GMR Filters

18th July, 2012

Vivek Raj Shrestha Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon Univ., Seoul, S.Korea

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GRATING ANOMALIES
In 1902. R. W. Wood observed that the intensity of light diffracted by a grating generally changed slowly as the wavelength was varied, but occasionally a sharp change in intensity was observed at certain wavelengths. Called anomalies, these abrupt changes in the grating efficiency curve were later categorized into two groups: Rayleigh anomalies and resonance anomalies Rayleigh anomalies :
Lord Rayleigh predicted the spectral locations where a certain set of anomalies would be found: he suggested that these anomalies occur when light of a given wavelength and spectral order m' is diffracted at | | = 90 from the grating normal (i.e., it becomes an evanescent wave, passing over the grating horizon). For wavelengths < ', | | < 90, so propagation is possible in order m' (and all lower orders), but for > ' no propagation is possible in order m' (but it is still possible in lower orders). Thus there is a discontinuity in the diffracted power vs. wavelength in order m' at wavelength , and the power that would diffract into this order for > ' is redistributed among the other propagating orders. This causes abrupt changes in the power diffracted into these other orders. These Rayleigh anomalies, which arise from the abrupt redistribution of energy when a diffracted order changes from propagating (| | < 90) to evanescent (| | > 90), or vice versa, are also called threshold anomalies
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GRATING ANOMALIES(2) Resonance anomalies

The second class of anomalies, which are usually much more noticeable than Rayleigh anomalies, are caused by resonance phenomena, the most well-known of which are surface excitation effects. At the interface between a dielectric and a metal, there are specific conditions under which a charge density oscillation ("electron wave") can be supported, which carries light intensity away from the incident beam and therefore decreases the diffraction efficiency of the grating. The efficiency curve would show a sharp drop in intensity at the corresponding conditions (see Figure 9-20).

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Basic Concepts of GMR

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Propagation Constant of waveguide grating

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Resonance Regimes of Waveguide Grating

Rayleigh Anomaly

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HIGHLY EFFICIENT COLOR FILTER INCORPORATING A THIN METALDIELECTRIC RESONANT STRUCTURE

Yeo-Taek Yoon, Chang-Hyun Park, and Sang-Shin Lee Applied Physics Express 5 (2012) 022501

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Abstract and Introduction

A highly efficient color filter that takes advantage of an ultrathin metal (Al)-dielectric (TiO2) resonant structure, where a subwavelength metallic grating is deposited as cladding in a planar dielectric waveguide, is demonstrated. A selective spectral response was obtained by virtue of the guided mode resonance between the diffracted mode and waveguide mode. Devices Red Green Blue Center Wavelength(nm) 430 520 630 3dB bandwidths(nm) 67 84 80

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Design Considerations
Initially, we fixed grating pitch, grating height, and dielectric thickness at 350, 50, and 80 nm, respectively and investigated the dependence of the spectral response on the refractive index nd of the dielectric layer in the range from 1.3 to 3.5.

The center wavelength of the color filter can be tailored by varying the grating pitch, which is one of the major factors determining the GMR condition[5,13]. The grating height is closely related to the spectral shape.[16]

Calculated spectral response for varying refractive indices of the dielectric layer.
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Results from simulation

When nd is less than or equal to the refractive index of the substrate, as indicated in Fig. 2(a), no noteworthy resonance is observed due to the lack of phase matching between the guided modes of the waveguide and the diffracted modes. For instance, in the case where nd=1.5, the magnetic field distribution is observed to be localized very slightly inside the dielectric layer, as shown in Fig. 2(b) for the H-field intensity distribution (|Hy|2) at = 470 nm When the dielectric film has a much greater refractive index of nd = 3.5 compared with the substrate, however, higher order diffracted modes in addition to the first-order mode may resonantly couple to the waveguide mode, resulting in multiple peaks.15). In the case where nd = 2.5, the magnetic field is drastically reinforced inside the dielectric layer at the resonant wavelength of 550 nm, as shown in Fig. 2(c). In contrast, as shown in Fig. 2(d), no significant enhancement in the field is observed at the off-resonance position of = 450 nm, where the transmission is relatively low.

