
0 ) 0 ( ) ( ) 0 , ( = =
n n n
Y x X x T
0 ) 0 ( =
n
Y
0 0 cosh 0 sinh ) 0 ( = + =
n n n
D C Y
27
Which gives
0 =
n
D
Results so far: , 0
0 0
= = = =
n n
D B B A therefore
and
Temperature solution:

=
=
1
) )(sinh (sin ) , (
n
n n n
y x a y x T
(3.10)
x A x X
n n n
sin ) ( =
y C y Y
n n n
sinh ) ( =
28
Remaining constant
n n n
C A a =
B.C. (4)
x W a x f W x T
n
n n n

=
= =
1
sin ) sinh ( ) ( ) , (
(3.11)
To determine
n
a from (3.11) we apply orthogonality.
(v) Orthogonality
Use eq. (7) to determine
n
a
29
The function x
n
sin in eq. (3.11) is the
solution to (g)
If (g) is a Sturm-Liouville equation with 2 HBC,
orthogonality can be applied to eq. (3.11)
Return to (g)
0
2
2
2
= +
n n
n
X
dx
X d

(g)
Compare with eq. (3.5a)
0 ) ( ) ( ) (
3
2
2 1 2
2
= + + +
n n
n n
x a x a
dx
d
x a
dx
d
|
| |
(3.5a)
30
0 ) ( ) (
2 1
= = x a x a 1 ) (
3
= x a
and
Eq. (3.6) gives
1 ) ( ) ( = = x w x p and 0 ) ( = x q
BC (1) and (2) are homogeneous of type (3.8a).
The characteristic functions x x X x
n n n
| sin ) ( ) ( = =
are orthogonal with respect to 1 ) ( = x w
0 = x
to
Multiply eq. (3.11) by , sin ) ( xdx x w
m
integrate from
L x =
31
= xdx x w x f
L
m
0
sin ) ( ) (
xdx x w x W a
L
m
n
n n n
(
(

=
0
1
sin ) ( sin ) sinh (
(3.12)
Interchange the integration and summation, and use
1 ) ( = x w
Introduce orthogonality (3.7)
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = dx x w x x
b
a
m n
| | m n=
(3.7)
32
Apply (3.7) to (3.12)
xdx W a xdx x f
n
L
n n
L
n
=
0
2
0
sin sinh sin ) (
Solve for
n
a
(3.13)
xdx x f
W L
a
L
n
n
n
=
0
sin ) (
sinh
2

(5) Checking
33
The solution is

=
=
1
) )(sinh (sin ) , (
n
n n n
y x a y x T
(3.10)
Dimensional check
Limiting check
Boundary conditions
Differential equations
(6) Comments
Role of the NHBC
34
3.6 Cartesian Coordinates: Examples
Example 3.3: Moving Plate with Surface
Convection
Outside furnace the plate
exchanges heat by convection.
Determine the temperature distribution in the plate.
y
x
U
0

T h ,
L
L
3 . 3 Fig.
HBC 2


T h ,
o
T
Semi-infinite plate leaves a
furnace at
o
T
35
Solution
(1) Observations
Symmetry
NHBC
(2) Origin and Coordinates
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
(1) 2-D
(2) Steady state
At
0 = x
plate is at
o
T
36
(4) Uniform velocity
, k
(3) Constant
p
c
and ,
(ii) Governing Equations
Define

= T T u
0 2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c

c
c
+
c
c
x
y x
u
|
u u
(a)
k
U c
p
2

| =
(b)
(5) Uniform and
h

T
37
(iii) Independent variable with 2 HBC: y-
variable
(iv) Boundary Conditions
(1)
0
) 0 , (
=
c
c
y
x u
(2)
) , (
) , (
L x h
y
L x
k u
u
=
c
c

(3)
0 ) , ( = y u
(4)

