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Operations Department
Ditching, Water Survival and Why You May Need A New ELT
How to manage the risks of flying over water
Skills you never want to use, but youd better know just in case!
Robert T. Shafer, Operations (Response) Department - Deputy Chief U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary
How to plan not to ditch, but how to stay alive if you do.
The Hazard Cold water can kill Things to do to prevent trouble Risk Assessment and Management What to do if things go very wrong Ditching Technique How to call for help - Signaling How to stay alive until help comes Water Survival Stuff to use to help stay alive Equipment (Including those new ELTs)
Some Terms
Ditching:
Forced landing of an aircraft on water. (Not crashing) Survive: To remain alive. SAR Search and Rescue: Use of available resources to assist persons in distress.
Surface water temperatures in the Great Lakes range from highs in late August around 65F to 70F To a low in late December through late March of about 32, or. . .
The Hazard
ice water.
Its not just the Great Lakes! Long term average Sea Surface Temperatures on much of both the East and West coast are less than 50 F.
The Hazard
Due to extreme cold, lack of muscle coordination begins within 10-15 minutes, making self rescue difficult.
Water conducts heat 25 times faster than air of the same temperature.
File an Flight Plan - VFR or IFR Use Lake / Island Reporting Service, or Use Flight Following
Reduce Probability
Most
sudden engine stoppages are fuel related. Check the fuel carefully for sufficient quantity and quality (correct type, no contamination). Then check it again. Make sure all tanks needed are feeding correctly before going feet wet (over water).
Reduce Severity
Be
Wear
Have
a Plan
Practice
your Plan
Reduce Severity
Yes,
wear the PFDs when flying over water. They are very difficult to put on in the plane, while you are preparing to ditch. They do no good way in the back of the plane with the tow bar, spare oil can, expired charts, tie down ropes and $100 hamburger wrappers.
Be Prepared!
Most
Ditchings occur in critical phases of flight Take Off, Landing or Hover. 92% have less than 1 minute warning. 28% have less than 15 seconds warning.
Preventative SAR
Always
If
If
you dont know where you are, how can you tell them to come get you?
Recognition
Don't
be in Denial (It's not just a river in Egypt) At 500 ft you have about 30 seconds before impact Fly the Airplane - Best Glide Speed Make Radio Call - MAYDAY - Position - POB (Persons on Board) - Intentions Activate ELT - Transponder to 7700 Aim for any vessels you see.
Initial Actions
Secure
Loose Items Get Raft Ready Secure Door or Canopy Open Stow Headsets & Loose Items Remove & Stow Eyeglasses Tighten Restraining Gear Broadcast MAYDAY FLY THE PLANE!
Ditching
Determine the direction of the Swells and of the Wind. Fuel Off unless power is still available. If power is still available, use it to insure control and a margin above stall. In retracts, leave gear up. Tighten PFD's and restraints Have Passengers assume Brace Positions Reduce Sink Rate
DO
NOT STALL!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home In flight Emergencies -------
Brace Positions
Keep feet outside of seat crush zone. Feet forward of seat and flat on floor.
Brace Positions
Cross arms. Slip thumbs under shoulder harness straps. Grip straps firmly.
Brace Positions
Tuck head into the V formed by your crossed arms. This will help prevent your neck from rotating forward and hyper extending.
Brace Positions
Seat belts should be low on the hips and as tight as possible. Shoulder restraints should be tightened as much as possible. Seat should be aft as far as possible.
Brace Positions
For single strap shoulder restraint systems, Grasp the single strap as shown earlier.
Brace Positions
Then grasp your shoulder with the other hand. Again, this forms a V in which you nest your head.
Brace Positions
Then tuck your head into the V formed by your arms, Grip the shoulder strap and your unrestrained shoulder very tightly.
Ditching
If no power is available, a greater than normal approach speed should be used down to the flare. This speed margin will allow the glide to be broken early and more gradually, thereby giving the pilot time and distance to feel for the surface -decreasing the possibility of stalling high or flying into the water.
- - - Aircraft Emergency Procedures Over Water, USCG CG-306
Ditching
Calm Water - Land into wind Low wind speed - Land parallel to swells, on top of swell if possible High Wind speed - Land into wind on back side of swells
Avoid
Ditching
To prevent them from being broken if the yoke is forced back by the impact.
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home In flight Emergencies -------
Touchdown!
