T60 and T35

T60 Transformer Management
Relay

Rel digital multifuncional para proteccin de
transformador:

Paquete configurable de multiproteccin de transformador.
Hasta 4 juegos de CTs y/o PTs (T60)
Hasta 6 juegos de CTs y/o PTs (T35)
Programmable FlexLogic (Lgica programable)
Mensajera GOOSE y Direct I/O.
Fcil acceso a travs del HMI (Human Machine Interface)
Fcil monitoreo y control a travs de un programa de PC.
Variedad de comunicaciones

PROTECCIONES:
Proteccin diferencial de porcentaje (87T)
Proteccin diferencial instantnea (87/50)
Restriccin de falla a tierra(87G)
Sobreexitacin Volts/Hz (24)
Fase/Neutro/Tierra TOCs (51P, 51N, 51G)
Fase/Neutro/Tierra IOCs (50P, 50N, 50G)
Sobrecorriente direccional de fase y neutro (67P, 67N)
Bajo y sobre voltaje de fase (27P, 59P)
Bajo y sobre voltaje auxiliares (27X, 59X)
Sobrevoltaje de neutro (59N)
FlexElements Comparadores universales

CONTROLES:
Seis grupos de ajuste
Sobre y baja frecuencia
Elementos digitales
Contadores digitales
Interruptor de seleccin

ENTRADAS/SALIDAS
Contactos de entrada y salida
Entradas y salidas virtuales
Entradas y salidas directas
Entradas y salidas remotas (GOOSE)

MEDICIN Y MONITOREO:

Corrientes (Fasores y RMS) Fases, Tierra, Neutro, Componentes
simtricas y demanda.
Voltajes (Fasores y RMS) Fases, Tierra, Neutro y Componentes
simtricas.
Potencia - Activa, Reactiva, Aparente, Factor de potencia.
Energa y energa de demanda.
Corrientes diferenciales y de restriccin por fase.
Corrientes diferenciales y de restriccin de tierra.
Corrientes diferenciales de 2ndo y 5to armnico por fase.
Corrientes de 2ndo y 5to armnico y THD.
Oscilografas.
Registrador de eventos
Lgica de datos (Data Logger)

Compensacin externa de ngulo por fase (Forma antigua)
Tpicamente 30 de desfase
Y
Delta

Compensacin externa de ngulo por fase (Forma antigua)
Tpicamente 30 de desfase
Y
Y

I1 I2
D/Y 30
I1 SEC I2 SEC
I1 SEC
I2 SEC
Conexin en Y Conexin en Y
UR T60
Corrientes del primario del
transformador Fase A
I1
I2
-30
I1 SEC
-30
I2 SEC
Corriente en el secundario del CT,
Cuando est conectado al rel Fase A

PASO 1. Entradas de CTs
PASO 2. Configuracin de fuente
PASO 3. Nmero de devanados
PASO 4. Devanados del
transformador

GE Consumer & Industrial
Multilin

PASO 4. Configuracin de devanados
del transformador
Fuente (SRC) para corrientes de
devanados para Paso 3
Capacidad de devanados (MVA) de
datos de placa del transformador
Devanado de fase a fase de
tensin nominal segn datos de
placa del transformador
Tipo de conexin de los
devanados
Bobinado de Tierra dentro de
la zona de proteccin 87T.
ngulo, por el cual las corrientes
del devanado 2 atrasan a as
corrientes del devanado 1. With
Respect To (WRT) ngulo de 0
del devanado 1.
Bobinado de resistencia en serie.
El ngulo del devanado
1 deber ser ingresada
como 0 para cualquier
configuracin de
transformador.
Configuracin del rel
electromecnico:

Compensacin de magnitud:
Clculo de Tap del rel para
entrada del CT
(Introducir imprecisin debido a
a la aproximacin de la lectura
del CT con la configuracin del
tap del rel)

Cambio de compensacin de
fase:
Delta externa conectando los CTs
en Y y Y externa conectando los
CTs en Delta.
(Aumenta la probabilida de
cometer errores de conexin)
Configuracin del rel
digital:
Configuracin de magnitud
automtica:
Un software calcula los factores de
compensacin de magnitud para
todas las corrientes de los
devanados, y las escala
internamente.

