Are group of similar or dissimilar cells that perform specific function or functions.

Two types of tissues as to the state of development

1. Meristematic tissue - meristematic cells ( unspecialized cells) - actively undergoing mitotic cell division 2. Permanent tissue - mature tissue no longer dividing - perform specific function/s

Meristems - regions where meristematic cells produce new growth 3 types: 1. Apical Meristem 2. Lateral Meristem 3. Intercalary Meristem

Types of meristematic tissues as to their location in the plant body.

1. apical meristem on the growing tip of roots and stems. 2. lateral meristem on the growing side of the dicot plant body. 3. intercalary meristem on the internode of monocot to which the monocot stem lengthens.

Apical Meristem
lengthwise extension of

the plant body (primary growth)

3 Primary Meristems
Protoderm

- gives rise to the outer, protective coating of the plant - the dermal tissue system or epidermis Procambium - gives rise to the primary vascular tissue system - xylem and phloem Ground meristem - gives rise to the ground/fundamental tissue system

Lateral Meristem/ Secondary Meristem

Responsible for outward

expansion of plants (secondary growth)

occur in woody roots and

stems
Single layer of meristematic

cells that form cylinders running lengthwise along a stem or root

common in conifers,

gymnosperms and dicots

cambia (singular, cambium)

thickening

Two types of cambia:

1.Vascular cambium

- gives rise to secondary vascular tissue and produces wood.

2.Cork cambium - gives rise to mostly cork (bark and related tissues - known as periderm).

Initial cell (unspecialized) cell

Initial cell

derivative

Differentiation - process by which unspecialized cell develops into specialized cell Differentiated cells - specialized cells with specific structure and purposes

3 Basic Types of Differentiated Cells

1. Parenchyma

- alive - develop into specialized cells Characteristics: 1. thin primary walls no secondary walls

Parenchyma
Comprises most of a

plants soft primary growth

Develop into specialized

cells
Cells are pliable, thin

walled, many sided

Cells remain alive at

maturity and retain capacity to divide

Leaf anatomy

chlorenchyma

Aerenchyma

See Fig. 35.34

Functions: 1. Serve as space-fillers and structural components 2. Carry out photosynthesis ex. Chlorenchyma 3. Store food ex. Starch storage parenchyma (leaves, stems and roots) 4. Store water ex. Water storage parenchyma cells (roots and stem)

Starch storage parenchyma cells

2. Collenchyma
Specialized for support for

primary tissues
Gr. Kolla glue Cells are elongated, with walls

(especially corners) thickened with cellulose

Makes stems strong but

pliable
Cells are alive at maturity

Function: 1. provide flexible support

3. Sclerenchyma
Supports mature plant parts Gr. Skleros hard

Cells have thick, lignified

walls and are dead at maturity Two types: Fibers: Long, tapered cells Sclereids: Stubbier cell Function: 1. Provide structural support in regions that have stopped growing in length

Permanent tissues
Two types of permanent tissues as to cell composition: 1. Simple Permanent Tissues made up of one type of cells. 2. Complex Permanent Tissues made up of different types of cells

Common Types of Simple Permanent Tissues

1. Epidermis 2. parenchyma 3. collenchyma 4. sclerenchyma 5. cork cells or phellem

2. Complex tissue - composed of several types of cells ex. Mixture of parenchyma, sclerenchyma and specialized cells (water conducting cells

Cells Tissues Tissue System Organs

Organisms

3 Tissue Systems in Vascular Plants

1. Dermal Tissue

- analogous to our skin - protection 2. Vascular Tissue - circulatory system - conduct water, minerals and food 3. Ground Tissue - support tissue

Cross section of a monocot stem

= pith

See Fig. 35.25

Tissue of Vascular Plants

1. Dermal Tissue System

Gr. Derma skin - outermost tissues of young organs Functions: 1. protection from physical damage 2. controls the exchange of gases and water vapor 3. Secretion 4. Photosynthesis

Dermal Tissues: 1. epidermis - outermost single layer of cells cuticle - layer found outside the cell - wax and fatty substance (cutin)
2. periderm - replace the epidermis - made up of non-living cork cells

1.

Trichomes - hair like extensions of the epidermis - protection - prevent excessive loss of water - glandular and nonglandular

2. Stomata - pores/opening present in leaves - close to prevent water loss 3. Lenticels - found in woody plants - for gaseous exchange

2. Vascular Tissue System

Function: 1. Translocation of water, nutrients, sugar, hormones throughout the plant Two complex tissues: 1. xylem - conducts water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plants

Xylem

1. Tracheids - water conducting cells - long and tapering - secondary walls contain pits
Scalariformtracheids Annular tracheids

2. Vessel elements - transport water and minerals more rapidly - wider, shorter and less tapered - carry much water and minerals - contain perforation plates a. Allow water to flow b. Support pits allow lateral flow of water from vessel to vessel

2. Phloem - food conducting tissue - carries sugars, organic nutrients from the leaves to the rest of the plant - carries food produced by photosynthesis

Phloem

1. Sieve tube members/sieve tube elements - alive at maturity - stacked end to end to form sieve tubes - presence of sieve plates - lined with pores - form carbohydrate molecules (callose)

2. Companion cells - provide proteins for sieve tube members 3. Parenchyma and fibers Non-flowering plants ( ferns, conifers) - sieve cells - lack nucleus at maturity - albuminous cells

3. Ground Tissue System

- fundamental tissue system

- consists of all the tissues other than the vascular tissue and dermal tissue - 3 types of simple tissue: a. parenchyma predominates b. collenchyma c. sclerenchyma

Function: 1. Fills up space not occupied by dermal and vascular tissue 2. Carry out photosynthesis ex. Chlorenchyma 3. Store food ex. Starch storage parenchyma (leaves, stems and roots) 4. Store water ex. Water storage parenchyma cells (roots and stem)

Cortex - ground tissue between the dermal and vascular tissue Pith - ground tissue inside the vascular tissue
phloem

epidermis

cortex
Pith

xylem

Organs - several types or group of tissues that perform particular function/s

3 types of Organs: 1. Stem - supports leaves and reproductive structures

2. Leaves - photosynthesis - transpiration

Transpiration Drives Water Transport

Water evaporates from leaves through stomata

This creates a tension in water column in xylem

Replacement Water Is Drawn in through Roots

3. Roots - anchorage - absorption - root hairs hair like projections

Parts of embryo
1. Seed leaves (cotyledon) - largest and most visible - store food for germinating seed 2. Embryonic root - radicle 3. Embryonic shoo/leaf - plumule - gives rise to epicotyl (a portion of embryonic stem ) 4. Embryonic stem - hypocotyl - above the radicle