Solarpresentation 1212668263028323 9

Bulk Solar Power Generation : CSP and CPV technologies
Fernando Nuo European Copper Institute fng@eurocopper.org
June 08
Index
Solar energy : why should it make sense? Definitions CSP review
Technology Project Development Issues Generation costs Market perspectives Support schemes
CPV review
Technology Generation costs Market perspectives
Ratios and comparisons

www.leonardo-energy.org
Solar resource available : much more than we need

The Earth receives from solar radiation in 10 days as much energy as the known fossil reserves
Solar roadmap Increasing role in the coming years
Where does concentration technology make sense?

Annual Direct Normal Irradiation
Source : NASA
Where does concentration technology make sense?
Source : Schott Solar
The potential of Mediterranean basin

North Africa has an enormous potential. Interconnections with Europe could be then developed
Sources : Eurelectric 2007 German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
Why solar energy fits well in hot climates
Spanish average load profile vs average irradiation

Source : Red Elctrica de Espaa
Index
CPV review

Solar technologies and market share
Utility scale technologies

CSP
CONCENTRATION SOLAR POWER : thermal process Heating a fluid Generating mechanical power through a thermodynamic cycle (rankine, brayton, stirling) Converting mechanical power into electrical power (alternator)
Solar Field
Power Block
CPV
CONCENTRATION PHOTOVOLTAICS : photovoltaic process Concentrate solar radiation on the PV cell Direct generation of electrical power
Index
CPV review

CSP Technology overview

Parabolic Dishes with Stirling Engine Parabolic Troughs
Central Tower
Fresnel Concentrators
CSP Technology review

Structure Parabolic Mirror Receiver
Parabolic Troughs
Parabolic Troughs
Solar Field
Power Block

HFT (Heat Transfer Fluid)
Technology in commercial operation
Oil 395C
Parabolic Troughs
Superheated Steam (100 bar, 380C) Steam Turbine
Melted Salts Hot Storage
Solar Field
Steam Generator
Condenser
Melted Salts Cold Storage
Deaerator Reheated Steam (17 bar, 371C) Re-heater Oil Expansion Tank
Pre-heater
Oil 295C

DSG (Direct Steam Generation)
Coming soon
Steam is generated directly in the collecting solar field, so no need for heat exchange, reducing costs and increasing efficiency
Parabolic Troughs
CSP : Project Development Site issues

Meteorological compliance Access to electricity and gas grid Access to water Flat land available Local authorities
DNI > 1800 kWh/m2/year Measurement campaign required
Impact of cost of building a dedicated electrical line to reach the main grid Gas : required to maintain temperatures during the night (other fuels can be considered for isolated zones)
In sunny places there is strong competition for water use! No special interest zone (urban, industrial, environmental protection) Absolutely flat for parabolic troughs Should accept and support the project
CSP : Project Development Site issues

Typical configurations Solar Field
Power Block
CSP : Project Development Administrative issues

Request for Administrative Authorisation Environmental impact analysis Public Information
Responses to this publication Reply to responses
Obtaining Administrative Authorisation Consultation to affected entities Request for Project Approval Construction permits Maturing period : 18 months
CSP : Project Development Engineering, Procurement & Construction

Preliminary Basic Engineering Basic Equipment Purchase Construction contracts In-Depth Engineering Supply of equipment Construction Commissioning and test period
Execution period : 24 months Maturing + Execution period : 36 - 44 months
CSP : Project Development Grid Access

Spanish System
Guarantee: 20 /kW Request to recognition of dispatchability RE PO 08/2007 (see next slide) Request for Access to the grid
TSO provides the conditions for grid access Project Developer presents its project Project Developer asks for connection point TSO provides connection point
CSP : Project Development Grid Access

Dispatchability RE PO 08/2007
Spanish System
Required conditions
Installation controlled from the dedicated TSO dispatching center Storage ability: 4h Energy restitution efficiency : 60%
Benefits
Less requirements and more guarantees to obtain access to the grid Participation in ancillary services markets
Program reliability: 90% at 24 h horizon 95% at 6h horizon
Voltage dip ridethrough ability (voltage dip up to 1 second)
Project Developper can make the choice to go for storage or not, so making its installation dispatchable or not. If not dispatchable, grid access seems more difficult to obtain and would be subject to curtailments when in operation
CSP : Project Development Technological issues

Mirrors
Some companies developing solar projects are developing its own technology, or buying mirror manufacturers
Absorber Tube
Manufacturers oligopoly Extremely critical and technical product (lasting vacuum, layers stability, high transmissivity of glass, high absorptivity and low emissivity of absorber, junctions metal/glass, dilatation management) Several structures available in the market Continuous evolution to comply with alignment requirements at the lowest cost Liquid salts is the technology used for the moment, but many other are in development
Support Structure
Thermal storage
CSP - Project Development Storage optimisation
CSP - Project Development Contractual structure and Project Finance

