Prepared by: Angeles, Cris Julius C.

2008106430

Introduction
The two major items of equipment in a power system are the generators and transformers. They have very high chance of fault occurrence and usually takes much time and money to repair the damage.

Faults occurring in Transformers

Open-Circuit faults
Earth faults Phase-to-Phase faults

Inter-Turn faults
Overheating

Factors in choosing Protective Gear for a Transformer

Type of Transformer
Size of the Transformer Type of Cooling

System where used

Importance of service for which it is required

Transformer Relaying Scheme

Buchholz Protection
Also known as gas accumulator relay, commonly used on all oil-immersed transformer provided with conservator.
Working Principle: Whenever a fault occur inside the transformer, the oil of the tank gets overheated and gases are generated. The heat generated by the high local current causes the transformer oil to decompose and produce gas which can be used to detect the winding faults

Buchholz Protection

Core-Balance Leakage Protection

This system is used to provide protection against earth faults on high voltage winding. When earth fault occurs, the sum of the three currents is no longer zero and a current is induced in the secondary of the CT causing the trip relay to operate and isolate the transformer from the bus-bars.

Combined Leakage and Overload Protection

The core-balance protection cannot provide protection against overload. It is usual practice to provide combined leakage and overload protection for transformer. The earth relay has low current setting and operates under earth faults only. The overload relays have high current setting and are arrange to operate against faults between the phases

 In this system, two overload relay and one earth relay

are connected. The two overload relays are sufficient to protect against phase to phase faults. The trip contacts of overload relays and earth fault relay are connected in parallel. Therefore the energizing of either one of them, the circuit breaker will tripped.

Description Multifunction Generator, Motor and Transformer Two- and threewinding transformers protection Voltage regulator for power transformers with on-load tapchangers High Impedance Protection Relay

SIEMENS SIPROTEC 4 7UM62

ABB REM 543

7SG14

RET650

MJ-4A

SPAU 341 C

7VH60

SPAE 011

Sample Computation
A 50MVA, 132/66 kV, / Y three-phase power transformer is protected by percentage differential relays. If the current transformers (CTs) located on delta and wye sides of the power transformer are 300/5 A and 1,200/5 A respectively, determine (a) the output current at full load (b) the relay current at full load (c) the minimum relay current setting to permit 25% overload.

Given:
50MVA, 132---66V delta - wye CT1 = 300---5 CT2 = 1200---5
FIND: a) Output current at FL b) Relay current at FL c) Minimum relay current to allow 25% overload

a) Rated current for primary (

106 3

- connected side)

50 106 3 132,000

= 218.7 A Ans.

Current in hv side CTs = 218.7

Current in lv side CTs = 437.4 x

5 = 3.645 A 300 5 = 1.822 1,200

b) Relay current at full load = 3.645 3 1.822 = 0.489 A Ans.

c) With 25% overload Line current in secondaries of CTs connected on hv side is 3.645 1.25 = 4.56 and line current in secondaries of CTs connected in delta on lv side = 3 1.822 1.25 = 3.94 Relay Current = 4.56 3.94 = 0.62 A
So relay setting =
0.62 1

= 62% Ans.

Conclucion
Open-circuit faults, earth faults, phase-to-phase faults,

inter-turn faults and overheating are the fault that are likely occur in a transformer Relays control output circuits of a much higher power. Safety is increased Protective relays are essential for keeping faults in the system isolated and keep equipment from being damaged.