RFID Technology

by

SRIRAM B 11MCE0006

OUTLINE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What RFID is Applications RFID vs Bar code Advantages Disadvantages & Criticisms Future Prospects Conclusions References

What RFID is
An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology that:
uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a

reader and a tag attached to the object which is to be identified, categorized or tracked..
Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact

between reader/scanner and the tagged item.

First use of RFID device 2nd world war Brittan used

RFID technology for Identify- Friend or Foe

Architecture
Consists of 3 main parts 1. Tag 2. Interrogator 3. Controller & software
Host manages Reader(s) and issues commands Reader & tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader is sent out through the antennas Tag receives and modifies carrier signal Modified signal is sent back to the Reader Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application

RFID Tags
It is the object containing RFID circuit .
It is attach to the items which need to identified. Active tag Passive Tag
Powered by battery No internal battery (Powered by signal emitted by reader) Shorter read range (4 inches -15 feet) Shorter life compared to active tag Low storage capacity (1KB) Low cost

Range~3oo feet Life 5-8 years

Larger storage capacity (512 KB) High cost

Electronic Product Code

Header - Tag version number EPC Manager - Manufacturer ID Object class - Manufacturers product ID Serial Number - Unit ID With 96 bit code, 268 million companies can each categorize 16 million different products where each product category contains up to 687 billion individual units

RFID Interrogator
Also called reader which is rugged and portable. Initiates data flow between host computer and tag. It can be wired or wireless. It has the ability to uniquely identify a tag. Provides support for non collision of signals.
Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

Network Processor 915MHz Radio

Power Supply
13.56MHz Radio

Controller & Software

It is usually placed on user desk. Includes database to store data read from tag Runs software component which is the application. 2 types of software Application software:- User defined (Programmed as per the use of the customer) Middleware software: It holds the abstract data Software logic control for anti collision implementation. Reading and writing of data to the tag.

Operating Frequency Range

Frequency Range 125KHz-135 KHz 13.5MHz Low Frequency Passive tag High Frequency Passive tag Ultra High Frequency Passive tag Microwave Frequency Passive tag Data read Range Upto 10cm 1m Standard Applications

ISO 18000-2 ISO 18000-3 & ISO 15693 ISO 18000-6

Animal tagging Anti theft, retail product tagging Traffic toll, vehicle access control Management supply system,vehicle access control

868MHz- 928 MHz 2.45GHz

~7m

10m

ISO 18000-4

433MHz

Medium Frequency ACTIVE tag

100m

ISO 18000-7

Used for asset tracking in DoD

APPLICATIONS
1. Laptop tracking system

Live implementation at L&T. Convenient, time saving and cost efficient method.

2. Asset management RFID implemented to keep assets safe. As assets increases, productivity increases. eg:- ports, shipyards, Garage etc.
Shipping Portals

3.

Attendance Management Using RFID management of workplace attendance. As attendance increases productivity increases. Centralised collection of data eg:- Work place, Educational institutions etc.

Tag
ID card with student/ employee

Interrogater
Read at class door/ main gate

Controller
Intormation sent to University/ DB

Wireless

5. Handheld Applications 4. Cattle identification (Std:- ISO 11784)

6.

Assembly Line
7.

Vehicle access control

8.

timing mat

9. Can be embedded in prison inmates. 10.Tracking books in libraries. 11.Airport baggage ID. 12.Transportation payments. 13.E-Passport 14.Advertisements
etc..

COMPARISON WITH CURRENT TECHNOLOGY

Barcodes RFID

Limited applications Manual tracking (so human intervension is needed. Therefore error prone) Read only memory Contains only ID of the product Line of sight Dust, moisture etc affects the reading Less Range Slow reading (Reads one tag at a time)

Global applications (Real time tracking) Automatic tracking Read/Write Memory Contains more than just ID (Includes production details, Destination area etc) Line of sight not required Can even be embedded in the tracking object More Range Fast reading (Reads ~20 tags in 1 sec)

ADVANTAGES
Real time tracking Unlimited scope (scope depends on the imagination of its implementation) Reduced human interventon Mobility Saving Resources Enhanced security Enhanced customer quality service Line of sight not required (Can even be embedded in the tracking object) Convenient, time saving method. Read multiple tags simultaneously (Reads ~20 tags in 1 sec) Long read range

DISADVANTAGES & CRITICISMS

* Temperature exposure * Data flooding * High cost (~0.2$ for tag and 1000$ for interrogator) * Privacy concern

Hidden placement of tags Unique identifiers for all objects worldwide Massive data aggregation Unauthorized development of detailed profiles Unauthorized third party access to profile data Hidden readers Just in case you want to know, shes carrying 700 Euro

CONCLUSIONS
RFID is a convenient and time saving method that gives real time tracking with enhanced customer service quality service. Its scope is limited by the imagination of its implementation. Once various limitations like lack of a global standard, security concerns, the cost factor, etc. are gets overcome and if this technology is fully implemented, it can transform the way we live our lives.

FUTURE PROSPECTS
Optical RFID

Can be extended in embedded systems. Application software can be web based.

REFERENCES
http://www.rfidjournal.com/ http://rfidprivacy.com/ http://rfidinc.com/ www.howstuffswork.com www.wikipedia.org

Thank you