HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS

The human body is divided into many systems which enable the organism to carry on life functions.
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
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APPENDICULAR SKELETON
scapula clavicle humerus ulna radius carpals pelvis femur tibia fibula
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Which bone is not connected to another?

(hyoid)

AXIAL SKELETON
skull vertebrae sternum ribs patella

tarsals

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

1. Framework - the skeleton supports the bodys weight and gives it shape 2. Attachment - the skeleton provides attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons 3. Protection - the skeleton protects all important organs 4. Manufacture - long and flat bones contain red bone marrow where red blood cells are made 5. Storage - calcium is stored in the bones making them hard

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NUMBERS OF BONES
There are 206 bones in the adult human skeleton. 29 Skull - 8 cranial, 14 facial, 6 ears, 1 throat (hyoid - no joint) 26 Vertebrae (backbones) 25 Chest - 24 ribs, 1 sternum (breastbone) 4 Shoulder - 2 shoulder blades, 2 collar bones 60 Arms and Hands (30 each) - humerus, ulna, radius, carpals 2 Pelvis (hips) 60 Legs and Feet (30 each) - femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals
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TYPES OF BONE
1. Long Bones - found in arms and fingers, legs and toes 2. Short Bones - found in wrists and ankles 3. Flat Bones - found in cranium, breastbones and ribs, shoulders 4. Irregular Bones - found in vertebrae, facial bones

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TYPES OF JOINTS
Joints are places where two or more bones meet. Cartilage is a kind of connective tissue found between bones where they meet. Ligaments connect bone to bone; tendons connect bone to muscle. 1. Fixed - no movement, as in the skull 2. Pivot - allows rotation, as between head and vertebrae 3. Sliding - side to side & back and forth movement, as in wrist 4. Hinge - one direction movement, as in elbow and knee 5. Ball-and-socket - three directional movement, as in hip and shoulder
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DISORDERS AND DISEASES

1. Slipped disc - cartilage between vertebrae slip, putting pressure on the spinal cord 2. Curvature of the spine (scoliosis) - bending of the spinal column to one side, sometimes pushing internal organs 3. Spina bifida - birth defect of the vertebrae, sometimes causing incomplete closing of the vertebrae 4. Arthritis - swelling of the joints 5. Dislocation - end of bones come out of place 6. Rickets - bones bend because of vitamin D deficiency 7. Sprain - pulling or tearing of ligaments
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8. Osteoporosis - bone begins to loose calcium and weakens

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES
1. Voluntary a. Maintain posture - holding the bodys framework under control b. Accomplishing all visible movements 2. Involuntary a. Pushing substances through body tissue - food through digestive tract, blood through blood vessels b. Releasing stored substances - bile from gall bladder, urine from kidneys c. Regulating size of openings - pupil of the eye d. Regulating diameters of tubes - blood vessels, tubes in lungs 3. Cardiac (heart) - muscular pump powering circulatory system
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TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

There are over 600 muscles contracting and relaxing to move joints and some organs. 1. Skeletal (striated, voluntary) - muscles attached to the skeleton allowing voluntary control of movement 2. Smooth (involuntary) - located in the walls of many internal organs such as those of the digestive tract 3. Cardiac (heart, involuntary) - ONLY in the heart

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Smooth found in internal organs Striated found on the skeleton Cardiac found ONLY in the heart

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DISORDERS AND DISEASES

1. Charlie Horse - bruised or torn muscle 2. Cramp - spasm (involuntary contraction) in muscle 3. Hernia - organ coming through an opening in the wall that surrounds it 4. Muscular Dystrophy - wasting and weakening of muscles

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NERVOUS SYSTEM
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FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerve cells. Its main function is to regulate and coordinate the body activities. It is because of the nervous system that we are conscious, and have memory and intelligence. It allows us to reason, think, and make judgments. It is also the center of emotional response.

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PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Neuron (nerve cell) - can not reproduce; impulses are electrical changes in a nerve cell. Sensory nerves carry impulses to the brain from sense organs; motor nerves carry impulses to muscles from the brain. a. Cell body b. Axon c. Dendrites 2. Brain a. Cerebrum - largest, controls interpretation of impulses & thinking b. Cerebellum - controls balance & voluntary body motion c. Medulla - controls involuntary actions & complex reflexes 3. Spinal Cord - conducts impulses to and from the brain, controls
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simple reflexes

convolutions

cerebrum
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cerebellum medulla oblongata spinal cord