= T T y
0
) , 0 ( u
y
x
U
0

T h ,
L
L
Fig. 3.3
HBC 2

T h ,
o
T
38
(4) Solution
(i) Assumed Product Solution
) ( ) ( y Y x X = u
0 2
2
2
2
=
n n
n n
X
dx
dX
dx
X d
|
(c)
(d)
0
2
2
2
=
n n
n
Y
dy
Y d

(ii) Selecting the sign of the

2
n

terms
39
0 2
2
2
2
=
n n
n n
X
dx
dX
dx
X d
|
(e)
(f)
0
2
2
2
= +
n n
n
Y
dy
Y d

For : 0 =
n

(g)
0 2
0
2
0
2
=
dx
dX
dx
X d
|
(h)
0
2
0
2
=
dy
Y d
40
(iii) Solutions to the ODE
= ) (x X
n
2 2 2 2
exp exp ) exp(
n n n n
x B x A x | | | + + +
(i)
y D y C y Y
n n n n n
cos sin ) ( + = (j)
(k)
0 0 0
2 exp ) ( B x A x X + = |
And
(l)
y D C y Y
0 0 0
) ( + =
41

=
+ =
1
0 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
n
n n
y Y x X y Y x X y x u
(m)
Complete solution:
(iv) Application of Boundary Conditions
BC (1)
0
0
= = D C
n
BC (2)
Bi L L
n n
= tan (n)
0
0
= C
42
0 =
n
A
BC (3)
With
, 0
0 0
= = D C
0
0 0
= Y X
(3.17)
y x a y x
n
n n n

=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
1
2 2
cos exp ) , ( | | u
BC (4)

=
1
0
cos
n
n n
y a T T
(o)
43
(v) Orthogonality
Characteristic Functions:
y
n n
| cos = are solutions to equation (f).
Thus eq. (3.6) gives
1 = = w p
and
0 = q
(p)
2 HBC at
0 = y
and
L y =

y
n n
| cos = are orthogonal
Comparing (f) with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-
and 0
2 1
= = a a . 1
3
= a
Liouville equation with
44

=
L
n
L
n
n
ydy
ydy T T
a
0
2
0
0
cos
cos

to
Multiply both sides of (o) by , cos xdx
m
integrate
from
0 = x L x =
and apply orthogonality
L L L
L T T
a
n n n
n
n


cos sin 2
sin 2
0
+

=

(q)
45
(5) Checking
Dimensional check
Limiting check: If
0 0
) , ( , 0 T y x T q T T = = =

(6) Comments
. 0 = = | U For a stationary plate,
46
3.7 Cylindrical Coordinates: Examples
Example 3.5: Radial and Axial Conduction in
a Cylinder
Two solid cylinders
are pressed co-
axially with a force
F and rotated in
opposite directions.
Coefficient of friction is
.
Convection at the outer surfaces.
o
r
r
z

T h ,
L
0
2 HBC
e
e
Fig. 3.5
L

T h ,

T h ,

T h ,
47
Find the interface temperature.
Solution
(1) Observations
Symmetry
o
r
r
z

T h ,
L
0
2 HBC
e
e
Fig. 3.5
L

T h ,
T h ,

T h ,
Interface frictional heat
= tangential force x velocity
Transformation of B.C.,

= T T u
(2) Origin and Coordinates
48
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
(1) Steady
(2) 2-D
(4) Uniform interface pressure
(3) Constant
,
k
and
(6) Radius of rod holding cylinders is small
compared to cylinder radius
(ii) Governing Equations
(5) Uniform
h and

T
49
0
1
2
2
=
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
z
r
r
r r
u u
(3.17)
(iii) Independent variable with 2 HBC: r-
variable
(iv) Boundary conditions
(1)
, 0
) , 0 (
=
c
c
r
z u
or
= ) , 0 ( z u
finite
50
(2) ) , (
) , (
0
0
z r h
r
z r
k u
u
=
c
c