Brace for Impact w/ thumbs outside of yoke. Touchdown at the lowest speed possible, but dont lose control. Use soft field landing technique. Use any power still available. Plane may or may not be upright. You have about a 50/50 chance of being upright or inverted. It may be dark. You may be underwater. Keep your shoes on! Dont panic!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home In flight Emergencies -------
Egress
Establish and Hold Reference Point Keep your feet on the deck to maintain orientation. Remember what was on your right when you were upright is still on your right when you are inverted. Do not release restraints till motion stops! Dont let go with both hands at the same time!
Egress
Open Doors - Windows Wait for Motion to Stop Take Deep Breaths before being submerged. Count 3 - 4 seconds - release harness Use Hand over Hand method to Egressalways have one hand in contact w/ the aircraft to remain oriented. Keep your feet on the deck to remain oriented. DO NOT INFLATE PFDs until clear of aircraft!
From AOPA Pilot July 1999 by Thomas Home In flight Emergencies -------
To find sources, search the Web using Seat Belt Cutter in your favorite search engine.
A Seat Belt Cutter may be a useful tool to have readily available. They are inexpensive, and could save your life if your restraints do not release.
Survival
Get
Away from Aircraft Inflate PFD Do a Head Count Deploy Raft - Get In Inventory Gear - Assess Situation
PFD Get out of the Water - Raft or Immersion Suit Get help Signaling Gear, PLB
Rescue!
SoSpenders Mustang
Light Weight & Comfortable. Relatively inexpensive.
Manufactures several inflatable vests including Airline style and quick donning pouch vests.
to Live - Most important in all survival situations. Flotation - Personal Flotation Device (PFD) essential. Heat Retention - Clothing / Raft / Survival Gear
Afloat Stay Dry Stay Still Stay Warm Stay with Aircraft / Boat
Stay Afloat
Must breathe to prevent drowning Must control panic to breathe. Panic decreases ability to float. Lifejacket / PFD Non-swimmers need assistance of PFD. Provides advantage recovering from cold shock and allows better breath control. Without PFD Flotation is possible even with heavy clothes. Trapped air in clothing assists flotation. Hold onto floating debris.
Stay Dry
Get out of water ASAP. If thats impossible, get main heat loss areas out of water (hang on to floating object). Get head dry and out of water. Head in water increases heat loss by 80% over head out of water. A dry suit is best protection, but not as good as being out of the water.
Stay Still
Movement
increases circulation and heat exchange in extremities. Staying still decreases heat loss by 30% over swimming or treading. It is difficult to float motionless with out Lifejacket / PFD
Stay Warm
Main
Sides of Chest Protect main heat loss areas Wear coat & hat
Stay Warm
If
getting out of water is impossible, assume HELP, HUDDLE, Human Carpet or Human Chain positions. These positions double survival time over swimming or treading. These positions are impossible without a PFD.
Stay Warm
H.E.L.P.
Heat Escape Lessening Posture Impossible without a PFD
HUDDLE
A group hug to conserve heat Impossible without a PFD
STAY WARM
Human Chain
Human Carpet
Life Rafts
Patten Group
1 Man LRU-18/U Raft This is the One Man Yacht used by the Coast Guard Also available with protective covers
Life Rafts
The Patten Group one person raft is also available in a wearable package. This insures that the raft goes out of the plane when you do.
Life Rafts
Winslow Life Raft
Manufactures a wide variety of excellent quality rafts,suitable for boats, aircraft, off shore, etc.
ADC
Aviation Dry Suit Coverall
Worn with special undergarments, ADCs are expensive, require training and maintenance. But for pilots who spend a lot of time over water, they may be lifesavers.
That depends a great deal on your prior planning! Does anyone know that youre in trouble? Did you file a Flight Plan? Did you send a MAYDAY? Were you in communication w/ ATC, an AFSS, or anyone else? Did your ELT automatically activate or did you manually activate your ELT, or PLB? If no one knows youre there, get comfy. Itll be a while!
How long. . . ?
If in contact w/ ATC, rescue services will be notified immediately. Accurate position info greatly expedites recovery. A 406 MHz ELT or PLB gives immediate notification, accurate location.
At ETA +30 min an INREQ -Information Request is sent by FSS or ARTCC to begin a PRECOM phone calls to enroute airports and quick ramp checks. ALNOT - ALERT NOTICE - sent 1 hour after an INREQ. EXCOM begins All ATC Facilities are notified. Search area is up to 50 miles either side of route. 1 hour after ALNOT, (if not before) Rescue Coordination Center is notified, then SAR services. Search area is expanded to maximum range of aircraft.
