QUEST INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY PERAK Faculty of Business, Management, and Social Sciences

Human behavior
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 to thinks, calculate, feels and control motivation Disease Neurogenesis diseases

e.g. Huntingtons disease and muscular

Brain

dystrophy Developmental disorders e.g. cerebral palsy Degenerative diseases e.g.Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers disease cerebrovascular diseases e.g.stroke and vascular dementia Trauma e.g.Spinal cord and head injury Convulsive disorders e.g.epilepsy Infectious diseases e.g.AIDS dementia and 7/28/12 Brain tumours

Topic
* attempt to discuss about the most important technologies

*advantages and disadvantages

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MRI

* Magnetic Reasoning Imaging * 1980s * Alzheimers, strokes,

meningitis, and brain tumours * uses magnetic and radio waves -radiation * Cost min RM1600 max RM7500

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MRI used for

scanning the brain and spinal cord. used to scan Chest Abdomen blood vessel bones. helps to diagnose various medical conditions and diseases detects any abnormalities such as Tumours Infection injury bleeding diseases of the blood vessels An MRI scan may also be performed to examine a problem that has been detected in an x-ray, CT scan or ultrasound scan.

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Advantages

MRI

Disadvantages

Not painful No radiation Can repeat Diagnosing stroke in earliest stage Ability image in any place Can create axial image

People with pacemaker cannot have MRI Mobility obese cannot fit Claustrophobic patients cannot usually use MRI Tremendous noise Risk for 12 months pregnancy Hold till for long periods takes 20-90 minutes Orthopaedic hardware can cause severe distortions on the images are very expensive
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PET/CT
What is PET/CT?
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Position Emission Tomography - measuring and detecting cancerous growths and tumours in the brain Computerized Tomography - tumours and abnormalities * By combining the two images (the PET scan and CT scan) a doctor receives an even fuller and more complete picture

PET machine

Stroke brain by CT 7/28/12 scan

About PET scan

What are PET scans used for? Currently, PET scans are most commonly used to detect: - cancer - heart problems - brain disorders - central nervous system disorders

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Is it the PET scan painful?

Is the PET scan painful? - radioactive substance is inserted into your vein you will feel temporary pain. There shouldn't be any pain during the actual PET scan. What other tests are combined with a PET scan? PET scan is often combined with other imaging tests, such as CT scan and MRI. The combination of the tests improves the clarity of the images and makes it easier for the physician to interpret the results.

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Duration of procedure/surgery: The test takes between 1.5 to 2 hours to complete.
o o

Duration

Days admitted: PET scan is done on an outpatient basis. No hospitalization is required. Risks: A radioactive substance is used during a PET scan, but the amount of radiation that you are exposed to is low and is not considered dangerous
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Cost is between RM 3000-RM6000 However, for pregnant woman and for woman who are breastfeeding, the radioactive material might be harmful

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PET/CT
Advantages The exam is painless and safe. Provides earlier detection of recurrent cancer. Tells the difference between nonmalignant (benign) and malignant tumours. Reduces invasive procedures and multiple tests. Avoids unnecessary surgery. Accurately assesses the location and stage of the malignant disease. Locates previously unknown metastases. Reduces the time to diagnosis and leads to earlier treatment.

Disadvantages Explode to radioactive Pregnant women unsuitable cost expensive hard to detect small abnormalities discomfort

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EEG

* Electroencephalography * is a tool for measuring

electrical activity generated in the brain * for exploring neutral activity and brain functioning * People with epilepsy will often have abnormal electrical activity seen on this test. * need to wear an EEG recorder for days or weeks while you go about your everyday life

A subject wearing an EEG cap fitted with 128 electrodes.

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BRAIN WAVES eyes and relax close their

Brain waves have been categorized into four basic groups

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EEG readings at various levels of alertness.

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Click icon to add picture (1) monitor alertness, coma and brain death; (2) locate areas of damage following head injury, stroke, tumour, (3) test afferent pathways (by evoked potentials) (4) monitor cognitive engagement (alpha rhythm) (5) produce biofeedback situations, alpha, etc. (6) control anaesthesia depth (servo anaesthesia) (7) investigate epilepsy and locate seizure origin; (8) test epilepsy drug effects (9) assist in experimental cortical excision of epileptic focus (10) monitor human and animal brain development (11) test drugs for convulsive effects (12) investigate sleep disorder and physiology
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According to R. Bickford [8] research and clinical applications of the EEG in humans and animals are used to:

EEG
Advantages

Disadvantages

painless accurately detect brain activitybrain waves inexpensive

poor spatial resolution have to take long time

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CONCLUSION

The most sensitive scanning process was the PET/CT MRI and EEG were equally sensitive MRI 3 times more expensive than EEG

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PREPARED BY:

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MALATHI

BALA

VIJAY
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