(3) ) , (
) , (
L r h
z
L r
k u
u
=
c
c

(4)
, c
=
c
2
0
( 0)
( )
r F
k r f r
z r
u
e
t
(4) Solution
(i) Assumed Product Solution
o
r
r
z

T h ,
L
0
2 HBC
e
e
Fig. 3.5
L

T h ,
T h ,

T h ,
51
) ( ) ( ) , ( z Z r R z r = u
(a)
0
1
2
=
(

R
dr
dR
r
dr
d
r
k
k

(b)
0
2
2
2
=
k k
k
Z
dz
Z d

(c)
(ii) Selecting the sign of the
2
k

r-variable has 2 HBC

52
0
2 2
2
2
2
= + +
k k
k k
R r
dr
dR
r
dr
R d
r
(d)
0
2
2
2
=
k k
k
Z
dz
Z d

(e)
0
0
2
0
2
= +
dr
dR
dr
R d
r
(f)
For
: 0
2
=
k

0
2
0
2
=
dz
Z d
(g)
53
(iii) Solutions to the ODE
(d) is a Bessel equation:
, 0 = = B A 0 = n , 1 = C ,
k
D =
Since
0 = n
and
D
is real
r Y B r J A r R
k k k k k

0 0
) ( + = (h)
Solutions to (e), (f) and (g):
z D z C z Z
k k k k k
cosh sinh ) ( + = (i)
54
0 0 0
B ln + = r A R (j)
0 0 0
D x C Z + = (k)
Complete solution
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
1
0 0
z Z r R z Z r R z r
k
k
k

=
+ = u (l)
(iv) Application of Boundary Conditions
BC (1)
= ) 0 (
0
Y
and
= 0 ln
Note:
55
0
0
= = A B
k
BC (2)
) ( ) (
0 0
,
0
0
r hJ r J
dr
d
k
k
z r
k
=
(m)
Bi
r J
r J
r
k
k
k
=
) (
) (
0 0
0 1
0

0
0
= B
k hr Bi
0
= (n)
BC (2)
56
Since
, 0
0 0
= = B A 0 = n
L L Bi L
L L Bi L
C D
k k k
k k k
k k


cosh ) ( sinh
sinh ) ( cosh
+
+
=

=
+
+
=
1
cosh ) ( sinh
sinh ) ( cosh
[sinh ) , (
k
k k k
k k k
k k
L L Bi L
L L Bi L
z a z r


u
) ]( cosh
0
r J z
k k

(3.20)
BC (3)
57
BC (4)
) ( ) (
0
1
r J a k r f
k k
k
k

=
= (o)
(v) Orthogonality
) (
0
r J
k

is a solution to (d) with 2HBC in

. r
and
Comparing (d) with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-
, / 1
1
r a = . 1
3
= a
Liouville equation with
, 0
2
= a
Eq. (3.6):
r w p = =
and
0 = q
(p)
58
) (
0
r J
k
and ) (
0
r J
i
are orthogonal with respect to
k
a
. ) ( r r w = Applying orthogonality, eq. (3.7), gives
) ( ] ) ( ) [
) ( ) ( 2
) (
) ( ) (
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
r J k hr r k
dr r rJ r f
dr r rJ k
dr r rJ r f
a
k k
r
k k
r
k k
r
k
k

+
= =
(q)
Interface temperature: set
0 = z
in eq. (3.20)
59
) (
cosh ) ( sinh
sinh ) ( cosh
) 0 , (
0
1
r J
L L Bi L
L L Bi L
a r
k
k
k k k
k k k
k



u

=
(
(

+
+
=
(r)
(5) Checking
Dimensional check: Units of
k
a
Limiting check: If 0 =
or
0 = e
then