Cranium protects the brain

Vertebrae protects the spinal cord

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axon

dendrites

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photo of neuron

1. cell body 2. neuronal membrane 3. dendrites 4. axon 5. nerve ending

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DISORDERS AND DISEASES

The brain and the spinal cord are protected from injury by the cranium and the vertebrae of the skeletal system. 1. Accidents causing brain damage and/or spinal cord injury may leave a person unable to do even the simplest tasks. The brain controls ALL body functions, therefore damage may cause severe disability. Spinal cord damage may cause paralysis. 2. Other familiar disorders are ALS, Alzheimers, ADD, autism, bi-polar disorders, brain tumors, CP, depression, dyslexia, dystonia, eating disorders, epilepsy, Huntingtons disease, migraines, MS, panic disorder, Parkinsons, schizophrenia, stroke, Tourette Syndrome, and obsessivecompulsive disorders.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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in mouth

Accessory Organs
salivary glands liver gall bladder pancreas

Alimentary Canal
mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

appendix
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rectum

Digestion is the process by which food is changed into forms that can be used by the body. Nutrients are chemical substances which are needed for energy, growth and repair of tissues, and for carrying on life functions. The nutrients are proteins (amino acids), carbohydrates (sugars and starches), fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

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FOOD TESTS
Protein - Biuret solution, color changes from blue to purple Sugar - Benedicts solution, heat, color changes to green, yellow, orange, or brick red Starch - Lugols solution, color changes from brown to blueblack Fat - grease spot will appear on brown paper Minerals - burn away food, white ash left Vitamin C - Indophenol, color changes from blue to colorless Water - heat food, water vapor given off
Slow oxidation - slow burning of food in the body Calorie SHANNY - 3/00 unit of food energy

Sugar + Oxygen -----> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water

DISORDERS AND DISEASES

1. Acid reflux and heartburn stomach acid backs up into the esophagus 2. Appendicitis inflammation of the appendix, the end of the small intestine 3. Biliary atresia obstruction of bile ducts in liver 4. Cancer abnormal growth of cells in system organs 5. Cirrhosis scarring of liver tissue causing blocked flow of blood 6. Colitis inflammation of the colon 7. Chrons Disease chronic inflammation of the intestines 8. Dysentery bloody diarrhoea 9. Fatty liver build up of fat in liver cells 10. Gall Bladder Disease inflammation and/or gall stones 11. Hemorrhoids enlarged blood vessels in lower rectum or anus 12. Hepatitis inflammation of the liver 13. Hernia protrusion of a organ through the wall which usually contains it 14. Lactose Intolerance inability to digest lactose (sugar found in milk)
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15. Ulcers lesion of mucous surface of an organ

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
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SKIN
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. It contains sweat glands which eliminate excess water, salts, and some urea from the body through the pores. As perspiration evaporates, there is a cooling effect on the body, so the temperature is reduced. The skin also contains oil glands which lubricate the skins surface. There are many nerve endings enabling the sense of touch.
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LUNGS
Paired organs which serve to eliminate the waste products of respiration, carbon dioxide and water vapor.

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KIDNEYS
Paired, bean-shaped organs which filter liquid wastes from the blood stream. The water, salts, and urea (waste from protein) form urine which flows into a ureter to the urinary bladder where it is stored. From there, it goes into the urethra and then is eliminated.

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LIVER
In addition to its function in digestion, the liver also destroys worn-out red blood cells and makes urea from the waste material in protein.

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DISEASES AND DISORDERS

1. Acne - inflammation of the oil glands of the skin caused by hormonal changes 2. Kidney stone - abnormal formation of large particles containing urea and salts. They are often very painful to pass, and sometimes must be surgically removed. 3. Lung and liver diseases are discussed in other systems.

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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aorta pulmonary artery superior vena cava right atrium valve septum right ventricle inferior vena cava pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle

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FUNCTIONS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

1. Transport - materials such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes are carried to cells all over the body, and carbon dioxide and wastes are carried away from the cells to be eliminated. 2. Regulates body temperature. 3. Protect - the white blood cells act to fight infection.

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PARTS OF THE SYSTEM

1. Heart - muscular organ with four chambers; atria are the upper chambers and ventricles are the lower chambers. The heart is divided into the left and right side by the septum which keeps blood from flowing between the sides. The heart contains valves which keeps the blood flowing in one direction between chambers. The heart weighs about 11 oz.; it beats over 100,000 times a day, pumping blood through 60,000 miles of blood vessels. 2. Blood vessels a. arteries - thick, muscular walls for carrying blood away from the heart, get smaller as they get further away from the heart. Pressure here is 10% greater than in a vein. Arteries have NO valves. Pulse can be taken here. Main artery is the aorta.
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(parts continued) b. capillaries - small microscopic vessels connecting small arteries and small veins. The diffusion of nutrients and wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide happens here. c. veins - thinners walls than arteries for carrying blood toward the heart; they also get larger close to the heart. Veins DO have valves to keep blood flowing in one direction. Main vein is the vena cava.

