Culture includes several behavioral influencing factors shared by members of a society and passed through generations.

FeaturesLearned Shared Transgenerational Symbolic Adaptive

Levels of Culture

National Culture

Business Culture

Organisational Culture

Occupational Culture

Culture creates people:Culture determines the ethos of the people.There are subcultures within a culture.Culture perofrms 4 functionsIt distinguishes between one organization and another. It conveys a sense of identity for organisational members It facilitates the generation of commitment to something nobler than ones own interest. It enhances social system stability.

Culture and Globalisation:When people from different cultures converge in a workplace,the problem of managing diversity comes. Any move from one country to another will create a certain amount of confusion,disorientation and emotional upheaval.This is called Culture Shock.

Culture determines Goods and Services: Culture broadlt determines the type of goods and services a business should produce.The type of food people eat,the clothes they wear,beverages they drink and building material they use to construct houses vary from culture to culture.

Language and Culture:Language Distribution of the World Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Language Chinese, Mandarin Spanish English Bengali Hindi Portuguese Russian Japanese German Chinese, Wu Javanese Korean French Vietnamese Telugu Chinese, Yue Marathi Tamil Turkish Urdu Primary country China Spain United Kingdom Bangladesh India Portugal Russia Japan Germany China Indonesia, Java, Bali South Korea France Vietnam India China India India Turkey Pakistan

Attitude are positive or negative evaluations that determine ones behaviour.Attitude towards work is vital as it significantly impact on motivation,morale,job satisfaction,productivity and other aspects of HRM.Positive attitude towards work also called work ethic, makes a person more productive and satisfatied.Compensation and reward system are critical elements in determining work attitudes.

The feeling of collectivism or individualism has its influence on employee morale,multiplicity of unions and inter-union rivalry.Collectivism is the hallmark of our society.Whether it is celebrating a marriage,a social function,installing a new machine etc.,indians believe in people and crowd.

An individuals ambition to grow or remain complacent depends on his cultural ethos.An ambitious individual is highly motivated,is wealth acquisitive,has a strong zeal to excel,is prepared to change organisations and even take risks.Economy becomes vibrant if a large proportion of the population comprises ambitious people. Majourity of our people are complacent .An average citizen loves to be into Govt Job. Ours is that society where wealth is worshipped whereas in western countries it is merely respected.

Education Family The view of scientific method Ethics in Business Religion Cultural Resources Customs and Manners

Major Concepts in the Comparative Analysis of US and Japanese Management Management How Perceived in the How Perceived in Concepts United States Japan Company Business goal Employees Human relations Competition Profit motivation Sense of identification Work motivation Production Personnel Promotion Pay Team in sport To win Players in a team Functional Cut-throat By all means Job pride Individual income Productivity Efficiency According to abilities Service and results Family in village To survive Children in a family Emotional Cooperation or sin Means to an end Group prestige Group atmosphere Training and diligence Maintenance Length of service Award for patience and sacrifice

Major Concepts in the Comparative Analysis of Japan and India

Social/Cultural Factors Principles of government/ administration Japan Emphasis on government by the virtuous and abrogation of coercion, mutual trust between employer and employee and acceptance of basic goodness of human nature. Results in minimum control from above, high level of delegation, highly motivated workforce Highly result-oriented and directed towards perfection and growth through dedicated effort Highly disciplined, respect for superiors and respect for authority Very high based on informal affiliative pattern of behaviour Very high India Prevalence of impersonal bureaucratic social relations, mistrust of fellow beings based on the assumption of human nature as evil. Results in highly centralised administration, overemphasis of hierarchial status in decisionmaking, bureaucratic delays, low levels of delegation, dissatisfied workforce, and accentuation of apathy in individuals and groups General and deep-seated apathy, dissociation of work from its results based on the belief that the results are pre-ordained. Tasks are performed without any interest, dedication or pride Lack of discipline at all levels, basic mistrust of authority, poor superiorsubordinate relationships Assumption of inequality of human beings, nagging suspicion of fellow beings and and highly self-centered behaviour resulting in a lack of cooperation and teamwork Generally indifferent and highly ambivalent

Attitude towards work and goals

Discipline and order Group harmony

Emphasis on education

Christianity followed in Europe, Americas and Africa Islam followed in more than 35 countries ranging from North West Coast of Africa, Middle East, China and Malaysia Buddhism has 250 million followers in Central and South East Asia, China, Korea and Japan Hinduism has 500 million achievements and is found in India and Nepal.

Management Concepts Company Business goal Employees Human relations Competition Profit motivation Sense of identification Work motivation Production Personnel Promotion Pay

India Personalised equations Global ambitions as assets Loyal to the boss Survival instinct Yes, no doubt Pride with the job and the company Work is worship Productivity Efficiency Service and merit For hardwork