Company name : Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL).

Head Quarter: Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, Harish Chandra Mathur lane, Jan path, New Delhi. Status: Mini Ratna (A status assigned to reputated public sector companies of India.) Status (World):7th largest Telecommunication Company. Founded: 19th century, Incorporated 2000. Owner: Government of India.

Introduction Making a Telephone Call About the Exchange V-SAT Network Types of access V-SAT networks The Internet

Wireless in Local Loop (WLL)

Global system for mobile communication (GSM)

Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest public sector undertaking of India .

Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for introducing latest technologies and new services like I-NET, INTERNET, ISDN (INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK), IN (INTELLIGENT NETWORK), GSM and WLL (WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP) services etc.
Now BSNL has also entered in mobile communication. BSNL has all the new services send technological advantages, which are available with any well, developed Telecom network anywhere else in the country.

A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handsets of the base. Once the dial tone is heard, the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the handset or on the base to enter a sequence of digits, the telephone number of called party.

The switching equipment from the exchange removes the dial tone from the line after the first digit is received and after receiving the last digit, determines the called party is in the same exchange or a different ones.

If the called is in the same exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called partys line. Each telephone contains a ringer that responds to specific electric frequency. When the called party answers the telephone by pocking up the handset, steady start to flow in the called partys line and is detected by the exchange. The exchange than stops applying ringing and sets up the connection between the caller and the called party. If the called party is in different exchange from the caller, the caller exchange set up the connection over the telephone network to the called partys exchange. The called party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and notifying the calling and billing machinery when the call is completed. When conversation is over, one or both parties hang up by replacing their handset on the base, stopping the flow of current.

All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform the functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then passed to the exchanges central computer, which in turns operates the switching to complete the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Todays automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that provides services and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure. Various exchanges present in BSNL are: 1.E-10B 2.OCB283 3.EWSD All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are:1. subscribers connection unit 2. switching network (CX) 3. control unit 4. OMC

For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important:1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the customers with the help of computers. 2. Power Plant:- to feed proper power supply to exchange

3. AC Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or 2 degree Celsius to the digital switch (exchange).
4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment (subscriber) i.e. it is the interface between subscribers and exchange.

A.What is V-SAT?
It can be defined as a class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station suitable for easy on-premise installation, usually operating in conjugation with a large size HUB earth station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two ways integrated Telecom Services. It has the following components: Micro Earth Station Mini Earth Station Personal Earth Station Roof Top Terminal Customer Premises Terminal

B.ADVANTAGES OF V-SAT
1.Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate last mile problem. 2.Superior quality satellite based data services. 3.Quick implementation time. 4.Reliable communication. 5.Broadcast feature on satellite communication. 6.Communication to different areas. 7.Flexibility for network and changes. 8.Service in distance insensitive. 9.Low cost.

The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer network are connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based on the unique identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected networks providing global link to information. GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this means.

Leased lines
Limited to point-to-point communication
Limits who you can talk to

Carriers offer leased lines at an attractive price per bit sent to keep high-volume customers

Leased Line

An Internet Leased Line is usually a dedicated line which offers direct connectivity to the Internet. This is done by connecting the nearest service provider nodal point and the customer premises with a dedicated copper line, optical fiber cable, radio links Internet Leased Lines are preferred over broadband connections for providing internet connectivity to larger organizations like colleges, corporate offices, hospitals, etc.

WLL is a communication system that connects customers to the Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as substitutes of conventional wires for all part of connection between the subscribers and the telephone exchange. It works on CDMA technique. The local loop is access part of telecommunication network i.e. the part between PSTN switch and subscribers. WLL network application involves uses of radio to replace of the wire link between PSTN switch and subscriber. The radio technology is able to provide same quality of services as that provided by the wires line. Application of wireless loop technology has just been started in the worldwide. There is no standard for this so far. However, a number of national and international air interface standards for digital cellular mobile telephone system are available.

Multiple access system allows a large number of users to share a common pool of radio telephone circuits, like sharing of trunked radio facility. Multiple access radio has similarity to the LAN in which the common channel is available to all users. The circuits are demands assigned i.e. assigned on demand first-cum-firstserved basis. The provision of access to the radio circuits methods of multiple accesses are: CDMA: - Where large number of transmission are combined on the same channel at the same time and separated by the codes. FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access):- Where individual transmission separated by each other by the time. WHAT IS CDMA? CDMA, a cellular technology originally known as IS-95, competes with GSM technology for dominance in the cellular world. There are now different variations, but the original CDMA is known as CdmaOne.

Enhanced Data Rate for GPRS Evolution In GSM standards also known as EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS) Wireless packet data access to Internet
Same as GPRS only faster and more robust

Supports asymmetric traffic on the radio link

Difference between EDGE and GPRS is only on air interface

The GSM Association is a unique organization, with a truly global reach, offering a full range of business and technical services to its members. Now as the wireless family unfolds the association is deriving forward its vision of seamless, limitless, world of wireless communication. Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems have been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to address these problems. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication.