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What is Personality ??
Personality comes from the Greek word "persona", meaning "mask. Personality is a pattern of stable states and characteristics of a person that influences his or her behavior towards goal achievement. Each person has unique ways of protecting these states. -Gluck
Major Determinants
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
SITUATIONAL FACTORS
CULTURAL FACTORS
PERSONALITY
SOCIAL FACTORS
FAMILY FACTORS
A. Projective Tests
B. Behavioral Measures
C. Self-report Questionnaire
A. Projective Tests
Objective- To see how each individual responds to the stimulus in a way that reflects his/her personality.
B. Behavioural Measures
o
Helps the psychologist to count and record the frequency of particular behaviours. behaviour is scored in a manner that it produces
oThe
an index of personality.
oLimitations
:-
C. Self-Report Questionnaire
o Most
of an individual.
o Individuals
are:
It is a widely used and highly regarded system for understanding and interpreting personality.
Sensing (S) Intuitive (N) Feeling (F) Thinking (T) Perceptive (P) Judgmental (J)
Extroverted
Interest Orientation
Introverted
Sensing
Perception
Intuition
Thinking
Judgment
Feeling
Judgment
Environment Orientation
Perception
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience
1) Extraversion:-
ones comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive.
2) Agreeableness:-
to be trusting, cooperative and warm. Highly agreeable people cooperative, soft hearted.
3) Conscientiousness:-
It measures an individuals
4. Emotional
Stability:-
This
dimension
measures the level of self confidence and calmness of an individual. An individual with positive emotional stability is relaxed, secure, unworried. 5. Openness to experience:- It addresses ones range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded.
EXTRAVERSION
Openness to Experience
Agreeableness
Emotional Stability
Concientiousness
1) Locus of Control
8) Self Efficacy
7) Self-Esteem
2) Machiavellianism
6) Self Monitoring
3) Risk Propensity
4) Self Efficacy
5) Type A Personality
1) Locus of Control
An
Those who believe that one controls Ones life outcomes attributed to
2) Machiavellianism
Individuals high in Machiavellianism believe that manipulation of others are fine if it helps to achieve a goal.
3) Risk Propensity
High Risk taking Managers make more rapid decisions and use less information in making their choices than low risk taking managers.
4) Self Efficacy
o
The higher the self efficacy, the more confidence an individual will have in his ability to succeed in a task.
5) Type A Personality
Type A personalities :oAlways
oFeel
impatient with the rate at which most events cope with leisure time.
take place.
oCannot oAre
6) Self Monitoring
o
High self monitors pay attention to what is appropriate in a particular situation and to the behaviour of other people and then behave accordingly.
Low self monitors act from the internal states rather than paying attention to the situation.
7) Self Esteem
o
self worth.
o
8) Positive/Negative Effect
o
cooperative behaviour.
Theories Of Personality
1) Trait
Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth Theories: Attribute difference in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processes.
2) Psychoanalytic
3) Humanistic
4) Social-Cognitive
TRAIT THEORIES
Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist, a Freudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types: Introvert: Shy, selfcentered person whose attention is focused inward. Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward
Hans Eysenck, English psychologist, believed that there are three fundamental factors in personality:
Introversion versus Extroversion Emotionally Stable versus Unstable (neurotic) Impulse Control versus Psychotic
The first two factors create 4 combinations, related to the four basic temperaments recognized by ancient Greeks:
Melancholic (introverted + unstable): sad, gloomy Choleric (extroverted + unstable): hottempered, irritable Phlegmatic (introverted + stable): sluggish, calm Sanguine (extroverted + stable): cheerful, hopeful
Raymond Cattell: believed that there were two basic categories of traits: Surface Traits: Features that make up the visible areas of personality Source Traits: Underlying characteristics of a personality Cattell also constructed a personality test identifying 16 personality factors (source traits) out of which he believed that five
5. Neuroticism
Id:
The unconscious, irrational part of personality. It is a strong, inborn and basic instinctive urge which is at the centre of individuals personality . It operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate satisfaction.
Ego:
It is involved with the workings of the real world. Also known as Reality Principle, it is the conscious, and rational part of personality that regulates thoughts and behaviors. It teaches the person to balance demands of external world and needs of the person.
Super Ego:
strives for perfection and is the internal
It
good or bad.
Developed by Albert Bandura. Views behaviour as influenced by the interaction between persons and the social context. The theory emphasizes the rational side of life while ignoring the emotional side. It is proposed that our thoughts and actions originate in the social world. The human beings have capacity for selfregulation and engage in active cognitive processes.
HUMANISTIC THEORIES
MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Abraham Maslow is considered father of the humanistic movement. He proposed the idea of self actualized people. As per his view, human motives are arranged in a hierarchy of needs The self actualized people have realistic perception, are spontaneous, easily accept self and others, are creative, and enjoy and appreciate positive aspects of life, like privacy and independence.
SELF ACTUALISATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature Spontaneity, Task Centering Autonomy