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customary beliefs, social forms and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
Social Institutions
A
basic cluster of social structures that is organized to meet the needs of societies
Family Education Religion Economy Government
Social Stratification
Stratification Affected
is defined as a structure
Social Stratification
People
and social positions tend to be ranked in terms of the THREE Social Desirables
Wealth Power Prestige
Socio-Economic Status
Reflects
not just money (income and wealth and the power they provide) But also occupational prestige and schooling
Income
is defined as wages and salaries from work and earnings from investments
1. Wealth
The
Why
1. Wealth
Since
1979: How much national income do you think the wealthiest 1% of US families receive? 40% of the total income of the nation and they share an aggregate net worth that is greater than the net worth of 90% of individuals Average 1% earn roughly 862,000 a year Average American earns $34, 736
(as
1. Wealth
How
does wealth of the rich vary from the wealth of the middle class?
Rich:
mostly in the form of stocks and other-income producing investments Others: May have homes, cars, investments, insurance policies, retirement pensions, etc., but home mortgages and other debts cause wealth to fall Lowest 40% virtually no wealth at all
2. Power
The
capacity of people or groups to control or influence the actions of others Explain this statement: Real power may not always lie where we think it does Not all the powerful are wealthy/Not all the wealthy are powerful Wealth can sometimes buy power- How?
3. Prestige
The
favorable evaluation and social recognition that a person receives from others In what forms do prestige come?
Public acceptance and fame Respect and admiration Occupational prestige Honor and esteem
Ex:
Status Inconsistency
Rank
high in one status area and lower in another Example: may be a college professor with prestige but receive a modest income (Low wealth)
Life
earning approx. $96,000 will spend $242,000 raising a child until eighteen Family earning approx. $51,000 will spend $166,000 raising a child until eighteen Family earning approx. less than $38,000 will spend $121,000 raising a child until eighteen
Family
Affluent people have a stronger sense of family and are more tolerant of controversial behaviors such as homosexuality
Politics
Economically
conservative but socially liberal More likely to vote and join political organizations
Why do rich people, on average, live seven years longer than poor people?
Food
more nutritious Live in safer areas Lives are less stressful Receive better medical care
Signs of Class
Weight
30, 40 years ago, there were good manufacturing jobs that did not require a college degree. (Work 30 years and receive a pension) Why is it different today?
city public housing being reformatted into condos (wealthier people move in) Displacing populations to revitalize cities Many lower class do not believe their children will rise on the social ladder unless they can be rappers or sports heroes
What is the value of education here?
Types of Societies
Types of Societies
Closed
for you Open Social System: your social position determined by role played in economic production
System
Status determined at birth People locked into a social position: no social mobility
Estate System
Feudalism
Prejudice)
Power
held by land owning Nobles (owned Manors) Relationship to vassals (A feudal tenant-a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he owes homage and loyalty Peasants and serfs provided labor and military service; in return, protection and material support from the noble
and Urbanization Merchant class arises: Wealth not dependent on inherited land
Social Class
The
most important type of stratification in the modern world is the class system. We are a Meritocracy: social stratification based on personal merit It is based on the unequal ownership and control of economic resources Social inequality declines as a society industrializes why?
Social Classes
Class
refers to a group determined by the role it plays in economic production in society People like to associate within their own social class. The result: Shared values, attitudes, and interests with people who are often known to one another Social class largely determines a persons life chances: Likelihood that the person will attain important experiences and goals in life
Lower Class
Approximately
20% of U.S. population Most deprived in relation to wealth, power, and prestige Definably less educated with a lack of marketable skills (1 in 4 goes to college) Unemployment high; economic insecurity chronic because jobs depend on economic trends, recessions, etc
Lower Class
Working
poor -
People without medical benefits Many work jobs that pay slightly higher than minimum wage Barely half complete high school
Very poor Many get government assistance 11% of population
Working Class
Blue
Collar workers: 33% of population Manual labor Lack of job security (carpenters work when the economy is flourishing and building production is high) Much political and economic power: unions Families cannot afford daycare, thus, mothers stay home and are sometimes strapped (unable to provide extracurricular activities for children)
Working Class
Supervised 1/3
type jobs
of children of the working class go to college Average family income about $40,000
Lower-Middle Class
Also
known as average-middles White Collar: 35% of workforce Intellectual or social jobs rather than manual labor; although higher blue collar jobs qualify (building contractor) Household income between $40,000 and $80,000 Very concerned about maintaining or increasing class status
Lower-Middle Class
Accumulate
a small amount of wealth have stocks and investments are college educated, usually from state supported schools Status seekers: Invest much of their disposable income in goods and services that can be seen as status symbols
of labor force, but fall into 1/5 of the nations income distribution Usually have power, prestige, and income Professionals: doctors, lawyers, stock brokers Nouveau Riche Often involved in local politics 2/3 of children receive college educations Mothers may not work: invest time in childrens education and extracurricular activities Children feel sense of entitlement
Lower Uppers
Working
Rich- primary source of income is earnings rather than inherited wealth Live in exclusive communities, but do not gain entry in exclusive clubs of those with old money CEOs of corporations Athletes Hollywood stars Practice conspicuous consumption: buying things others will notice
Upper Class
Old
Money:1% of population Conservative Distinguished by education in private schools and membership in exclusive clubs Preserve names through foundations and charities Women do volunteer work for charities Unspoken rule among wealthy never to talk about class Children can have ANY educational opportunity and travel the world Prefer to live in areas that are hidden away from others