Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Sarah JR Ryu
CRC PhD Scholar Victoria University Melbourne Australia
Abstract
According to Poirier (2000) tourism today is second only to oil as the worlds leading export commodity, accounting for global earnings of more than $300 billion, or nearly 25 per cent of total world GNP. Over the last two decades, tourism has proved to be the worlds fastest growing economic sector, with average growth of 7.1 per cent per year in arrivals and 12.5 per cent in receipts. Despite these statistics, tourism growth in many countries has not been this high, in particular those countries confronted with various political instabilities that have caused to retard development in tourism.
Political stability and political relations influences the image of destinations in tourist-generating regions (Hall and OSullivan,1996) Media portrayal: books, magazines, newspapers, satellite and cable links has a substantial influence. Examples of political strife that cause problematic concerns in the attraction of visitors are: Warfare coups political strikes or protests Any evidence of domestic turmoil is likely to result in a decision not to visit that country. Ankomah and Crompton (1990, p19)
Introduction
Effects of Revolutions
Ejtrcito Zapatista de Liberacion National (EZLN) initiated an armed rebellion against the Mexican government.
The revolution resulted in 145 to 500 deaths (figures vary depending on the source). 1994 visitation to Mexico dropped by 70 per cent.
Effects of Terrorism
Turkey 1974, PKK Seeks to Establish Southeastern Marxist State Kurdistan Workers Party specifically targeted Turkeys tourism industry between 1991 and 1996. Bombed tourist sites, hotels and kidnapped foreign tourists.
Effects of Terrorism
Peru Formation of Maoist Terrorist Group
Effects of Terrorism
Egypt Late 1970s, Islamic Extremist Group Activity Egyptian Islamic extremist group works toward establishing an Islamic state Specifically targeted and launched attacks against Egypts tourism industry since 1992.
Effects of Terrorism
The First Gulf War, 1990
Massive impact on tourist visitation to the Middle East Broader impact on international tourism because of potential for terrorist attacks
The direct involvement of tourism in the battle of political ideology The ongoing conflict Israel v Palestine
Not only economical and street conflict, but political competition (Kobi, 2004)
Israel = promotion of own image through tourism, stimulate Zionist view of Palestine Palestine = Promotion of a distinctly Araboriented image of Israel
Summary
Political instability and war can increase the
perception of risk at a destination Political instability generates negative publicity, which results in an inevitable decrease in tourist arrivals
Risk perception can influence tourist decision-making and destinations can be severely affected. Policymakers from tourism destination countries need to be aware of how political instability is perceived
Conclusion
Despite the considerable body of evidence on the effects of political instability on both tourism income and potential for negative social and cultural outcomes, tourism management courses do not include any serious discussion of international politics and its influence on tourism. This paper, which is part of an ongoing research into risk management in tourism, attempts to address that by discussing the ways in which the political nature of tourism can be incorporated into tourism management subjects, particularly at postgraduate level.
Thank you!