Quality Monitoring tools Control Chart Radar Chart Histogram

Click to edit Master subtitle style

8/2/12

Objectives: To be able to enumerate and discuss what are the quality monitoring tools. To be able to define what are control chart, histogram, and radar charts; who uses it, when to use it and how to use it.

To be able to explain the differences of control chart, histogram, and radar chart.
8/2/12

Introduction Most of the organizations use quality tools for various purposes related to controlling and assuring quality. Although there are a good number of quality tools specific to certain domains, fields, and practices, some of the quality Click to edit Master subtitle style tools can be used across such domains. These quality tools are quite generic and can be applied to any condition. Control chart, radar chart and histogram are some quality monitoring tools used in organizations. These tools can provide much 8/2/12

Control charts statistical tools used to analyze and understand process, variables, to determine the processs capability to perform with respect to those variables, and to monitor the effect of those variables between customer needs and process performance. A Control Chart is a tool you can use to monitor a process. It graphically depicts the average value and the upper and lower control limits (the 8/2/12

Who uses it? The management, the team. Why use it? All processes have some form of variation. A Control Chart helps you distinguish between normal and unusual variation in a process. If you want to reduce the amount of variation in a process, you need to compare the results of the process 8/2/12

Variation can exist for two reasons:

1.

2.

Common causesare flaws inherent in the design of the process. Special causesare variations from standards caused by employees or by unusual circumstances or events.
8/2/12

Most variations in processes are caused by flaws in the system or the process, not by the employees. Once you realize this, you can stop blaming the employees and start changing the systems and processes that cause the employees to make mistakes. (It is important to remember, however, that some variations are not "mistakes" introduced by employees, but, rather, they are innovations.Some variations are
8/2/12

When to use it? First, you need todefine the standardsof how things should be. Then, you need to monitor (collect data) about processes in your organization. Then, you create a control graph using the monitoring data. How to use it: 1. Select the process to be charted and decide on the type of control chart to use. . Use a Percent Nonconforming Chart if you have data measured using two outcomes (for example, the billing can be correct or incorrect). 8/2/12
.

 2. Determine your sampling method and plan: Choose the sample size (how many samples will you obtain?). Choose the frequency of sampling, depending on the process to be evaluated (months, days, years?). Make sure you get samples at random (don't always get data from the same person, on the same day of the week, etc.). 3. Start data collection: Gather the sampled data. 8/2/12

 4. Calculate the appropriate statistics (the control limits) depending on the type of graph. 5. Observation: The control graph is divided into zones: ______________________________ Upper Control Limit (UCL) ______________________________ Standard (average) ______________________________ Lower Control Limit (LCL)
8/2/12

6. Interpret the graph: If the data fluctuates within the limits, it is the result of common causes within the process (flaws inherent in the process) and can only be affected if the system is improved or changed. If the data falls outside of the limits, it is the result of special causes (in human service organizations, special causes can include bad instruction, lack of training, ineffective processes, or8/2/12

These special causes must be eliminated before the control chart can be used as a monitoring tool. In a health setting, for example, staff may need better instruction or training, or processes may need to be improved, before the process is "under control." Once the process is "under control," samples can be taken at regular intervals to assure that the process does not fundamentally change. A process is said to be "out of control" if one or more points falls 8/2/12 outside the control limits.

8/2/12

A radar chart graphically shows the size of the gaps among five to ten organizational performance areas. The chart displays the important categories of performance and makes visible concentrations of strengths and weaknesses. When to use it: A radar chart shows how a team has evaluated a number of organizational performance areas. It is therefore essential that the initial evaluation include 8/2/12 varied perspectives to provide an overall

How to use it: Create categories. Use headers from an affinity diagram or brainstorm major categories of organizational performance to be plotted. A radar chart can normally include five to ten categories. Standardize performance definitions. Have all evaluators agree to use standardized definitions of both full performance and non-performance in each category so that ratings are performed consistently. Define the scoring range 8/2/12

Rate each performance category. Each evaluator rates each category individually, and the team then develops an average or consensus score for each category. Alternatively, the team as a whole may initially develop an average or consensus score for each category.

8/2/12

Construct the chart.

1.

Draw a large circle and insert as many spokes or radii as there are performance categories. Around the perimeter of the circle, label each spoke with the title of a performance category. Subdivide each spoke into the number of increments established in the rating scale. Label the center of the circle where spokes join as 0 (no performance) and place the highest rating number (full or exceptional performance) at the end of the spoke at the 8/2/12 outer ring. (You may want to draw additional

1.

1.

Plot the ratings. For each performance category, plot on the chart the associated rating. Then connect the plotted points on all the spokes. Highlight the enclosed central shape as necessary for ease in viewing. Interpret and use the results. The resulting radar chart will graphically show areas of relative strength and relative weakness, as well as depicting general overall performance.
8/2/12

Radar/Spider Chart Example

8/2/12

The histogram can be helpful in estimating process capability. Alternatively, a stem-and-leaf diagram may be substituted for the histogram. At least 100 or more observations should be available for the histogram (or the stem-and-leaf diagram) to be moderately stable so that a reasonably reliable estimate of process capability may be obtained. An advantage of using the histogram to estimate process capability is that it gives an immediate, 8/2/12 process visual impression of

Why use it? Measure numerical quantities as opposed to categorical classifications. They typically examine intervals rather than single numbers, although either type of value is acceptable for histograms. The second key component of a histogram is a natural order of values; the variables must be plotted and graphed in a certain sequence. For example, graphing the age range 18-35 adjacent to 65+ would make little sense and could create a misleading or confusing representation of data.
8/2/12

Appearance

The x-axis of a histogram contains a set of numerical values, which are usually intervals; some possibilities are age ranges, rainfall amounts or height intervals. The y-axis shows the scale by which the chosen numerical value is being measured. For example, to graph the number of people in a group in certain age ranges, plot the age ranges on the x-axis and the number of people on 8/2/12 the y-axis. The bars of a histogram

8/2/12

Applications

Histograms organize distributions of data into an easily understood graphical form. Their primary use is showing how often different sets of variables occur, and they help you tell at a glance which variable occurs most frequently. Additionally, histograms can reveal whether the frequency of variables is evenly distributed or skewed to one side of the graph because the numerical values must be plotted in 8/2/12 order.

Differences of the charts Histogram is used for illustrating the frequency and the extent in the context of two variables. Chart with columns. This represents the distribution by mean. Control chart is the best tool for monitoring the performance of a process. used for monitoring any processes related to function of the organization. Radar charts are useful when you want to look at several different factors all related to one item. Radar charts have8/2/12 multiple

Lesson learned In this study, we are able to enumerate and discuss what are the quality monitoring tools. We are also able to define what are control chart, histogram, and radar charts; who uses it, when to use it, how to use it and their differences.
8/2/12

Bibliography: Books: Montgomery, Douglas, C.,(2001).Introduction to Statistical Quality Control Using the Histogram;John Wiley & sons, Inc., p352 Gitlow, Howard, S., Oppenheim, Alan, J., Oppenheim, Rosa., Levine, David, M.(3rd edition). Quality management The structure of control charts; Mcgraw-Hill companies, Inc., p150 Electronic Resources: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/.07-07-12
Click to edit Master http://erc.msh.org.07-07-12 subtitle style

http://www.ehow.com.07-07-12

8/2/12