CONTRACTS
Turn Key Contract Engineering Procurement & Construction (EPC) Separated Packages negotiated by Project Developer
Operation & Maintenance
Grid Connection
Fuel Procurement

Turn Key Contract
One Main Contractor assumes the whole project and outsource the various packages to other companies Price is negotiated ex-ante and is firm Deadline is negotiated ex-ante and is firm (penalty otherwise) Responsibility : only one visible head The Main Contractor assumes the work of supervision and coordination 20% more expensive than the option separated packages negotiated by project developer To be financed by banks, it is the only contract structure acceptable Financing Entity will obtain from Main Contractor the required guarantees

Contractual Structure
Insurance Advisor Environmental Advisor
Project Developer Turn Key Main Contractor

Solar Field Thermal Storage Power Block Civil Work Electrical Systems
Financial Entity
Legal Advisor
Technical Advisor
Fuel
PROJECT
O&M Insurance
Electricity Sales

Main risks associated to CSP seen by Financial Entities
Melted Salts Storage
Availability of main components (mirrors, absorber tubes)
Expected generation : Availability and Quality of solar radiation data Thermal storage Hybridizing with NG or biomass Regulatory risk: once reached the targets set by the Ministry, no more support is available
Experience of Main Contractor
CSP - Some ratios

50 MW - Without storage
Investment : 3000 /kW
50 MW - With storage
Investment : 4500 /kW up to 6000 /kW Annual production : 3000 to 4000 hours South Spain Water consumption : 6m3/MWh Gas consumption : > 60 GWh / year Collecting surface : increased according to the storage capability
Annual production : 2050 hours for South Spain

Water consumption : 6m3/MWh - 1600 m3/day Gas consumption : 60 GWh /year Collecting surface : 287000 m2, 52 linear km
CSP - Support Schemes
Spain
CSP :
Target : 500 MW in 2010 Tariff : 278 /MWh or market price + 262 /MWh lasting : 25 years
After 25 years : 222 /MWh or market price + 210 /MWh
Feed-in tariffs have provided the required confidence to carry out huge investments up to 6000 /kW
CPV : integrated to general PV

Target of 371 MW reached in 2007 (waiting for provisions for the period up to 2010) Tariff : up to 2007 431 /MWh expected 300 /MWh from September 2008. Lasting : 25 years + reduced tariff after that period Expectations to discriminate CPV from general PV
North Africa
Call to bid from national electricity agencies
ISCC : Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Excellent way to recover solar energy and optimize its thermodynamic efficiency thanks to higher temperatures reached by burning natural gas ISCC by Abengoa Solar : Morocco 470 MW, Algeria 150 MW

April 2008 : Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) subscribes a firm contract to buy electricity generated by solar plants in Mojave Desert : 500 MW + 400 MW optional February 2008 : Arizona Public Service (APS) signs a contract with Abengoa Solar to buy electricity from a 280 MW solar power plant SEGS series from 80s : more than 300 MW with more than 20 years experience on parabolic trough technology
USA
State requirements RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standards) + remuneration based on PPA negotiation (Power Purchase Agreements) + pluri-annual Federal ITC application (Investment Tax Credit)
CSP Current growth

Only in Spain, there will be confirmed firmly more than 1000 MW during 2008
CSP Market expectations

According to German Aerospace Center (DLR), CSP has a growth potential of 40 GW by 2030
CSP Market expectations

Much more optimistic, ESTELA, the European Solar Thermal Electricity Association, sees room for 60 GW by 2030 only in Europe
CSP Cost expectations

According to ESTELA, the European Solar Thermal Electricity Association, only a moderate reduction in the levelized cost of energy can be expected due to high increase of raw materials such as steel and concrete
Index
CPV review

CPV - General features

In spite of its childhood (much less mature than CSP), already several MW installed around the world The big cost reduction is still to come thanks to mass production Doesnt need cooling water (except some special applications) Modular and scalable technology
CPV The strategy

Substitution of the expensive semiconductor material with a cheap optical system and low-cost mechanics Use of best efficiency cells
CPV - Advantages
Less sensitive to hot climates
Time to Operation
No water needs
Modular / Scalable
CPV - Disadvantages
Sensitivity to clouds
No easy storage ability
These two issues together should be solved, as TSO cannot accept sharp fluctuations in the generated power
CPV Components: Cells - Triple junction cells

The principle is that each material operates at different wavelengths, the three covering a large spectrum
CPV Components: Cells - Technology evolution

In 2009 an average production efficiency higher than 40% will be the rule for multijunction cells
CPV Components: Concentrator - Technologies

Lens Mirror
Cassegrain
Low Concentration
CPV Components: Concentrator - Technologies

Central tower CPV
Developed by Solar Systems in Australia
CPV Components: Tracking system