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Results

Theoretical spectral response of the designed color filters.

Measured and calculated spectral responses for (a) Dev B, (b) Dev G, and (c) Dev R. The color images for input white light are included together with the SEM images of the devices. KWANGWOON PHOTONICS RESEARCH LABORATORY UNIVERSITY

A NEW THEORY OF WOOD'S ANOM ALIES ON OPTICAL GRATINGS

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 Wood's anomalies are an effect observed in the spectrum of light resolved by optical diffraction gratings; they manifest themselves as rapid variations in the intensity of the various diffracted spectral orders in certain narrow frequency bands. They were first discovered by Wood in 1902 in experiments on reflection gratings, and were termed anomalies because the effects could not be explained by ordinary grating theory. The new theory presented here is based on a guided wave appro ach, in which all multiple-scattering effects are implicitly account ed for.

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Woods Anomalies
It is pointed out that the anomalies may be of two types, one associated with the Rayleigh wavelengths and the other related to a resonance effect. These two types of anomalies may occur separately and independently, or they may almost coincide, as one finds in most optical reflection gratings. The Rayleigh wavelength type is well known. The resonance type is the one which is shown to be related to the guided complex waves supportable by the grating. In 1902, Wood discovered the presence of unexpected narrow bright and dark bands in the spectrum of an optical reflection grating illuminated by a light source with a spectral intensity distribution which was only slowly varying. He noted, furthermore, that these bands could be weakened or abolished completely in some cases, but not in others, by simply rubbing the tops of the gratings (we understand this now to be a groove depth effect, rather than an edge effect). In addition, he found that the occurrence of these bands was dependent on the polarization of the incident light. The bands were present only for S polarization, when the electric vector was perpendicular to the rulings of the gratings. Since these effects could not be explained by means of ordinary grating theory, Wood termed them "anomalies".

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Rayleighs Analysis
The first theoretical treatment of these anomalies is due to Rayleigh in 1907. His "dynamical theory of the grating" was based on an expansion of the scattered electromagnetic field in terms of outgoing waves only. With this assumption, he finds that the scattered field is singular at wavelengths for which one of the spectral orders emerges from the grating at the grazing angle. He then observed that these wavelengths, which have come to be called the Rayleigh wavelengths R, correspond to the Wood anomalies. Furthermore, these singularities appear only when the electric field is polarized perpendicular to the rulings, and thus account for the S anomalies; for P polarization, his theory predicts a regular behavior near R. Thus, Rayleighs theory correctly predicted the major features observed experimentally at that time: the wavelengths at which the S anomalies occurred, and the absence of P anomalies. Limitations in Rayleigh's theory: It indicates a singularity at the Rayleigh wavelength, and, therefore, does not yield the shape of the bands associated with the anomaly. Wood's later papers, however, suggest that P anomalies can sometimes be observed. Anomalies of both the S and P type are obtainable, but P anomalies are found only on gratings with deep grooves. Rayleigh's approximation with initial assumption of includi ng outgoing waves only, and this approximation is valid for shallow grooves only.
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About the paper

The new theoretical approach which is given in the present report is phrased in such a way as to yield new insight into the character of Wood's anomalies. It is not an extension of the multiple-scattering approach it is a new guided wave viewpoint which formally may be viewed as an extension of the earlier work of Rayleigh and Artmann, but which contains a number of new elements. It readily explains both the occurrence of P anomalies under appropriate conditions, and the new effect described by Stewart and Gallaway.

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Woods Anomaly
Two types of anomalous effects occur: (1) a rapid variation in the amplitudes of the diffracted spectral orders, corresponding to the onset or disappearance of a particular spectral order, and (2) a resonance type of behavior in these amplitudes. Effect (1), related to the Rayleigh wavelength, is well, understood and requires no further discussion. Effect (2), the resonance effect, is the one which has heretofore been incompletely appreciated and which is shown here to be related to the leaky (complex) waves supportable by the grating.

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A WIDE-ANGLE TRANSMISSIVE FILTER BASED ON A GUIDED-MODE RESONANT GRATING

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