THESE
TIMES ARE ONLY IF YOU FILE A FLIGHT PLAN! See why we dont want to depend on THAT?
How long. . . ?
The less info SAR units have about your location, the larger the Search Area. The larger the Search Area, the longer the search until you are located. The more accurately you communicate position information, the more accurate your flight plan is regarding time and route, and if your 406 MHz ELT registration information is complete and current, the better your chances for a speedy recovery.
How long. . . ?
ELT searches initially require location processing by Satellites. 121.5 MHz beacons can take one hour or more to alert (due to satellite positions). These are subject to a high false alarm rate (97%), so confirmation is required before SAR forces are deployed. 406 MHz emergency beacons are vastly superior to 121.5 MHz units, and result in a much faster, more accurate response.
121.5 MHz Ground station dependent Ground stations have about 1800 mile radius Only 1/3 of the globe covered Waiting time increases closer to Equator (can be > 2 hrs) No immediate alerting capability unless satellite directly over distressed vessel.
406 MHz All alerts from beacons 1 in 10 alerts are actual distress Beacon registration allows rapid verification 80% of false alerts are resolved by phone w/o launching SAR responders
121.5 MHz 1 in 8 alerts from beacons Non-beacon interferers have included ATM machines, pizza ovens, and stadium scoreboards! Less than 2 in 1000 alerts are actual distress Analog signal only: no digital ID code to let SARSAT system know signal is from a beacon No way to verify alerts
SAR assets launch on first alert. Average 2.5 hrs saved in maritime, 6 hrs in inland. Assets on scene earlier Vessel/aircraft ID, POC with alerts allows rapid corroboration or standdown. Near instantaneous detection 5.0 Watt output
High false alarm rate makes first-alert launch unfeasible. Absent independent distress corroboration, RCCs must wait for additional alert info. Alerts are anonymous. No instantaneous detection. 0.1 Watt output
121.5 MHz
1-3 nm accuracy 100 yard accuracy with GPS-equipped beacon Non-GPS initial search area about 12.5 sq nm GPS-equipped beacons reduce search area to a negligible area Search area reduced 97% vs 121.5 beacons
21.2 NM
21.2 NM
3.5 NM
3.5 NM
100 YD
100 YD
Ask yourself . . .
Whats your life worth? Whats your familys life worth? If you ever really need it, wont it be worth whatever it cost to have it work?
Other voices . . .
It
is important to note that after 2009, existing 121.5-MHz ELTs, although still legal from the FAA's perspective, will provide extremely limited assistance if an aircraft crashes, especially in a remote location. - - - AOPA Regulatory Brief
Other voices . . .
134
extra lives and millions of dollars in SAR resources could be saved per year if aircraft switched to 406 MHz ELTs.
- - - NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center
Other voices . . .
Due
to the obvious advantages of 406 MHz beacons and the significant disadvantages of the older 121.5 MHz beacons, . . . all pilots are highly encouraged to consider making the switch to 406!
- - - US Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue
So how long. . . ?
Unless your MAYDAY call was heard . . . Unless you have a 406 MHz ELT . . . . . . it will likely be several hours before anyone starts looking for you. Then, SAR units have to plan a search and be deployed. And then, you still have to be found! You may have drifted with the wind or waves, enlarging the search area. Care to look at those cold water survival times again?
This
Now, we go to work!
Signaling Devices
Mirror Flares Whistle ELT (or PLB can be carried as extra equipment) Dye - SeeRescue Device Chemical Light Sticks Strobe Cell Phone or Aviation Handheld Radio if in waterproof bag
Signaling Gear
Be Seen to Be Rescued
SeeRescue Streamer
Replaces dye markers Doesnt disperse in strong winds or currents Very conspicuous from the air
Signaling Gear
Signaling Gear
Have a plan!
Actors and athletes practice over and over to get their actions correct. Isnt survival more important than a show or a game? Plan, and practice the plan. Dont let an emergency be the first time you practice survival skills. You practice flying. Practice surviving.
Make radio calls Secure stuff in the cockpit Tighten restraints Dont inflate PFD yet Who opens doors Door opening procedure How to jam doors open How to move the seats What is the alternate egress path Brace positions
Who takes out the raft / signaling gear Bring hats, coats, wear shoes Order of egress What to do after egress How to inflate PFD / Raft Where to meet Who does head count Tie rafts together
warm, increases visibility. Large Industrial Strength Trash Bags can provide thermal protection if worn in water.
Practice estimating swells and wind speed by observing the water surface. Practice Soft Field Landings.
Questions?
Thank you!