*Introduction *Modeling of Synchronous Generators *Modeling of Transformer, Transmission line *Load Modeling *ALFC & AVR Modeling, Simulation

& Analysis *Load Flow Simulation & Analysis *Short Circuit Simulation & Analysis *Stability Studies *Power System Security Analysis
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*Current

scenario of power system: large dimensionality of interconnections, complexity and problems pertaining to stability *Need for contemporary approach to study and assess power system performance *Accurate modeling of power system components *Use of simulation packages (like ETAP, NEPLAN, MiPOWER, PSCAD, Dig-Silent, SKM) * Deployment of FACT devices at EHV levels
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*What is modeling and simulation? *To express physical device/ equipment /system
in terms of mathematical expressions containing various parameters/variables (e.g. V, I, P, Q, S, f etc.) so as to make computer understand its typical behavior / characteristics. *Simulation is the process of solving these modeled equations on digital computer with proper programming methods for predicting behavior of system under some typical given situations.
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*The most crucial component of power system *Turbo-alternators and Hydro-generators *Mathematical modeling requires Parks
transformations (dq0) to be used

*For

load flow analysis classical model is used i.e. Constant voltage source in series with synchronous impedance/reactance

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Viren B. Pandya

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* IEEE

classification synchronous machine models for computer simulation * Model (0.0): Classical model of synchronous machine neglecting flux decay and damper winding * Model (1.0): Field Circuit model with no damper windings and only field winding on d-axis is considered. * Model (1.1): field circuit with only one equivalent damper on qaxis. * Model (2.1): field circuit with one equivalent damper on d-axis and one damper on q-axis. * Model (2.2): field circuit with one equivalent damper on d-axis and two dampers on q-axis. * Model (3.2): field circuit with two dampers on d-axis and two dampers on q-axis * Model (3.3): field circuit with two dampers on d-axis and three dampers on q-axis.
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 d-axis equivalent circuit of Model (2.1)

q-axis equivalent circuit Model (2.1)

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* Transformer is modelled as an impedance in percentage (pu x

100) value

* Load Tap Changer settings to be specified

i.e. taps need to be given in terms of min. and max. tap in % of rated kV alongwith total no. of taps available

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* There
and

are two ways to model it for large system study i.e. T

* In all software packages is preferred.

Why?

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*Three

static loads: Constant power, constant impedance, constant current load model: synchronous motors induction motor,

*Dynamic

*Composite load modeling

P

Constant impedance Constant current

Constant power

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* Need for generator controllers * P-f control loop: ALFC * Q-V control loop: AVR

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Load/Demand variation

Power signal from PI controller

Speed governing system

Non-reheat turbine

Power system

Frequen. error output

Speed reg./Droop

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Time domain response of frequency error for unit step load

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Drooping Characteristics Viren B. Pandya

of Speed Governing System or primary ALCF loop characteristics

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Load frequency control loop with PI controller

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Time domain response of frequency error for unit step load with PI controller
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TWO AREA control

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Time domain response of frequency error for TWO AREA control

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* To brace control on terminal voltage of synchronous generator * Reactive power control * Q-V loop controller * Various excitation systems like DC, controlled and uncontrolled

rectifier type Brushless excitation systems with automatic voltage regulators

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DC Excitation System
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Brushless Rotating Rectifier Excitation System

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Modeling steps for brushless excitation system without compensation

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*To mitigate small signal oscillations in generator

rotor by controlling its excitation using an auxiliary signal a phase so as to decrease rotor oscillation

*Produces component of electrical torque in such *Frequency range is 0.1 to 2.0 Hz *For small signal stability simulation

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*Steady

state analysis of power system with solution of non-linear algebraic equation (static load flow equations) keeping total generation and load constant.

*Methods: GS, Accelerated GS, NR, FDLF *Classical Model approach *Data required for different models *Swing, voltage controlled and MVAr controlled
buses
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* Symmetrical

and IEEE * Use of Zbus * To determine fault level in terms of MVAshortcircuit

and Unsymmetrical faults, simulation as per IEC

MVA shortcircuit

MVA b = Zpu
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*It

is the ability of the dynamic power system to

remain in synchronism under normal operating condition & to regain an acceptable equilibrium state after being subjected to perturbation.

*Broad

classification according to IEEE has been

taken here.
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Viren B. Pandya

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Power system security is the ability of the system to provide electricity/power with appropriate quality under normal and disturbance conditions Power system security is broken into three major functions being done at control centre:

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System monitoring i.e. SCADA and State Estimation Contingency analysis Security constrained optimal power flow
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* * *

Data received via SCADA system are having errors not only in form of in accuracy of measurement but many times also unavailability. Unavailability of data is referred as BAD data STATE ESTIMATION is a programme that minimizes errors of such measurements and detects bad data and then it gives the real state of power system in form of bus voltage magnitude and bus voltage angles Weighted least squares method is used for state estimation in power system
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* *

Contingency

refers

to

known

OUTAGE

of

any

component of power system Basically contingency analysis assess the security of power system when there is sudden switching (ON or OFF) of large power dealing component like generator, power transformer or tie-line

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Here contingency analysis is combined with OPF which searches to make changes optimal dispatches of generation so that when security analysis is run, no contingency results in violations.

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Line max loadability is 400 MW

250 MW

250 MW 500 MW Unit 1 1200 MW 700 MW Unit 2

Optimal Dispatch

500 MW 500 MW Unit 1 1200 MW 700 MW Unit 2

Post contingency

200 MW

200 MW 400 MW Unit 1 1200 MW 800 MW Unit 2

Secure dispatch

400 MW 400 MW Unit 1 1200 MW 800 MW Unit 2

Secure post contingency state

* Power System Stability by Edward Wilson Kimbark * Power System Stability and Control by P. S. Kundur * Power System Dynamics by K. R. Padiyar * Power System Operation and Control by Halder and Chakrabarti * EEE Committee Report, Computer Representation of Excitation
System, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-87, No. 6, June 1968.

* IEEE Committee Report, Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro

Turbines in Power System Studies, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS92, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1973.
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