Cambio de compensacin
de fase:
Un software detecta el cambio de
fase configurado en el men de
devanados del transformador, y
compara estos con el actual
cambio de fases entre las
corrientes que estn conectadas a
los terminales del rel. Todos los
CTs pueden ser conectados en Y
en el transformador.

T60 Compensacin de fase:
The first Delta or Zig-Zag winding from the transformer setup
becomes phase reference winding. When non of the above winding
connections are present, la referencia es el primer devanado en Y.
Para secuencia ABC, la compensacin del ngulo de fase es como
se muestra a continuacin:
ucomp[w] = u [w ref.] - u [w]
Ejemplo: Tipo de transformador D/Y30
DELTA: ucomp[w] = 0 - 0 = 0 - reference
WYE: ucomp[w] = 0 - (-30) = 30 = 330 lag
Para secuencia ACB, La compensacin del ngulo de fase es como
se muestra a continuacin:
ucomp[w] = u [w] - u [w ref.]
Ejemplo: Tipo de transformador D/Y30
DELTA: ucomp[w] = 0 - 0 = 0 - reference
WYE: ucomp[w] = -30 - 0 = 30 lag

UR T60 : COMPENSACIN DE FASE
UR T60 : COMPENSACIN DE FASES
Transformer: D/Y30
DELTA
Corrientes en el primario
IA(0 deg.) - IA(-180 deg.)
IB(-120 deg.)
IC(-240 deg.)
- IC(-60 deg.)
-IB(-300 deg.)
IA'
IC'
IB'
ic'(-90)
ib'(-330)
ia'(-210)
-210 deg.
Y y DELTA
Corrientes secundarias
Vistas en el rel
ABC rotation:
WYE
Corrientes en el primario
Ic(-270)
Ia(-30 ) Ib(-150)
WYE y DELTA
Corrientes secundarias compensadas
ia'(-180) IA'
ic'(-60)
ib'(-300)
IB'
IC'
UR T60 : COMPENSACIN DE FASES
IA Z0
IB Z-120
IC Z-240
I a = (IA' IC ) Z-30
r

H1
H2
H3
X1
X2
X3
IA '
IB '
IC '
I b = (IB ' IC ) Z-150
I c = (IC ' IB ) Z-270
IA
IB
IC
IA'
IB'
IC'
I a
I b
I c
Delta lags Wye
by 30 deg.
ABC Rotacin : ngulo de compensacin = - 30 - 0 = 30 lag
UR T60 : PHASE COMPENSATIONS
IA Z0
IBZ-240
IC Z-120
I a = ( IA' IC ) Z-330
r

H1
H2
H3
X1
X2
X3
IA '
IC '
IB '
I b = (IB ' - IA) Z-210
I c = (IC ' IB ) Z-90
IA
IB
IC
Delta lags Wye by 30 deg.
for ACB rotation
IA'
I B '
IC '
I a
I c
-IC '
-I A '
-IB'
ACB Rotacin : ngulo de compensacin = 0 (- 330) = 330 = 30 lag
I b
UR T60 : COMPENSACIN DE MAGNITUD
A partir del firmware 3.40, una
nueva opcin de configuracin ha
sido implementada Reference
Winding Selection. El usuario
puede seleccionar un devanado del
men de seleccin, para tomar a uno
de estos como referencia, el cual
automticamente selecciona los CTs
de este devanado (CT setup) como
una unidad para la proteccin
diferencial de porcentaje.
1. Calcular la corriente promedio para cada devanado:
Ipromedio (w1)= MVA/(kV(w1)*\ 3)
Ipromedio (w2)= MVA/(kV(w2)*\ 3)

2. Calcular el CT margin para cada devanado:
L margin(w1) = CT primary(w1)/ Ipromedio (w1)
L margin(w2) = CT primary(w2)/ Ipromedio (w2)

3. Encontrar el menor margen de CT:
CT de referencia: = min [L margin(w1), L margin(w2)]

4. Encontrar la magnitud de coeficientes, por los cuales las
corrientes de los devanados correspondientes son multiplicadas:
M(W)= [CT prim(W).V nom(W)] / [CT prim(Wref).V nom(W ref)]
87T Magnitud de referencia en Automatic:

REFERENCE: kV(Wx), UNIT: CT(Wx)

Encontrar la magnitud de los coeficientes de escalamiento por los
cuales las corrientes de los devanados correspondientes son
multiplicados.