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DISORDERS AND DISEASES

1. Anemia - low red blood count, causing tiredness 2. Leukemia - cancer of the blood, uncontrolled WBC production 3. Mononucleosis - virus causin high WBC count 4. Heart Attack - not enough blood reaches the heart, caused by high blood pressure and cholesterol, smoking, overweight, lack of exercise, and diabetes 5. Birth defects - as valve and septum problems 6. High blood pressure 7. AIDS - patient unable to fight infection 8. Stroke - not enough oxygen reaches the brain
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Exchange of gases between the organism and its environment, specifically the intake of oxygen and the discharge of carbon dioxide. Life functions depend on the release of energy from food.
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN -----> ENERGY + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

2. Production of sound (speech in humans). 3. Elimination of water vapor. 4. Elimination of heat.

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PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. nose - warms, moistens, and filters air 2. pharynx - cilia and mucus trap dust 3. larynx - vocal folds produce sound 4. trachea - passageway to bronchi 5. bronchi - tubes which branch into each lung 6. lungs - paired organs in the chest 7. alveoli - place where diffusion takes place
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DISEASES AND DISORDERS

1. Asthma - spasm of the muscles in the bronchial tubes which blocks air passages 2. Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchial tubes 3. Emphysema - alveoli remain full of air, not allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion 4, Hay Fever - allergy affecting the upper respiratory passages 5. Lung cancer - cancer cells spread through the lungs stopping diffusion 6. Pneumonia - infection of the alveoli 7. Tuberculosis - bacteria produces inflammation in lungs
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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The endocrine glands are ductless (have no tubes); their secretions go directly into the blood to be transported to all parts of the body. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands. They usually do their work far away from the gland which produces them. Hormones may speed up, slow down, or stop the work of another organ.

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PARTS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1. Pituitary - found at the base of the brain, Master Gland, secretes hormones which regulate growth, and controls the functions of all other glands 2. Thyroid - found to the front of the trachea in the neck, secretes thyroxin which regulates the rate at which food is oxidized (this effects growth) 3. Parathyroids - four glands found in the thyroid gland, secrete parathormone which regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus 4. Adrenal - two glands which rest atop each kidney, secrete natural steroids which effect nutrient metabolism and adrenalin which allows for fight or flight response in emergencies
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5. Isles of Langerhans - found in the pancreas, secretes insulin which regulates the amount of sugar found in the blood

6. Ovaries - found at the ends of the fallopian tubes in the females abdomen, secrete estrogens which regulate the development and function of the female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics, and progesterone which prepares the uterus for the possibility of pregnancy 7. Testes - found in the scrotum of males, secretes testosterone which regulates the development and function of the male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

1. Ovaries - paired organs which produce egg cells and the female sex hormone estrogen. Estrogen is responsible for female secondary sex characteristics (development of breasts, broadening of the pelvis, fat deposits, and the menstrual cycle). The ovaries contain about 400,000 egg cells, all are present from the time a female baby is born. About 500 actually mature during a females lifetime. 2. Fallopian Tubes - two, where fertilization should take place, then the fertilized egg moves into the uterus to implant on the wall. 3. Uterus - muscular organ where the baby develops. The wall of the uterus is shed during menstruation. 4. Cervix - neck of the uterus 5. Vagina - organ which receives sperm from the male, it serves as SHANNY - 3/00 the birth canal

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MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

1. Testes - two, enclosed in each scrotum (lower temperature protects sperm), produce sperm cells (sperm mature and are stored in the epididymis) and the male sex hormone testosterone. Testosterone is responsible for the male secondary sex characteristics (body hair, muscle development, deep voice). 2. Duct System - sperm travel from the epididymis to the vas deferens, then through the ejacculatory ducts. 3. Accessory glands - two seminal vesicles, two Cowpers glands, and the prostate gland secrete fluids which are the liquid part of semen. 4. Penis - organ which transfers sperm to the female.
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DISORDERS AND DISEASES

1. Cancer - both male and female sex organs may be effected by cancer 2. Goiter - over or under secretion of the thyroid 3. Dwarfism - under secretion of the pituitary 4. Giantism - over secretion of the pituitary 5. Diabetes - under secretion of the Isles of Langerhans

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