Need for increased accuracy
Light need to be focused at the cell, not close to the cell The higher concentration ratio, the lower angle tolerance In practice, 0.1% accuracy is currently reached Solid structures are required New structural concepts are being developed
CPV Potential for cost reduction

Flat PV : module reaches 45% of cost share
40% of remaining costs are proportional to area
Reductions in module cost and required area would lead to drastic decrease of Levelized Cost of Energy Source : Concentrix
CPV Area reduction
For the same surface, almost 50% more installed power
To reach the same power, 30% less need for materials
CPV Cost reduction expectations
Investment costs to be cut by 3 in 10 years
Source : Concentrix
CPV Cost reduction targets
CPV Market growth some examples

EMCORE
GUASCOR FOTON
SOL 3G
Index
CPV review

Comparative CSP - CPV

Parabolic troughs
Power Range Operating Temperature System Efficiency (electricity / solar) Commercially available Integrated Storage Hybrid design Water consumption Land use (Ha / MW) 20 300 MW 395C 21% Yes
Central tower
20 100 MW 600C 23% Soon
Stirling parabolic dish

5 40 kW per dish. Scalable 700C 31% Only prototypes ? Possible (any fuel) No water 2
CPV
10 kW 20 kW per tracker. Scalable PV effect, no thermal Current : 25 % Soon : > 30 % Yes, with huge amounts of MW available in coming years No No No water 2
Thermal : Possible Possible (any fuel) 6 m3/MWh 2,5 3 (more if storage)
Thermal : Possible Possible (any fuel) Similar to parabolic trough 2 2,5 (more if storage)
Comparative CSP - CPV
Parabolic troughs
Current investment cost Current LCOE (Levelized Cost of Energy) Expected LCOE by 2020 4 6 /W (according to storage size) 260 /MWh in South Europe 180 /MWh in MENA 200 /MWh in South Europe. Lower in sunnier locations
Central tower
4 6,5 /W
Stirling parabolic dish

14 /W
CPV
6 7 /W
300 /MW in Souht Europe. Lower in sunnier locations
In line with parabolic troughs
In line with parabolic troughs
120 150 /MWh in South Europe. Lower in sunnier locations
References
CSP summit Madrid February 2008 Intereconoma Conferencias CPV summit, Madrid 1-2 April 2008 (http://www.cpvtoday.com/index.shtml) http://www.schott.com/csp/english/download/schott_memorandum_e.pdf http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_publications_annual.html http://www.eupvplatform.org/ http://www.csptoday.com/
Thank you!

Solarpresentation 1212668263028323 9

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Bulk Solar Power Generation : CSP and CPV technologies

Fernando Nuo European Copper Institute fng@eurocopper.org

Ratios and comparisons

Solar resource available : much more than we need

Solar roadmap Increasing role in the coming years

Where does concentration technology make sense?

Where does concentration technology make sense?

Source : Schott Solar

The potential of Mediterranean basin

Why solar energy fits well in hot climates

Spanish average load profile vs average irradiation

Ratios and comparisons

Solar technologies and market share

Utility scale technologies

Ratios and comparisons

CSP Technology overview

CSP Technology review

CSP Technology review

CSP Technology review

Superheated Steam (100 bar, 380C) Steam Turbine

Melted Salts Hot Storage

Melted Salts Cold Storage

CSP Technology review

CSP : Project Development Site issues

CSP : Project Development Site issues

CSP : Project Development Administrative issues

CSP : Project Development Engineering, Procurement & Construction

Execution period : 24 months Maturing + Execution period : 36 - 44 months

CSP : Project Development Grid Access

CSP : Project Development Grid Access

Program reliability: 90% at 24 h horizon 95% at 6h horizon

Voltage dip ridethrough ability (voltage dip up to 1 second)

CSP : Project Development Technological issues

CSP - Project Development Storage optimisation

CSP - Project Development Contractual structure and Project Finance

Operation & Maintenance

CSP - Project Development Contractual structure and Project Finance

CSP - Project Development Contractual structure and Project Finance

Project Developer Turn Key Main Contractor

CSP - Project Development Contractual structure and Project Finance

Melted Salts Storage

Availability of main components (mirrors, absorber tubes)

Experience of Main Contractor

CSP - Some ratios

Annual production : 2050 hours for South Spain

CSP - Support Schemes

CPV : integrated to general PV

CSP - Support Schemes

Call to bid from national electricity agencies

CSP - Support Schemes

CSP Current growth

CSP Market expectations

CSP Market expectations

CSP Cost expectations

Ratios and comparisons

CPV - General features

CPV The strategy

CPV Components: Cells - Triple junction cells

CPV Components: Cells - Technology evolution

CPV Components: Concentrator - Technologies

CPV Components: Concentrator - Technologies

Developed by Solar Systems in Australia