M(W)= [CT prim(W).V nom(W)] / [CT prim(Wref).V nom(W ref)]
87T magnitude reference set to Winding X:

Multilin

UR T60 : CORRIENTES DIFERENCIAL Y DE RESTRICCIN
Corrientes compensadas:

I1COMP = C1*M1(w1)*(I1SEC/CT1RATIO)
I2COMP = C2*M2(w2)*(I2SEC/CT2RATIO) where,
C1, C2 - phase shift coefficients ( C = 1 for the phase
reference winding)
M1, M2 - magnitude coefficients ( M = 1 for the magnitude
reference winding)

DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL:
IDIFF. = I1COMP + I2COMP

RESTRAINING SIGNAL:
IRESTR. = max ( |I1COMP| , | I2COMP|)
Dos curvas usadas para dar solucin a:
Pequeos errores durante la operacin lineal de
los CTs (S1) and
Grandes errrores de CTs (saturation) debido a
altas corrientes (S2)
S1
S2
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
B
2
UR T60 : DIFERENCIAL CARACTERSTICAS DE
RESTRICCIN
Dos puntos de corte utilizados para especificar:
El lmite de seguridad de operacin lineal del CT (B
1
)
El mnimo nivel de corriente que puede causar
grandes alteraciones en la seal diferencialndebido a
la saturacin del CT (B
2
).
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
restraining
A
B
1
S2
S1
B
2
RESTRICCIN
T60 BIASED DIFFERENTIAL
( LOGIC DIAGRAM )
Id > PKP
YES
Ir < B1
NO
B1 < Ir < B2 YES
NO
Ir > B2
Id/Ir, % >S2 YES TRIP
Id/Ir,% >S1&S2
Id/Ir%>S1 YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO TRIP
YES
Id, pu
Ir, pu
Min. PKP
B 1 B 2
S 1
S 2
RESTRICCIN
Monitoreo en tiempo real de la relacin
differential/restraint
Seal diferencial:
Eliminar la componente de secuencia cero de la seal diferencial:
Opcional para devanados conectados en Delta
permite hacer frente en la zona de puesta a tierra de
transformadores y cables en zonas con importantes corrientes de
secuencia cero de carga
Eliminacin de la componente DC en descomposicin
Algoritmo cclico completo de Fourier para medir tanto el fasor de
corriente diferencial como los armnicos segundo y quinto.
Seal de restriccin:
Eliminacin de la componente DC en descomposicin.
Algoritmo cclico completo de Fourier para medir las magnitudes.
Maximum of Principio que se utiliza para derivar la seal de
restriccin de las corrientes en los terminales.
Ejemplo:
230 kV
CT1 (500: 5) CT2 (1000: 5)
69 kV
I2 = Load = 800 Amp
100 MVA
D/Yg30
i2' = 4 A i1' = 2. 4 A
PHASE
COMPENSATION
PHASE
COMPENSATION
MAGNITUDE
COMPENSATION
2.4 * 1.67= 4 A
MAGNITUDE
COMPENSATION
4 * 1 = 4 A
Id = 0
I1 =240 A
i1' (comp.) i2' (comp.)
T60
UR T60 : 87T EJEMPLO DE CLCULO

Multilin

UR T60 : 87T CALCULATION EXAMPLE
Unit definition for biased and unbiased differential protections:
(Automatic selection)
The unit used by the T60 percent and instantaneous differential
protections, is the primary rated CT, representing the magnitude
reference winding
From the Example: XFMR: D/Yg30, 100MVA, 230/69kV
230kV side: CT1(500:5), I rated(230kV) = 251 Amps
69kV side: CT2(1000:5), I rated(69kV) = 836.7 Amps

Margin(230kV) = 500/251 = 1.99
Margin(69kV) = 1000/836.7 = 1.195 (CT2 most likely to saturate first)
REFERENCE: > Winding 2
UNIT: CT2 (1000:5)

Magnitude M1 = 1.67 => (i(w1)/500) * 1.67 = i1(comp.)
coefficients: M2 = 1 => (i(w2)/1000) * 1 = i2(comp.)

