METHODS OF RESEARCH

DEFINITION AND DIFFERENCE

A. METHODS -systematic approaches to gathering information. B. METHODOLOGY -systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline.

2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
Method simply refers to the research technique or tool used to gather data. Methodology refers to the philosophy of the research process. -includes assumptions and values that serve as a rationale for research, standards or criteria the researcher uses for interpreting data and reaching conclusions.

TYPES HISTORICAL METHOD

To reconstruct the past objectively and accurately or explain an incident that happened in the past with the use of data taken from the past.

Example:
> For instance, why the Filipino elite collaborated with the American imperialists during the American regime can best be answered through the aforementioned research methodology. The what was .

> A study reconstructing practices in the study of social studies in the Philippines during the past 50 years;
> Tracing the history of Agrarian Reforms in the Phil.; > Phil. Education since 1946.

DESCRIPTIVE METHOD
- This type of research endeavors to describe systematically, factually, accurately and objectively a situation, problem or phenomenon. It seeks to describe what is. - A psychology student who is assessing the work values of a group of a rank and file employees is actually doing a descriptive study.

Purpose: To describe systematically a situation or area of interest factually and accurately.

Examples: POP Census studies Public Opinion surveys Fact-finding surveys Status studies Task Analysis Studies Questionnaire and Interview Studies Observation Studies Job Descriptions Surveys of Literature Documentary Analyses Anecdotal Records Critical Incident Reports Test Score Analyses Normative Data.

DEVELOPMENTAL METHOD
- This type of research endeavors to investigate patterns and sequences of growth and / or change as a function of time.

Examples: A longitudinal growth study following initial sample of two hundred children from six months of age to adulthood.

A cross-sectional growth study investigating changing patterns of intelligence by sampling groups of children at 10 different age levels.

CASE AND FIELD METHOD

- This type of research endeavors to study intensively the background, current status and environmental interactions of a given social unit; an individual, a group, an institution or a community.

Examples:

The case history of a child with an above average IQ but with severe learning disabilities;
An intensive study of a group of teenage youngsters on probation for drug abuse.

Correlational Method
To measure how associated or related two variables are. The researcher is measuring conditions that already exist. Directions: Positive and Negative correlation

POSITIVE CORRELATION As the value of the variables increase, the value of the second variable also increase Likewise, as the value of one of the variable decreases, the value of other variable also decreases.

NEGATIVE CORRELATION As the values of one of the variables increase, the values of the second variable decrease. Likewise, As the value of one of the variables decreases, the value of the other variable increases.

Causal-Comparative
Research conducted to find causes of events or conditions that have already occurred. Causal-Comparative research is nonexperimental research; the independent variables is not manipulated and subjects are not randomly assigned to treatments. ALTERNATIVE Explanations: Reverse Causation Reciprocal

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Ideally suited for examining explanatory questions that seek to ascertain whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists among two or more variables. Research be done under laboratory or can be used in realworld setting (field Experiments)

QUASIEXPERIMENTAL
Because the independent variable or variables are measured, rather than manipulated, these research designs are correlational, not experimental. Nevertheless, the designs also have some similarity to experimental research because the independent variable involves a grouping

ACTION RESEARCH
This type of research endeavors to develop new skills or new approaches and to solve problems with direct application to the classroom or other applied setting. Example: An in-service training program to help teachers develop new skills in facilitating class discussion.

Thank you!!!