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Tribology comprises the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion; that is, friction, lubrication and wear. Tribology is a vast and interdisciplinary subject, ranging from the fundamental physics of surface contact and adhesion to the application of advanced materials and lubricants to solve practical industrial friction and wear problems.
RJM, 9/16/06
Motivation:
Most common forms of metal failure:
Corrosion Fatigue (cyclic loading) Wear (surface abrasion due to excessive friction or lack of lubrication) = TRIBOLOGY
CASE STUDIES (my own)
RJM, 9/16/06
What is Friction
Force tangential to the interface of two contacting bodies = Ff.
Dynamic and static Dynamic produces heat
Coefficient of friction s and d
Ff N
Normal Force
All photos and figures Copyright, Prentice Hall
RJM, 9/16/06
F = Fa + Fp + Fs + Fn
RJM, 9/16/06
Ff N
All photos and figures Copyright, Prentice Hall
RJM, 9/16/06
RJM, 9/16/06
RJM, 9/16/06
s = Fa/N d = Fb/N
RJM, 9/16/06
Figure 3-8: Average n for various materials in reciprocating motion of an annular ring rider (.1 sq in) on a type 316 stainless steel counter face at 20 C 50% relative humidity at various normal forces. The stroke was 50 mm and the frequency was 0.5 Hertz. The friction force was averaged for eight cycles for each test.
RJM, 9/16/06
CASE Study:
Compression seal. Coefficient of friction was key for proper design and analysis.
RJM, 9/16/06
RJM, 9/16/06
CASE Study
RJM, 9/16/06
ABS
Polycarbonate
RJM, 9/16/06
RJM, 9/16/06
300 4" Sample #1 250 4" Sample#2 4" Sample #3 4" Sample w/ Polycarbonate contact
Load (lb)
200
150
100
Load Only
50
Deflection (in)
RJM, 9/16/06
300
250
FEA Results - Incumbent Seal FEA Results - QC-19095 FEA Results - Modified QC-19095
Load (lb)
200
150
Note, modified seal slightly stiffer at lower deflections and softer at higher deflections!
100
50
Deflection (in)
RJM, 9/16/06 All photos and figures Copyright, Prentice Hall
Stiffness Summary:
RJM, 9/16/06
Figure 5.14 Major Categories of wear and specific types of wear in each category.
RJM, 9/16/06
Types of Wear:
adhesion
adhesion
Figure 5-21: Galling wear severe adhesion actually leads to material flow up from the surface.
RJM, 9/16/06
adhesion
Figure 5-23: Fretting wear of splined shaft small oscillatory motion abrades surface looks like rust surface looks pitted.
RJM, 9/16/06
abrasion
RJM, 9/16/06
Surface fatigue
F 5-27 Pitting surface fatigue large roller thrust bearing race compressive stress developed between roller bearing and race = pitting. Material actually fatigued and removed from surface!!
RJM, 9/16/06
Surface fatigue
Surface fatigue
F 5-30: Brinelling brinelling of bearing race due to static overload. Note brinelling more of a static failure (indentation) versus fatigue or wear failure.
RJM, 9/16/06 All photos and figures Copyright, Prentice Hall
Key: Dislocation s
Figure 5-15: Types of Erosion Note all involve fluids or smoke (particulates)
RJM, 9/16/06
Types of Erosion
erosion
erosion
5-17: Slurry erosion due to pumping slurry mixture of silica and water
RJM, 9/16/06
RJM, 9/16/06
Case Study WEAR Requirement: Coat steel flight bars on conveyor of continuous miner with soft material for noise reduction. Must meet life requirement of 500,000 tons of coal (min) without significant wear.
RJM, 9/16/06
12CM Series
12HM Series
14CM Series
Commitment to Health & Safety Industry Leading Dust and Noise Reduction Initiatives
Wethead Cutterhead System Dual Sprocket Conveyor
Ongoing Developments
RJM, 9/16/06
RJM, 9/16/06
Compound No.
Rheometer Data
Compression Set
Taber
Ml XM-AR (1) XM-AR (2) XM-AR (3) XM-AR (4) XM-AR (5) 3.28 3.72 3.56 2.41 2.62
ts1
tc90
tan Delta @ Cure Mh Time 0.09 5m35s 0.09 5m20s 0.09 5m11s 0.07 5m55s 0.07 5m21s
Cure 100% 100% Temper Modulu Elong Duro Modulu Elong Duro ature s ation Tensile meter s ation Tensile meter 155 155 155 155 155 496 870 590 736 498 479 290 451 352 423 3439 2504 3405 2562 2981 67.6 75.1 70.6 72 65.6 6.1 2.5 2.7 12.9 7.7 -1.5 -4.5 -0.7 5.4 8.7 -2.2 -5.5 -3.7 8.8 4.7
Cure Time
Cure Temper 22 hrs mg loss ature @ 70 C per rev. 155 155 155 155 155 24.4 25.3 27.4 20.3 19.6 0.0892 0.0305 0.006 0.0187 0.0163
XM-AR (6)
XM-AR (7) XM-AR (8) XM-AR (9) XM-AR (10) Incumbent Mat'l
3.31
0.49 0.77 0.74 3.69
24.85
17.82 20.58 23.83 26.06
127.8 359.58
150 404.82 114 381.98 123.6 434.22 61.2 286.38
0.07 6m0s
0.03 6m45s 0.04 6m22s 0.04 7m14s 0.07 4m37s
155
155 155 155 155
683
780 1306 695 912
393
527 517 524 310
2856
4318 4032 4577 2691
72
68.5 74.2 71.2 76.2
3.5
12.3 -0.3 23.2 3.6
2.3
-20.3 -10.8 -12.4 -9.4
0.7
-14.5 0.6 -2.6 -5.8
2.2 11m0s
1.8 11m45 2.6 11m22s 3.6 12m14s 0.4 9m37s
155
155 155 155 155
9.4
45.4 34.2 39.2 25.7
0.0163
0.0261 0.164 0.0239 0.0108 0.0154
RJM, 9/16/06
300,000 tons Key Property: Abrasion resistance?? Tear Strength?? Coef of Friction??
RJM, 9/16/06 All photos and figures Copyright, Prentice Hall