..o para 800 Amps de carga para el devanado 2 ,
I2SEC = 800/(CT2RATIO = 200) = 4 Amps
I1SEC = 240/(CT1RATIO = 100) = 2.4 Amps

Corrientes compensadas:
I1COMP = (240/500)*(M1 = 1.668) = 0.8 pu
I2COMP = (800/1000)*(M2 = 1) = 0.8 pu (reference)

Corriente diferencial: Id = 0.8 pu - 0.8 pu = 0 pu
Corriente de restriccin: Ir = max(0.8, 0.8) = 0.8 pu
Id, pu
Ir, pu
Min. PKP
B 1 B 2
S 1
S 2
UR T60 : 87T CALCULATION EXAMPLE
Configuracin en por unidad para las caractersticas
Diferencial - restriccin

Min PKP: = 0.3 pu = 0.3 * 1000 = 300 A Corriente diferencial
Break 1: = 2 pu = 2*1000 = 2000 A Corriente de restriccin
Break 2: = 8 pu = 8*1000 = 8000 A Corriente de restriccin
Slope 1: = 25% = (Id/Ir)*100 = (0.25)*100
Slope 2: = 95% = (Id/Ir)*100 = (0.95)*100
Id, pu
Ir, pu
Min. PKP
Break 1 Break 2
Slope 1
Slope 2
UR T60 : 87T EJEMPLO DE CLCULO

Multilin

(Devanado 1 seleccionado como referencia)
El voltaje de fase a fase del devanado 1 es el voltaje de referencia,
and the primary rated CT, is the unit for magnitude scaling
computations
..or for 800 Amps load at Winding 2 ,
I2SEC = 800/(CT2RATIO = 200) = 4 Amps
I1SEC = 240/(CT1RATIO = 100) = 2.4 Amps

Magnitude coefficients:
M1 = 1 =>(500*230)/(500*230) = 1
M2 = (1000*69)/(500*230) = 0.6

Compensated currents:
I1COMP = (240/500)*(M1 = 1) = 0.48 pu (reference)
I2COMP = (800/1000)*(M2 = 0.6) = 0.48 pu

differential current: Id = 0.48 pu - 0.48 pu = 0 pu
restraining current: Ir = max(0.48, 0.48) = 0.48 pu
Id, pu
Ir, pu
Min. PKP
B 1 B 2
S 1
S 2
UR T60 : 87T SETTINGS CALCULATION EXAMPLE

Multilin

Minimum PKP:
errors from winding CTs
Worst case:
+ 10% CT1 error of In(w1) = 25.1 A, therefore In(w1) =276.1 Amps
- 10% CT error of In(w2) = 83.67 A, or In(w2) = 753 Amps
753 Amp/1000 = 0.75 pu CT2(1000:5) - reference
(276.1 Amp* 1.668)/500 = 0.92 pu
Differential current = 0.92pu - 0.75pu = 0.17 pu (Min Pick Up setting)
The tap changer adds another 10% error

100MVA, D/Y30
230kV
69kV
CT1 (500:5) CT2 (1000:5)
Load = 800 A 240 A
In(w1) = 251 Amps
In(w2) = 836.7 Amps

Multilin

Slope 1 :
-differential current Id = 0.17 pu
-Restraint current Ir = 0.92 pu
Slope 1 setting: (Id/Ir)*100 = 18% + 5%(safety margin) = 23 %

Breakpoint 1:
The setting should correspond to the maximum of the linear operation of
the CT, counting up to 80% remanent flux in the core of the CT.
CT1(500:5), C400 has Vsat = 125V, and Zb = 5 O - total burden
CT2(1000:5), C400 has Vsat = 240V, and Zb =4 O - standard burden
Therefore:
Imax(CT1) = Vsat/Zb = 25 Amps secondary current
Imax(CT2) = 60 Amps

Imax,pu(CT1) will be Imax(CT1)*M1/CT tap = 8.34 pu
Imax, pu(CT2) = Imax(CT2)*M2/CT tap = 12 pu
The 80% CT remanent flux will lower the smaller per unit value to 1.668
pu, which will be used for Breakpoint 1 setting

Multilin

Breakpoint 2:
The per unit setting, should correspond to the smallest fault current (no DC
offset) that can cause a CT to saturate. The Breakpoint 2 can be set to 8.34
pu.

Slope 2:
The setting for Slope 2 should be high enough to override the differential
current, caused by CT saturation.
The worst case for example would be if say CT1 doesnt saturate on
through fault current, and CT2 saturates heavily producing very small
current
In such cases the Slope 2 should be set as high as 95-98%.