=T z r T ) , (
(6) Comments
) ( x w
is not always equal to unity.
60
3.8 Integrals of Bessel Functions
=
0
0
2
) (
r
k n n
dr r rJ N
(3.21)
61
Table 3.1 Normalizing integrals for solid cylinders [3]
Boundary Condition at
(3.8a):
(3.8b):
(3.8c):
}
=
0
0
2
) (
r
k n n
dr r rJ N
0
r
0 ) (
0
= r J
k n

0
) (
0
=
dr
r dJ
k n

) (
) (
0
0
r hJ
dr
r dJ
k
k n
k n

=
2
0
2
2
0
) (
2 (
(

dr
r dJ r
k n
k

) ( ) (
2
1
0
2 2 2
0 2
r J n r
k n k
k

| | ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
0
2 2 2
0
2
2
r J n r Bi
k n k
k

62
3.9 Non-homogeneous Differential Equations
Example 3.6: Cylinder with Energy
Generation
L
a
T
o
T
r
o
r
q
' ' '
z 0
q
' ' '
0
Fig. 3.6
Solid cylinder generates
heat at a rate
One end is at
. q
' ' '
0
T while the other is insulated.
Cylindrical surface is at .
a
T
Find the steady state temperature distribution.
63
Solution
(1) Observations
Energy generation leads to
NHDE
Use cylindrical coordinates
L
a
T
o
T
r
o
r
q
' ' '
z
0
q
' ' '
0
Fig. 3.6
Define
a
T T = u
to make
BC at surface homogeneous
(2) Origin and Coordinates
64
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
(1) Steady state
(2) 2-D
k
(3) Constant
and
(ii) Governing Equations
Define
a
T T = u
65
0
1
2
2
=
' ' '
+
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
k
q
z
r
r
r r
u u
(3.22)
(iii) Independent variable with 2 HBC
(iv) Boundary conditions
(1)
= ) , 0 ( z u
finite
(2)
0 ) , (
0
= z r u L
a
T
o
T
r
o
r
q
' ' '
z
0
q
' ' '
0
Fig. 3.6
(3)
0
) , (
=
c
c
z
L r u
(4)
a
T T r =
0
) 0 , ( u
66
(4) Solution
) ( ) , ( ) , ( z z r z r | u + =
(a)
Substitute into eq. (3.22)
Split (b): Let
(c) 0
1
2
2
=
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
z
r
r
r r

Let:
0
1
2
2
2
2
=
' ' '
+ +
c
c
+
(

c
c
c
c
k
q
z d
d
z
r
r
r r
| + +
(b)
67
Therefore
NOTE:
(d) is a NHODE for the
) (z |
Guideline for splitting PDE and BC:
) , ( z r
(c) is a HPDE for

should be governed by HPDE and three HBC.
Let take care of the NH terms in PDE and BC ) (z |
) , ( z r

0
2
2
=
' ' '
+
k
q
z d
d |
(d)
68
BC (1)
= ) , 0 ( z
finite
(c-1)
BC (2)
) ( ) , (
0
z z r | =
(c-2)
BC (3)
0
) ( ) , (
= +
c
c
dz
L d
z
L r |
Let
(c-3) 0
) , (
=
c
c
z
L r
69
Thus
0
) (
=
dz
L d|
(d-1)
BC (4)
a
T T r = +
0
) 0 ( ) 0 , ( |
Let
(c-4)
0 ) 0 , ( = r
Thus
a
T T =
0
) 0 ( |
(d-2)
Solution to (d)
70
F Ez z
k
q
z + +
' ' '
=
2
2
) ( |
(e)
(i) Assumed Product Solution
) ( ) ( ) , ( z Z r R z r =
(f)
(f) into (c), separating variables
(g)
0
2
2
2
=
k k
k
Z
dz
Z d

