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Lecture 1
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Definition of ionizing radiation Types of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation Definition of LET and quality of ionizing radiation Generation of free radicals Direct and indirect action of ionizing radiation
Lecture 1
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Lecture 1
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A study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things LD/50 = 4 Gy 4 Gy = 67 calories 67 calories = 3 ml sip of 60C coffee
Radiation Biology
Lecture 1
Different Cell Types Different Cell Types Different Cell Cycle Different Cell Cycle Different Cell Targets Different Cell Targets
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Lecture 1
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The absorption of energy from radiation in biologic material may lead to excitation or to ionization. If the radiation has sufficient energy to eject orbital electrons from the atom or molecule, the process is called ionization and that radiation is said to be
IONIZING RADIATION
Ionizing Radiation
Lecture 1
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The important characteristic of ionizing radiation is the localized release of large amounts of energy. The energy per ionizing event 33 eV well enough to break a chemical bond (ex. C=C bond is 4.9 eV).
Lecture 1
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Definition of ionizing radiation Types of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation Definition of LET and quality of ionizing radiation Generation of free radicals Direct and indirect action of ionizing radiation
Lecture 1
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IONIZING X-rays and -rays differ nature RADIATION do notthe wayinthey are or in properties, only in
produced
Electromagnetic Particular
Lecture 1
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=c
All forms of electromagnetic radiation have the same velocity, but different wavelength, and therefore different frequencies
Lecture 1
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The
Like X-rays, radio waves, radar, radiant heat, laser and visible light are Electromagnetic Spectrum forms of electromagnetic radiation. They have the same velocity but different wavelengths.
For example, radio wave have a wavelength of 300m; visible light - 5x10-5; X-rays - 1x10-8cm.
Lecture 1
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X-rays may be thought of as electromagnetic waves and-alternativelyas streams of photons, or packets of energy
Each energy packet contains an amount of energy equal to E=h, where
h is Plancks constant and is the frequency If a radiation has a long wavelength, it has a small frequency (=c),
and so the energy per photon is small. Conversely, radiation with short wavelength will have a large frequency and hence the energy per photon is large. In their biological effects, electromagnetic radiations are considered to be ionizing if they have a photon energy in excess of 124 eV, which corresponds to a wavelength shorter than about 10-6 cm.
Lecture 1 Ahmed Group
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Lecture 1
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Lecture 1
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The biologic effect of radiation is determined by the photon size of the energy, not by the amount of energy absorbed. Lethal dose of 4Gy corresponds to only 67 cal of the total energy absorbed
Mass = 70kg LD/50/60 = 4Gy Energy absorbed = 70 x 4 = 280 joules 280 = 67 calories 4.18
Lecture 1
Excess temperature (0C) = 60 - 37 = 23 Volume of coffee consumed to equal the energy in the LD/50/60 = 67 23 = 3 ml = 1 sip
Mass = 70 kg Height lifted to equal the energy in the LD/50/60 = 280 70 x 0.0981 = 0.4 m (16 inches)
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Particulate Radiations
Electrons Protons -Particles Neutrons Deuterons Heavy charged particles These types of radiation occur in nature and also are used experimentally, in radiation therapy and diagnostic radiology
Lecture 1
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Alpha Radiation ()
Nuclei of helium atoms 2 protons and 2 neutrons Heavy, slow, +2 charge Can be accelerated in electrical devices similar to those used for protons High linear energy transfer (LET) Low penetrability They are also emitted during the decay of heavy naturally occuring radionuclides:
210
Po 84
206
82
Pb +
He 2
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Lecture 1
Lecture 1
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Beta Radiation ()
Electron emitted from nucleus Light, Fast, -1 charge Can be accelerated to high energies in betatron or linear accelerator. Widely used in cancer therapy Can travel several feet in air and has a medium penetrability The range of beta particle is considerably greater than an alpha particle Beta particle may transfer energy through ionization, excitation and it can produce a Bremsstrahlung radiation (X-rays)
Lecture 1 Ahmed Group
Alpha particles and beta particles are cosidered directly ionizing because they carry a charge and can, therefore, interact directly with atomic electrons through coulombic forces (i.e. like charges repel each other; opposite charges attract each other).