Multilin

Ext2_PhA_Sat
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
8
6
1
7
1
2
5
6
3
4
1
4
2
6
5
1
1
5
9
6
6
8
1
7
6
6
8
5
1
9
3
6
1
0
2
1
1
1
0
6
1
1
9
1
1
2
7
6
1
3
6
1
Sample #:
Id/Ir, %
Series1
Saturacin de CT(1000:5) durante fallas de Fase
A a Tierra en un transformador de 100MVA,
230/69kV, D/Y30.

Mxima relacin Id/Ir = 0.57 *100% = 57%

Full DC offset
T
DC
= 67 ms
Light CT saturation on fault current with
full DC offset
UR T60 : 87T PERFORMANCE ON CT SATURATION
Id, pu
Ir, pu
Min. PKP
B 1 B 2
S 1
S 2
Id/Ir =0. 57
Id/Ir = 0

Multilin

Ext9_Sat
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
5
4
1
0
7
1
6
0
2
1
3
2
6
6
3
1
9
3
7
2
4
2
5
4
7
8
5
3
1
5
8
4
6
3
7
6
9
0
7
4
3
7
9
6
8
4
9
9
0
2
9
5
5
1
0
0
8
1
0
6
1
Sample #:
Id/Ir, %
Series1
External B to C fault on Y side of the
D/Y30, transformer.
100MVA, 230/69kV
Maximum Id/Ir,% = 50%

No DC offset!
Severe CT saturation on symmetrical
fault current
UR T60 : 87T PERFORMANCE ON CT SATURATION
Id, pu
Ir, pu
Min. PKP
B 1 B 2
S 1
S 2
Id/Ir =0. 5
Id/Ir = 0
UR T60 : TEST DE SATURACIN DE CT
Ext6_Sat_phB
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1
7
2
1
4
3
2
1
4
2
8
5
3
5
6
4
2
7
4
9
8
5
6
9
6
4
0
7
1
1
7
8
2
8
5
3
9
2
4
9
9
5
1
0
6
6
1
1
3
7
Sample #:
Id/Ir, %
Series1
External B to C fault on Y side of the
D/Y30, transformer.
100MVA, 230/69kV
Maximum Id/Ir,% = 87%

Full DC offset
T
DC
= 83 ms
Severe CT saturation on fault current
with DC offset
Id, pu
Ir, pu
Min. PKP
B 1 B 2
S 1
S 2
Id/Ir =0. 87
Id/Ir = 0

Multilin

Adaptive 2-nd harmonic
Traditional 2-nd harmonic

Per-Phase
2-out-of-3 (Cross-Phase)
Average

UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

Adapt. 2
nd
Trad. 2
nd

Per phase
2-out-of-3
Average
UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

2-nd harmonic mode:
Percent Differential Harmonic Inhibiting
Per - Phase
2-out-of-3
Average
Inrush Inhibit Mode:
selected
harmonic
mode
selected
inhibit
mode
FlexLogic
operands
Inhibit Percent
Differential
Operation
UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

uses both the magnitude and phase relation
between the second harmonic and the
fundamental frequency (60Hz) components
Uses only the magnitude of the 2-nd harmonic,
without considering the phase angle with the
fundamental component

UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

Per-phase
The 2-nd harmonic from an individual phase, blocks the
operation of the differential protection for only that phase, if
above the 2-nd harmonic setting
2-out-of-3
The detection of 2-nd harmonic on any two phases that is
higher than the setting, blocks the differential protection on all
three phases.
Average
The averaged amount of 2-nd harmonic from the three phases,
blocks the differential protection for all of them, if above the
setting.

UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (cycles)
0
500
1000
1500
-400
i [A] (a)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (cycles)
I
2
/ I
1
(b)
Sample magnetizing
inrush current
Second harmonic
ratio
UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

Fundamental
phasor
2nd harmonic
phasor
( ) ( )
1 2
1
2
1
2
21
arg 2 arg I I
I
I
e I
I
I
t j
=
=
e
Solution:
Differential current
UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

Operating foundations of the Adaptive 2
nd
harmonic
inhibit:
if the second harmonic drops magnitude-wise below
20%, the phase angle of the complex second harmonic
ratio is close to either +90 or
-90 degrees during inrush conditions
the phase angle may not display the 90-degree
symmetry if the second harmonic ratio is above some
20%
if the second harmonic ratio falls bellow 20% making
an angle of 90 with the fundamental current, the
algorithm applies adaptive lenses, and time for which
the 87T protection is inhibited.
UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