0
2 2
2
2
2
= +
k k
k k
R r
dr
R d
r
dr
R d
r
(h)
71
(ii) Selecting the sign of the
2
k

terms
(i)
0
2
2
2
= +
k k
k
Z
dz
Z d

0
2 2
2
2
2
= +
k k
k k
R r
dr
R d
r
dr
R d
r
(j)
For
, 0 =
k

(k)
0
2
0
2
=
dz
Z d
72
0
0
2
0
2
2
= +
dr
R d
r
dr
R d
r
(l)
(iii) Solutions to the ODE
(m)
k k k k k
B A z Z cos sin ) ( + =
(j) is a Bessel equation with
, 0 = = = n B A , 1 = C
. i D
k
=
(n)
) ( ) ( ) (
0
r K D r I C z R
k k k o k k
+ =
73
Solution to (k) and (l)
(o)
0 0 0
) ( B z A z Z + =
(p)
0 0 0
ln ) ( D r C z R + =
Complete Solution:

=
+ + = O
1
0 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , (
k
k k
z Z r R z Z r R z z r | (q)
(iv) Application of Boundary Conditions
BC (c-1) to (n) and (p)
0
0
= =C D
k
74
BC (c-4) to (m) and (o)
0
0
= = B B
k
BC (c-3) to (m) and (o)
0
0
= A
Equation for
k

, 0 cos = L
k
or
2
) 1 2 ( t

=
k
L
k
,... 2 , 1 = k (r)
With 0
0 0
= = B A
0
0 0
= Z R
The solutions to
) , ( z r
become
75
z r I a z r
k
k
k k

=
=
1
0
sin ) ( ) , (
(s)
BC (d-1) and (d-2)

= T T F
0
k L q E /
' ' '
= and
) ( ) / ( ) / ( 2
2
) (
0
2
2

+
' ' '
= T T L z L z
k
L q
z |
(t)
BC (c-2)
) ( ) / ( ) / ( 2
2
0
2
2

+
' ' '
T T L z L z
k
L q
z r I a
k
k
k k

=
=
1
0 0
sin ) (
(u)
76
(v) Orthogonality
z
k
sin
are solutions to equation (i).
and
Comparing (i) with eq. (3.5a) shows that it is a Sturm-
. 1
3
= a
Liouville equation with
, 0
2 1
= = a a
Eq. (3.6) gives
0 = z
and
, L z =
2 HBC at z
k
sin are orthogonal
with respect to
1 = w
r w p = =
and
0 = q
77
dz T T L z L z
k
L q
k
L
sin ) ( ) / ( ) / ( 2
2
0
0
2
2

)

' ' '

=
L
k k k
dz r I a
0
2
0 0
sin ) (
Evaluating the integrals and solving for
k
a
2
0
/ ) (
) ( ) (
2
k a o
o k k
k
k q T T
r I L
a

' ' '
+

=
(v)
78
Solution to
) , ( z r u
(5) Checking
Limiting check:
0 =
' ' '
q
and
.
0
T T
a
=
Dimensional check: Units of
k L q /
2
' ' ' and of
k
a in
solution (s) are in C
(w)
a
T z r T z r = ) , ( ) , ( u
2
2
0
) / ( ) / ( 2
2
) ( L z L z
k
L q
T T
a

' ' '
+ =
z r I a
k
k
k k

=
+
1
0
sin ) (
79
3.10 Non-homogeneous Boundary Conditions
Method of Superposition:
Decompose problem
Example:
) ( y g
) ( x f
x
y
L
W
o
q
' '

T h ,
0
3.7 Fig.
Problem with 4 NHBC is decomposed
into 4 problems each having one NHBC
DE
0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
T
x
T
80
Solution:
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
4 3 2 1
y x T y x T y x T y x T y x T + + + =
) ( y g
) ( x f
x
y
L
W o
q
' '

T h ,
0

x
y
L
W o
q
' '
0
0 , h
0
0
x
y
L
W
0
0
0

T h ,
4
T
+
) ( x f
x
y
L
W
0
0 , h
0
3
T
+
) ( y g
x
y
L
W
0
0 , h
0
2
T
81