Textile fiber

G.Santhana Krishnan SITRA

Definision

A hair like substance that can be drafted

,twisted and make into fabric by weaving or Knittting or nonwoven

Forms of fibers
Small lengths

Long lengths

Small length fibers are called as staple fibers Long length fibers are called as filements

Staple fibers
staple fibers are range from 28 mm to 70 mm

The spinning system is used to convert these

fibers into yarns The shortest length is 18mm and longest is 70 mm

Filements
Filements are very long fibers

They are mostly manmade fibers only natural

filement is silk Two types of filements 1.Mono filement 2.Multi filement In multi filement according to the fineness the number of fibers in cross section get differs. They hold together by a small twist
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Essential properties
Length to dia ratio

Length should be always greater than dia , the ratio should be more than 100 times Most of the fbers having this ratio of 1:1000
Strength

The another important property is strength 1.While processing 2.While usage

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Other important properties

1.Bending rigidity Fibre should be flexible, so they able to bend while twisting with out rupture. 2.Inter fiber cohesion To hold fibers in a particular form

Varieties of cotton
Sea Island Cotton Egyptian Cotton Pima Cotton American Upland Long Staple American Upland Short Staple Asia Short

Cotton: Properties
It s cool to wear, very absorbent, dries
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slowly It has soft handle, good drape and durable. It has a good strength and abrasion resistance. It is completely washable and drycleanable No static or pilling problems Inexpensive

Properties for cotton fibers

Length\short fiber content

Strength&elongation
Fineness Maturity Trash Moisture Wax &honey dew Cohession

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Properties for Manmadefibers

Length

Strength elongation
Fineness Crimp Spin finish Delusturing agent

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Types of yarns
100% Cotton yarn

100% Synthetic yarn

Blended yarn With different propotions

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Role of fiber properties

Length
Long fibers for strong and fine yarn
Strong by floating long length with min weak

places Short fibers give filling and bulkier 5mm and below not contribute to yarn structure UR % should be high to produce uniform yarn More short fibers causes loading of ducts, fly libration and hariness
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Measurement of length
Cotton fibers are measured in bundles

2.5%span length, 50% span length UR%

Uses:

1.Fix price 2.To decide setting 3.To assess the machine performance(fiber rupture)

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Method of measurements
Hand stapling

Comb sorter
Optical scaning

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Single fiber length measurement

Using AFIS

AFIS length data Used for process monitoring and control 1.To assess fiber rupture 2.To fix draw frame setting using 5% length

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Nep analysys
Fiber neps

Process neps

Nep data 1.Fiber nep 2.Seed coats nep Alowable limt for neps in B\R 100% of mixing Card should remove atleast 80-90%

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Fiber strength
Imprtant parameter after length and fineness

Fiber strength is important after length and

fineness Strength depends on 1.Molecular structure 2.No of weak places 3.Fineness 4.Relative humidity 5.elasticity
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Measurement of strength
Testing of ctton fiber strength 1.By stelo meter 2.By pressley

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Fiber fineness
One of the three most important charectristics

It decides no of fibers in cross section

15000/micxct Fineness range 2.9-6 micrograms/inch

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 Fineness influences

1.Spinning limit 2.Yarn strength 3.Evenness 4.Yarn fullness 5.Drape 6.Handle Productivity of process

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FQI
Fiber Quality Index

F Q I=LUSM\F F Q I=LS\F

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Other important properties

Fiber maturity

Growth of fiber(Primery wall)

Measurement of Maturity by caustic soda swelling Maturity should between 50-80%

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 If Presence of Immature is more

1.Strength is affected 2.Neppiness 3.High short fiber 4.Process difficulties in card

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Trash
Non lint content present in fiber It influences

Yarn realisation Appearance Importance 1.No of beating points 2.beats\inch 3.Dwell time 4.Suction speed 5.setting
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Moisture
Cotton is hygroscopic nature

Strength depends on RH%

High moisture makes difficulty in opening Low moisture leads to fiber breakages , fly

libaration

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Honey dew and wax

Hony dew due to insect secriation the allowable

limit is 0.4-0.8% Wax is the natural luricant present on the surface of cotton Limit should be <0.5%
If these exceeds the limit causes 1.Roller lapping 2.Wax deposition on coats & apron
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Short fibers
Gives bulkiness to yarn. Acts as fillers

Causes of short fiber are 1.Ginning 2.Improper speeds and settings

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Man Made fibers

1.Semi synthetic fibers 2.Synthetic fibers Around 60-70% world textile products depnds on this

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Fiber properties
Staple lenngth

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Length varies from 32 mm to 64 mm Advantages of long length fibers Low twist high strength High production with high uniformity Less hariness Low pill tendency Disadvantages 1.High nep 2.High cohessive force 3.Lapping in cards

 More short length leeds to high twist causes

rough feel More hariness

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Fiber fineness
Fine fibers will cause difficulties in fiber

separation Fiber length to dia ratio should be <25 If higher causes fiber damage Ie)1.5den length 38mm Coarser and rigid fibers produce stiffer yarn

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Fiber tenasity
Minimum fiber strength is 0.6-0.7 gpd

Super high tenasity 6.8-7.8 gpd

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crimp
Man made fibers are cylinder like structure

They have very smooth surface

No fiber friction Fiber separation is difficult Important of fiber movement in carding and

drawing For psf 4.5 arcs\inch For pan 3-5 arcs/inch

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Insufficient crimp Cylinder loading Sagging web Web rupture Roller lapping High crimp Higher neps Higher incidence of faults Excess neps undrafted

Spin finish
To reduce static charge

To import lubrication
Higher leads to roller lapping

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Blending
Blending is mixing of two different fiber

components Blending between 1.natural fiber with a manmade fiber 2.between two synthetic fibers

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Purpose of blending
To use the advantages of both materials

1.To improve inferior material 2.Improved comfort 3.Increased durability 4.Improved asthetics

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