-0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
I
2
/ I
1
(real)
I
2

/

I
1

(
i
m
a
g
i
n
a
r
y
)
Isochrone contours, cycles
0
.
1
0
.
1
0.1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3 3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Effective restraint characteristic:
time (cycles) the restraint is kept
vs. complex second harmonic ratio
UR T60: 87T 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

UR T60: 87T ADAPTIVE 2
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT

Multilin

74.76ms =
4. 5 cycles
ND
HARMONIC INHIBIT EXAMPLES
Inrush current on transformer energization phase C

Multilin

Transformer D/Y30, 13.8/115 kV energized from Wye side
ND

Multilin

2-nd hrmc=9.9%
2.11 cycles(60Hz)
Inrush current on transformer energization phase A
ND

Multilin

UR T60&T35 : OVERALL BENEFITS
Up to four restraints(T60) and up to six supported
by UR T35
Improved transformer auto-configuration
Improved dual-slope differential characteristic
Improved second harmonic restraint
Benefits of the UR platform (back-up
protection,metering and oscillography, event
recorder, data logger, FlexLogic
TM
, fast peer-to-
peer communication)

Multilin

UR T60: INSTANTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

T60 Instantaneous Differential Protection

Multilin


Multilin

The setting must be higher than the maximum differential current the
relay may detect on through fault accounting for CT saturation
The setting must be higher than the maximum inrush current during
energization
The setting must be lower, than the maximum internal fault current
87T/50 PICKUP SETTING:

Multilin

UR T60: RESTRICTED GROUND FAULT PROTECTION

Restricted Ground Fault (RGF) protection

Multilin


Multilin

Low impedance ground differential protection
Adjustable pickup and slope settings to cope with unbalances during
load and through fault currents
Configurable time delay not needed after the RGF enhancements

Multilin

Igd, pu
I = max( IR1, IR2, IR0 ), pu
Min. PKP
S lope
Zero sequence based restraint:
IR0 =| IG - IN | =| IG (IA + IB + IC) |
Negative sequence based restraint:
IR2 =| I2 | for first 2 cycles on
transformer energization
IR2 =3*| I2 | - in normal conditions
Positive sequence based restraint:
IR1 =3*(|I1| - |I0|), if |I1| > 1.5 pu,
and |I1| > |I0|
else IR1 = |I1| / 8
Ground differential current:
Igd =| IG + IN | =| IG +IA + IB + IC) |

Ground restraint current:
Igr = max (IR1, IR2, IR0)
UR T60: RGF PROTECTION SETTINGS CALCULATION
Ejemplo:
Igd, pu
I = max( IR1, IR2, IR0 ), pu
Min. PKP
S lope
Ig = 80A Deteccin de mnima corriente de falla a tierra.
Min PKP = 80A/1500 = 0.053 pu
r r
3I0
Ig
Ig
T60
If
CT(1500:1)
CTg (600:1)

Multilin

% CT saturation vs. % slope
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Actual (Igd/Igr)% ratio % saturation of phase CT
UR T60: RGF PROTECTION SETTINGS CALCULATION
The slope setting for the RGF protection must be above the maximum expected
ground differential/restraint ratio on through faults due to the CT saturation. A
setting in the range from 40% to 70% is recommended. The graph bellow, shows
the percent of CT saturation of the phase CT, and the actual ground
differential/restraint ratio. For example, 80% CT saturation during external
phase to ground fault results into 66.7% ratio. Therefore, a setting of 70% would
be sufficient.
80% phase CT
saturation
66.7% actual
Igd/Igr ratio

Multilin

SETTINGS:
SECURITY
External single line to ground fault example and 80% ground CT saturation:
Phase currents
IA = 10 pu IR0 = abs(3*(2/3) (-10)) = 12 pu Igd = 8pu
IB = 0 pu IR2 = 3*(1/3) = 10 pu Igr = 12 pu
IC = 0 pu IR1 = 0.0 pu Igd/Igr,% = 66.7%
IG = 2 pu