Lecture 1
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Neutrons (n)
Neutral particle Classified by energy: Thermal neutrons E < 1eV Fast neutrons E > 10 keV Indirectly ionizing (no electrical charge). Ionization is caused by charged particles, which are produced during collisions with atomic nuclei Neutrons are also emitted as byproducts of fission of heavy unstable radioactive atoms. With the exception of 209 Bi each nucleus with an atomic number greater than 82 is unstable. Neutrons interaction depends on the neutron energy and the material of the absorber: Scattering: elastic and inelastic; capture; spallation
Lecture 1 Ahmed Group
Neutron
Alpha particle
Lecture 1
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Lecture 1
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At high energies (100 keV-10 MeV) characteristic of a cobalt-60 unit or a linear accelerator used for radiotherapy, the Compton process dominates
Lecture 1
Part of the photon energy is given to the electron as kinetic energy. The photon proceeds with reduced energy
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It is a predominant mode of photon interaction at: relatively low photon energies high atomic number Z
Lecture 1
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Absorption of neutrons
elastic collision
Neutrons lose their energy by elastic collision with nuclei of similar mass. In soft tissues interaction of a fast neutron with the hydrogen nuclei (protons) is the dominant process of energy transfer. Part of the energy of the neutron is given to the proton as kinetic energy. Deflected neutron proceeds with reduced energy.
Lecture 1
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Inelastic scattering
At energies above 6MeV inelastic scattering contributes to energy loss in the absorbing material. The neutron may interact with carbon or oxygen nucleus to produce three of four -particles. These are known as spallation products which are very important at higher energies.
Lecture 1
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NON-IONIZING RADIATION
Can cause excitation of atoms where electrons jump to higher atomic energy levels but are not removed from the atom: - UV light - Lasers - Microwave - Radio waves - Infrared Waves
Lecture 1
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Ultraviolet Radiation
Lecture 1
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Definition of ionizing radiation Types of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation Definition of LET and quality of ionizing radiation Generation of free radicals Direct and indirect action of ionizing radiation
Lecture 1
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Lecture 1
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Radiation with LET of 100 keV/M is the most efficient in producing biological damage. The average separation between ionizing events coincides with the diameter of the DNA double helix
Lecture 1
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A 500-keV proton, produced by lower energy neutrons (e.g., from fission spectrum) or by higherenergy neutrons after multiple collisions. The ionizations form a dense column along the track of the particle.
Lecture 1
A 1-MeV electron, produced for example, by photons of cobalt-60- -rays. The particle is very sparsely ionizing. A 5-keV electron, typical of secondary electrons produced by x-rays of diagnostic quality. This particle is also sparsely ionizing but a little denser than the higherenergy electron.
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incident radiation
air
low LET (, x, ~)
LET = linear energy transfer
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Lecture 1
Lecture 1
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Definition of ionizing radiation Types of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation Definition of LET and quality of ionizing radiation Generation of free radicals Direct and indirect action of ionizing radiation
Lecture 1
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HOH
radiation
HOH+
e-
OH- + H
Ion pair (H+, OH-)
Free radicals initiate chemical reactions that lead to the production of damage via indirect action in the cell. The following outline summarizes the general sequence of events that occurs in the cell via indirect action:
X-ray photon fast electron (e) ion radical free radical chemical changes biologic effect
Lecture 1
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Definition of ionizing radiation Types of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation Definition of LET and quality of ionizing radiation Generation of free radicals Direct and indirect action of ionizing radiation
Lecture 1
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When ionizing radiation interacts with a cell, ionizations and excitations are produced either in critical biological macromolecules (e.g. DNA) or in the medium in which the cellular organelles are suspended (e.g. water, HOH). Based on the site of these interactions, the action of radiation on the cell can be classified as either direct or indirect.
Lecture 1
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Electromagnetic radiations such as X- and gamma-rays are indirectly ionizing. In indirect action the critical site is damaged by reactive species produced by ionizations elsewhere in the cell, which in turn damage the target
Lecture 1
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Lecture 1
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Direct action dominates for more densely ionizing radiations such as neutrons because the secondary charged particles produced result in a dense column of ionizations more likely to interact with DNA.
Lecture 1
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