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Mechanical energy losses due to straight and fittings in a viscous pipe flow system

Masangkay, Ramon Noche, Sandy Ordillano, Graziela Pacia, Rose Mardie

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Objectives:
To measure the energy losses through the straight pipe and fittings in a pipe flow system. To determine the relation of energy losses to the volumetric flow rate in a pipe flow system from actual data. To measure the performance of the fluid flow system in the lab by comparing the design calculations with the experimental data.

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Introduction
Pipe flows belong to a broader class of flows, called internal flows, where the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. The nature of pipe flow is dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar and this is due to the differences in the nature of the shear stress in laminar and turbulent flows.
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The shear stress in the laminar flow is the direct result of momentum transfer among the randomly moving molecules. The shear stress in turbulent flow is a result of momentum transfer among the randomly moving, finite-sized fluid particles.
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Consequently, the physical properties of the shear stress is different for laminar than for turbulent flow. For laminar flow, it is independent of density, thus, leaving the viscosity as the very important property; while for turbulent flow, density is an important property.

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When a fluid flows through a pipe, there is a loss of pressure in the fluid, because energy is required to overcome the viscous or frictional forces exerted by the walls of the pipe on the moving fluid. This can be seen in the Mechanical energy balance equation: PE +KE+ P +F =Ws -P =F

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In addition to the energy lost due to frictional forces, the flow also loses energy (or pressure) as it goes through fittings, such as valves, elbows, contractions and expansions.

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Equipments/ Materials:
-Fluid flow unit -U-tube manometer -Water hose -Water -Ruler -Pail

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Procedure
Start Up

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Experimental Procedure
Locate the designated horizontal run
Close other isolating valves

Set the opening Measure the steady of the entry state static valve to the pressures using the designated U-tube manometer degree Repeat steps 2 and 3 for a different volumetric flow rate
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Shut Down
Open all isolating valves
Slowly reduce the flow rate by reducing the degree of opening of the entry valve

Switch off the pump

Open the drain valve

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Data and Results:

Rm 26.67 25.67 23 22 20 18.67 17.67 16 15 14.33
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F 2.61 2.52 2.25 2.16 1.96 1.83 1.73 1.57 1.47 1.40

Sample Calculations:
Experimental

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Theoretical:

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Flow rate (gal/hr) 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350

Velocity( m/s) 1.715 1.608 1.501 1.394 1.286 1.179 1.072 0.965 0.858 0.750

f 0.0216 0.022 0.0223 0.0227 0.0231 0.0236 0.0241 0.0248 0.0255 0.0263

F 2.34 2.14 1.89 1.66 1.44 1.236 1.044 0.870 0.707 0.557

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References:
Munson, B. R., Young, D.F., and Okiishi, T. H., Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998.

http://www.eng.fsu.edu/~alvi/EML4304L/webpage/e

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Thank You!
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