SENSITIVITY
Internal low-current single line to ground fault example:
Phase currents
IA = 1.1 puZ 0 I0 = 0.033 pu IR0 = abs(3*0.033 (0.05) = 0.05
IB = 1 pu Z-120 I2 = 0.033 pu IR2 = 3*(0.033) = 0.1 pu
IC = 1 pu Z-240 I1 = 1.033 pu IR1 = 1.033/8 = 0.1292 pu
IG = 0.05 pu Z 0
Igd = abs(3*0.033+0.05) = 0.15pu,
Igr = 0.1292pu
Igd/Igr, % = 0.15/0.1292 = 116%

Multilin

CT SATURATION
IA
IB
IC
IG
Igd
Igr
Igr currents starts decaying and will reach
50% of its initial magnitude after 15.5 cycles

Multilin

TRANSFORMER ENERGIZATION

Multilin

Excel simulation tool for RGF protection tests

Multilin

UR T60: OVEREXCITATION(V/Hz) PROTECTION

Overexcitation (V/Hz) protection

Multilin

SETTING
FLEXLOGIC OPERANDS
SETTING
SETTING
VOLTS/HZ 1
FUNCTION:
SETTINGS
VOLTS / HZ 1
TD MULTIPLIER:
VOLTS / HZ 1
CURVE:
VOLTS / HZ 1
PICKUP:
VOLTS PER HERTZ 1 PKP
VOLTS PER HERTZ 1 DPO
VOLTS PER HERTZ 1 OP
VOLTS/HZ 1 BLOCK:
Disabled = 0
Off = 0
Enabled = 1
VOLTS/HZ 1
SOURCE:
VOLT / Hz
828003A3.CDR
FREEZE
t
V/Hz
VOLTS / HZ 1
T-RESET:
RUN

Multilin

SETTINGS:

66.4 V / 60 Hz = 1 PU,
The per unit setting should cope with the recommended for the transformer 1.1
x Vnom continuous voltage, and set just above that voltage for alarm and trip.

Multilin

V/Hz improvements:
thermal curve customization through the FlexCurve setup utility
improved cooling reset time

Multilin

UR T60: THERMAL PROTECTION

Transformer thermal protection

Multilin

UR T60: TRANSFORMER THERMAL DETECTION - INPUTS
SETTINGS:

The transformer nameplate
data must be entered in the
transformer general setup
menu.

Multilin

UR T60: TRANSFORMER THERMAL DETECTION INPUTS

Multilin

UR T60: TRANSFORMER THERMAL ELEMENTS
Hottest Spot Temperature
Aging factor
Loss of Life
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Top Oil temp Hot spot temp Load Current

Multilin

UR T60 : SOURCES CONFIGURATIONS AND BENEFITS

T60 Benefits of Source configuration and
some useful applications

Multilin

Fig. 1
Source and protection
configuration for the
application of
Fig 1

F1
M1 F5 M5

Multilin

Earth fault protection
configuration for the
application of Fig.2.

Source and
protection
configuration
application of
Fig.2
F1
F5
M1
M4
H
X
Fig. 2

Multilin

UR T35: SOURCES CONFIGURATIONS AND BENEFITS

Multilin

F1
F5
M1
M5
U1
U5
AC INPUTS

Multilin


Multilin

F1
F5
M1
M5
U1
U5
AC INPUTS

Multilin


Multilin

UR T60 : SOME USEFUL TESTS

Some useful Percent Differential tests

Multilin

Excel simulation tool for transformer differential protection tests
Website:
http://www.geindustrial.com/cwc/products?pnlid=6&famid=31&catid=213&id=t60&typeId=9&lang=en_US

Multilin

D/y30 transformer
Fault
IA(f)=0.577 pu @ 0 deg.
Ib(f)=0
Ia(f)=1 pu @ 0 deg.
Ic(f)=0
IB(f)=0 pu
IC(f) =0.577 pu @ -180 deg.
A
B
C
A
B
C
Example 1 :
Diagram 1

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Test results of Example 1:

Multilin

example 1 results - continue

Multilin

Yd30 transformer
F
IA(f)=0.5 pu @ -270 deg.
Ib(f)=0.866 pu @ -90 deg.
Ia(f)=0
Ic(f)=0.866 pu @ -270 deg.
IB(f)=1 pu @ -90 deg.
IC(f) =0.5 pu @ -270 deg.
A
B
C
A
B
C
Diagram 2
Example 2 :

Multilin

Test results for Example 2:

Multilin

.Example 2 results - continue

T60 and T35

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T60 Transformer Management

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