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Guide: Mr. Rijo Rajan, Lecturer, EEE department. prepared by: Merin Lukose S7 EEE
C O N T E N T S
Introduction Why CFL preferred over incandescent? What is CFL and its working and ballast circuit.
produces harmonics.
System gets polluted due to harmonics and it seriously
conventional lamps.
Life span is 8-15 times that of incandescent. Cost saving. Shapes, styles and provide variety in light colors. Produce 75% less heat.
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Most commonly used lighting device. It consists of dc power supply and an ac inverter
circuit.
Electromagnetic interference filter. Filter unwanted harmonic currents consumed by the load. 2. Bridge rectifier. Ac voltage is converted to dc which is supplied to the high frequency oscillator 3. High frequency oscillator. High frequency ac voltage to the output circuit and fluorescent tube.
1.
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Presence of multiples of fundamental frequency. Measured in terms of THD, Total Harmonic Distortion. Created by non-linear loads. Amount of equipments generating harmonics has risen
dramatically.
Disturbs the power quality
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Resultant wave
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THD
IDF
Input Displacement Factor which refers to the cosine of the angle between input 50Hz voltage and current.
DF
Distortion factor shows the variation of the wave from the input sinusoidal wave. DF=1/(1+THD), PF=IDF*DF
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CFLs contain the electronic ballast within them. The components of electronic ballast are non-linear in
nature.
Non-linear components conduct during short bursts of
each component.
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the system.
Combines and forms higher order harmonic
components.
Different harmonic voltages act together and there by
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Lighting units that consume more than 25w contribute to harmonic distortion. With the Widespread adoption of CFLs combined effect of these small sources large source. Harder to mitigate since CFLs are distributed across the network rather than in one location.
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%THD
1.5
4.1 9.4 26.3 50
0.84
0.82 0.76 0.65 0.58
0.3
0.7 1.5 4.4 5.4
1.7
4.5 9.8 23.5 55
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th
Effect of 3rd order harmonic ..Causes hysteresis loss ..Over heating of neutral conducts ..Causes no effect on IM b. Effect of 5th order harmonic ..Counter electro motive force in large machines ..Counter torque in case of IM c Effect of 7th order harmonic .. causes excessive heating in the machine .. contributes to the machine torque.
a.
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Introduce neutral currents over 100% of the phase current. Over heating of transformers. Reduces the life expectancy of motors. Over stressing of power factor correction capacitors. Nuisance tripping of residual current circuit breakers. Decreases equipment lifetime.
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Harmonic filters.
ACTIVE FILTERS
Used for low voltage
networks. Active filter reduction to 5%or less. Grouped as series, parallel and hybrid filters. Cancels multiple harmonic orders.
PASSIVE FILTERS An array of capacitors, inductors and resistors. Passive filter reduction to 15-25%. Classified as series and parallel filters Cancels only one harmonic order. Reliable and economical
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High distortion electronic ballast CFLs. Low distortion electronic ballast CFLs. Magnetic ballast CFLs.
High level of current distortion up to 140%. Low order harmonics are dominant. Current harmonic distortion is 30%. Considerable drop in lower order harmonics reduction in THD. Harmonic distortion is below 20%. drop in lower order harmonics reduction in THD.
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distortions.
Generation and radiation of RF noise. Low power factor and harmonic current distortion and
the power factor Harmonics has to be eliminated to improve the power quality. But advancing power electronic sector further makes the distribution system impure.
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