Soil map

Sea clay River clay Peat Sandy soils Loamy soils

Dutch coast of the Northern Netherlands

Dutch Coast of Holland

River region

Higher sandy soils

Valley of a small stream

Formation of bog

Vegetation as a protection against weather influences

Do you really believe that noise will be reduced by a screen of trees?

Aesthetical value of trees

Aesthetiacal value of trees

Warning of an entrance by an accent

Hiding of industries behind trees

Filling up space and giving protection against the wind around the buildings

Trees marking a bend in the road and preventing the light of the cars shining in the houses during night

Well placed trees to prevent annoying sunshine for automobilists in the morning orthe evening

Degree of screening

Wall: the planting blocks all vision

Curtain: even, partial visibility through the planting

Window: opening in the planting

Degree of screening

Edge: maximum planting height 0.5 m

Articulation: planting height between 0.5 and 1.5 m

Partition: planting height between 2 and 5 m

Screening: planting is higher than 5 m

Degree of uniformity

Even clear vertical : no variation in texture

Layered: clear vertical variation in texture

Edge profile

receding

upright

overhanging

Degree of naturalness

Straight and hard: the planting has straight contours and hard boundaries

Ragged and soft: the planting has irregular contours and vague edges

Structure

Trees

Trees with occasional shrubs

Shrubs with occasional trees

Shrubs

Trees with a shrub margin

Trees with a shrub layer

Open spaces in woodland

Cultural process or planted Natural process of forming open spaces in woodland

1 tree plantation 2 tree plantation with occasionally shrubs 3 shrub plantation with occasionally trees 4 shrub plantation 5 tree plantation with a shrub margin

Cultural process or planted

the tree layer with a shrub layer

Tree planting with a shrub margin

tree planting with a shrub margin

This is necessary to ensure sufficient daylight penetration

Suppression of species

Artificial succession

Daylight penetration

Lime (summer)

Lime (winter)

Soil and groundwater

1. Soil containing humus 2. Capillary zone 3. Water table

Fig. 67

Groundwater level approx. 1.25 m:Roots and branches: above ground = below ground

Deep groundwater level: roots search out water

Tree pit

` A. Sinkhole B. Sawn kerb, min. length 500 Fig. 70 C. Kerb type Cru 80 D. Tree grille Cruquius concrete blue limestone colour 1200 x 1200 x 120

E. Air grate F. Dark paving brick (size, 20x6.6x6) G. Dark paving brick (Waal size, 20x5x7)

Cross-section

pavement

root corridor

road/main sewer

pavement with cables and pipes

Modern tree pit design for the trees in the Plantagemiddenlaan, Amsterda

groundwater compacted street sand gravel bed heavy clay drainage

grondwater verdicht straatzand grindbed zware klei drainage

bicycle path parking places tree soil, compacted in two layers road asphalt soakaway pipe between drain and soakaway

fietspad parkeerplaatsen bomen grond met twee verdichte lagen rijbaang asfalt zinkput verbindingsbuis tussen drain en zinkput

Planting effects

Visual effects

loose groups and solitaires

rows

rhythm

screen

wall

canopy

Road and street planting from the carriageway

screen / row

wall

canopy, vault

flat canopy

Inner rows are lifted higher than outer rows

Place and habitat

Narrow street

Wide street

Tree and tramway

Traffic

Open space

Closed screen or wall

Hedges that form a pattern or composition of lines

hedge along watercourse

contrast

hedge in open space

hedge bordering car park

harmony

hedge as part of a mass

hedge enclosing a garden

partition

edges

hedge round a kindergarten

hedge bordering a shrub bed

complete screen

shelter for seating

edge

background to a border

Crown raising

Crown raising near building

Crown along a canal

Partial crown lifting

Crown raising in grass

Crown raising in a street

Pruning hedges

vertical

rounded

tapered